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DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 
BUREAU OF FISHERIES 

HUGH M, SMITH, Commissioner 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 



By John N. Cobb 



APPENDIX UI TO THE REPORT OF y. S. COMMISSIONER 
OF FISHERIES FOR 1916 




Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 839 



WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1917 



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U. S. B. F— Doc. S39. 



Plate I. 




DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 

BUREAU OF FISHERIES 

HUGH M. SMITH, Commissioner 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES 



By John N. Cobb 



APPENDIX III TO THE REPORT OF U. S. COMMISSIONER 
OF FISHERIES FOR 1916 




Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 839 



WASHINGTON 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 







■^ 



9>*tf 






ADDITIONAL COPIES 

OF THIS PUBLICATION MAT BE PROCURED FROM 

THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

"WASHINGTON, D. C. 

AT 

25 CENTS PER COPY 



D. of D. 
JUN 13 191? 



«4 



CONTENTS 



Page. 

Introduction ■ 7 

I. The species of salmon and the runs 8 

Chinook, quinnat, or king salmon 8 

/ Sockeye, blueback, or red salmon 10 

Silver or coho salmon 12 

Humpback or pink salmon 12 

Chum or keta salmon IB 

Steelhead trout 13 

Age of salmon at maturity 13 

Marking salmon 15 

Ocean home of the salmon 18 

II. Fishing grounds and history of the fisheries 21 

Washington 21 

Columbia River 27 

Oregon 32 

California 36 

Alaska 40 

Southeast Alaska 40 

Prince William Sound and Copper River 51 

Cook Inlet 53 

Afognak Island 54 

Kodiak Island 54 

Chignik Bay 59 

Alaska Peninsula 60 

Shumagin and Sannak Islands 62 

Bering Sea 62 

Nushagak River and Bay 62 

Kvichak River and Bay ,, 66 

Naknek River 67 

Ugaguk River 68 

Ugashik River 69 

Kuskokwim River 70 

Arctic Ocean 70 

British Columbia 71 

Salmon fishing in the headwaters 74 

III. Apparatus and methods of the fisheries 7(; 

Gill nets 76 

Haul seines 77 

Diver nets 7b 

Dip nets 78 

Squaw nets 78 

Purse seines 89 

Traps or pound nets 81 

Indian traps 84 

Wheels 85 

Reef nets 86 

3 



4 CONTENTS. 

III. Apparatus and methods of the fisheries — Continued. Page. 

Trolling 87 

Bow and arrow 92 

Spear and gaff 92 

Sport fishing for salmon 92 

Dangers to the industry 94 

IV. Fishermen, other employees, etc 97 

Fisheries of boundary waters 99 

V. The salmon fisheries of Siberia 104 

Species of salmon 104 

Fishing districts of Siberia 105 

Fishery rights and regulations 105 

Apparatus employed 107 

Abundance of salmon 107 

Freezing salmon 108 

Canning salmon 109 

Salting salmon Ill 

VI. The salmon fisheries of Japan 114 

Canning industry 115 

Fishery methods 116 

Fish culture 117 

VII. Methods of preparing salmon 118 

Canning : 118 

Early days of the industry 118 

Handling the salmon 121 

Dressing 121 

Cutting 122 

Salting 123 

Filling the cans 123 

Washing the cans 124 

Capping 125 

Soldering 125 

Testing 126 

Cooking 126 

Sanitar y cans 127 

Repairing cans v 128 

Lacquering 129 

Labeling 131 

Brands 131 

Boxing or casing 134 

Can making 134 

Canning smoked salmon 134 

Home canning . . i 135 

Mild curing 1 35 

Pickling 137 

Dry salting 138 

Smoking 138 

Freezing 139 

Utilizing salmon eggs 141 

Miscellaneous products 143 

Meal, fertilizer, and oil 144 

Shipping salmon direct to consumer 146 

VIII. Nutritive qualities of salmon 1 47 



CONTENTS. 5 

Page. 

IX. The salmon output in 1915 149 

Statistics of the catch 149 

Pack of canned salmon in 1915 153 

X. Statistical data for other years 156 

Canning industry of Pacific coast from 1864 to 1915 156 

By species and waters 157 

Pickling industry 175 

Mild-curing industry 177 

Yukon Territory, Canada 177 

Market prices for canned salmon 178 

Opening prices for a series of years 179 

XI. Trade with outlying possessions 182 

Hawaii 182 

Porto Rico 182 

Philippine Islands 183 

Alaska 183 

Guam 183 

Tutuila, Samoa 184 

XII. Foreign trade in salmon 185 

Exports of canned salmon 185 

Exports of fresh and cured salmon 198 

Imports of fresh salmon 204 

Imports of cured salmon 204 

XIII. Salmon culture 205 

Obtaining the spawning fish 205 

Taking the eggs 206 

Fertilizing the eggs 207 

Hatching apparatus and methods 208 

Handling eggs in hatchery 210 

Removal of dead eggs by the use of salt solution 210 

Feeding and planting the fry 214 

Packing eggs for shipment 214 

Rearing salmon fry 215 

Food 216 

Salmon hatcheries on the Pacific coast 216 

General statistics 217 

Acclimatizing Pacific salmon in eastern waters 221 

California 222 

History 222 

Output 225 

Distribution 226 

Oregon 230 

Hatcheries on coastal streams 230 

Distribution 232 

Columbia River and tributaries 235 

Washington 240 

British Columbia 245 

Alaska 249 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 



By John N. Cobb. 



INTRODUCTION, 

The most valuable commercial fisheries in the world, excepting 
only the oyster and herring fisheries, are those supported by the salm- 
ons. Of these the most important by far are the salmon fisheries 
of the Pacific coast of North America, where California, Oregon, 
Washington, and Alaska, including also British Columbia, possess 
industries representing millions of dollars of investment and millions 
of output annually. In Siberia the fishery is increasing in impor- 
tance annually as means of transportation become better, while Japan 
is also becoming a large factor in the salmon markets of the world 
through her investments in the salmon fisheries of Siberia and, to a 
lesser extent, through fisheries prosecuted in her own waters. 

In this revised report considerable new material has been added, 
while some of the chapters have been entirely remodeled and mate- 
rially enlarged. The statistical data have been brought up to Janu- 
ary 1, 1916. 

a The salmon fisheries of the Pacific coast. By John N. Cobb. Bureau of Fisheries document no. 751, 
180 p. 1911. 

7 



L THE SPECIES OF SALMON AND THE RUNS. 

The Pacific coast salmons are all included in the genus OncorTiyn- 
chus. With them the fishermen incorrectly class the steelhead trout, 
which really belongs to the closely related genus Salmo. 

As long ago as 1731 the species of OncorTiyncJius were first made 
known by Steller, who, almost simultaneously with Krascheninikov, 
another early investigator, distinguished them with perfect accuracy 
under their Russian vernacular names. In 1792 Walbaum adopted 
these vernacular names in a scientific nomenclature for these fishes. 

Five species of salmon (OncorTiyncJius) are found in the waters 
of the north Pacific, ranging northward from Monterey Bay on 
the American coast and Japan on the Asiatic, the extreme northern 
distribution of certain of the species having not yet been accurately 
determined. The five species are: (1) OncorTiyncJius tschawytscTia, 
quinnat, tyee, chinook, spring, or king salmon; (2) OncorTiyncJius 
nerJca, blueback, red, sukkegh, or sockeye salmon; (3) OncorTiyncJius 
Tcisutch, silver, coho, or white salmon; (4) OncorTiyncJius Tceta, dog, 
keta, or chum salmon; and (5) OncorTiyncJius gorbuscTia, humpback or 
pink salmon. 

CHINOOK, QUINNAT, OR KING SALMON. 

The largest, best known, and most valuable of these is the chinook 
or king salmon (0. tschawytscha) . It is found throughout the region 
from the Ventura River, Cal., to Norton Sound, Alaska, and on the 
Asiatic coast as far south as northern China. As knowledge extends, 
it will probably be recorded in the Arctic. 

In the spring the body is silvery, the back, dorsal fin, and caudal 
fin having more or less of round black spots, and the sides of the 
head having a peculiar tin-colored metallic luster. In the fall the 
color is, in some places, black or dirty red. The fish has an average 
weight of about 22 pounds, but individuals weighing 70 to over 100 
pounds are occasionally taken. One was caught near Klawak, 
Alaska, in 1909 which weighed 101 pounds without the head. The 
Yukon River is supposed to produce the finest examples, although 
this supposition is not based on very reliable observations. The 
southeast Alaska fish average as high as 23 pounds in certain sea- 
sons, followed by an average of about 22 pounds in the Columbia 
River and about 16 pounds in the Sacramento. 

In most places the flesh is of a deep salmon red, but in certain 
places, notably southeast Alaska, Puget Sound, and British Columbia, 



U. S. B. F.— Doc. 839. 



Plate II. 




FIG. 1.— CHINOOK SALMON. BREEDING MALE. 




FIG. 2.— SOCKEYE SALMON. ADULT MALE. 




FIG. 3.— SILVER SALMON BREEDING MALE. 



U. S. B. F.— Doc. 839. 



Plate III. 




FIG. 1.— CHUM SALMON. BREEDING MALE. 




FIG 2.— HUMPBACK SALMON. ADULT MALE. 




FIG. 3.— STEELHEAD TROUT. 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 



many of the fish, the proportion being sometimes as much as one-third 
of the catch, have white flesh. A few examples have been taken with 
one side of the body red and the other white, while some are found 
with mottled flesh. No reasonable explanation of this phenomenon 
has yet been given. 

In its southern range the quinnat strikes in at Monterey Bay in 
sufficient numbers to justify commercial fishing about the middle of 
April, where it is seen feeding upon the inshore moving schools of 
herring and sardines, continuing until in August. There are two 
runs of spawning fish in the Sacramento, the first or " spring run" 
beginning in April and continuing throughout May and June, these 
fish spawning mainly in the cold tributaries of the Sacramento, such 
as the McCloud and Fall Rivers. The second or "fall run" occurs 
in August, September, and October, and these fish spawn in the 
riffles in the main river between Tehama and Redding, also entering 
the tributaries in that vicinity. The two runs merge into each other. 
It is also claimed that there is 'a third run which comes in December. 

In former years the San Joaquin and the American and Feather 
Rivers of the Sacramento system had large runs of salmon, but ex- 
cessive fishing and the operation of various mining and irrigation 
projects have practically depleted them. 

The Eel and Mad Rivers of northern California have only a late 
or fall run, while the Klamath River 'has both a spring and a fall 
run, and Smith River has a spring run alone. Rogue River in 
Oregon has both a spring and a fall run, and the Umpqua and several 
other coast streams of Oregon have small early runs. 

The Columbia River has three runs, the first entering durino- 
January, February, and March, and spawning mainly in the Clack- 
amas and neighboring streams. The second, which is the best run 
enters during May, June, and part of July, spawning mainly in the 
headwaters. The third run occurs during late July, August, Sep- 
tember, and part of October, and spawns in the tributaries of the 
lower Columbia. 

In Puget Sound chinook salmon are found throughout the year 
although it is only during the spawning season that they are very 
abundant. In the Fraser River, a tributary of the Sound, the run 
occurs from March to August. 

In the Skeena River, British Columbia, the run occurs from May 
to July, the same being approximately true of the Nass also. 

In Southeast Alaska they are found all months of the year. From 
March to the middle of June they are abundant and feeding in the 
numerous straits and sounds; in May and June the spawning fish 
enter the Unuk, Stikine, Taku, Chilkat, Alsek, and Copper Rivers 
in large numbers, and in a few smaller streams in lesser abundance. 
In August, September, and October they are again to be found in 



10 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

large numbers feeding in the bays and sounds, while during the 
winter months a few have been taken on trawls set for halibut, 
showing that they are living in the lower depths at this time. 

In Cook Inlet the run occurs during May and June and is com- 
posed wholly of red-meated fish; in the rivers of Bristol Bay the run 
comes in May and June, and the same is true of the Togiak, Kusko- 
kwim, and Yukon Rivers, although fish may be seen in the upper 
courses of the Yukon in July, the lateness here being due to the 
immense distance the fish have to cover. 

SOCKEYE, BLUEBACK, OR RED SALMON. 

The sockeye or blueback salmon (0. nerlca), which forms the great- 
est part of the canned salmon of the world, when it first comes in 
from the sea is a clear bright blue above in color, silvery below. Soon 
after entering the river for the purpose of spawning the color of the 
head changes to a rich olive, the back and sides to crimson and finally 
to a dark blood red, and the belly to a dirty white. The maximum 
weight is about 12 pounds, and length 3 feet, with the average weight 
about 5 pounds, varying greatly, however, in different localities. 
Observations of Chamberlain ° in Alaska show that the average 
weight of a number of sockeyes taken from Yes Bay was 8.294 pounds, 
while the average weight of a number from Tamgas was only 3.934 
pounds. Evermann and Goldsborough 6 report as a result of the 
weighings of 1,390 red salmon, taken from as many different places 
in Alaska as possible, an average weight for the males of 7.43 pounds; 
for the females, 5.78 pounds; or an average weight for both sexes of 
6.57 pounds. A run of small, or dwarf, males accompanies certain 
of the main runs, these being especially noticeable in the Chignik 
Lagoon, Alaska, run. This species usually enters streams with acces- 
sible lakes in their courses. 

These fish are occasionally found landlocked in certain lakes, 
especially in the State of Washington, and are always much smaller 
in size than the sea-run fish. In Bumping Lake, near North Yakima, 
Wash., they are quite abundant and are mature when about a pound 
in weight. Despite the fact that these fish have a soft mouth, anglers 
consider them very gamey. They take bait, the fly, and the trolling 
spoon. 

A few specimens of the sockeye have been taken as far south as 
the Sacramento River. In Humboldt County, Cal., small runs are 
said to occur in Mad and Eel Rivers. Only an occasional specimen 
appears in the coastal streams of Oregon. The Columbia is the most 

a Some observations on salmon and trout in Alaska. By F. M. Chamberlain, naturalist, U. S. Fisheries 
steamer Albatross. U. S. Bureau of Fisheries Document no. 627, p. 80. 

b The fishes of Alaska. By B. W. Evermann and E. L. Goldsborough. Bulletin Bureau of Fisheries, 
Vol. XXVI, p. 257. 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 11 

southern river in which this species is known to run in any considerable 
numbers, entering the river with the spring run of chinooks. From 
here south the species is called blueback exclusively. A considerable 
run enters the Quinault River, Wash., and there is also a small run 
in Ozette Lake, just south of Cape Flattery. 

In the Puget Sound region, where it is known as the sockeye, 
this species ascends only the Skagit River in commercial numbers, 
although a small run appears in the Lake Washington system of 
lakes and, possibly, in the Snohomish, Stillaguamish, and Nooksack 
Rivers. 

The greatest of all the sockeye streams is the Fraser River, Brit- 
ish Columbia, and this stream has been famous from very early 
days for its enormous runs of this species, a peculiar feature of 
which is that there is a marked quadrennial periodicity in the run. 
The maximum run occurs the year following leap year, the minimum 
on the year following that. The greater part of the catch of the 
Puget Sound fishermen is made from this run as it is passing through 
Washington waters on its way to the Fraser. The fish strike in 
during July and August on the southwest coast of Vancouver Island, 
apparently coming from the open sea to the northwest. They pass 
the Straits of Juan de Fuca, Rosario, and Georgia, spending con- 
siderable time in the passage and about the mouth of the river. 
Small numbers run as early as May and as late as October, but the 
main body enters about the first week in August. 

The sockeye occurs in most of the coastal streams of British 
Columbia, and is usually the most abundant species. The prin- 
cipal streams frequented are the Skeena, Rivers Inlet, Nass, Lowe 
Inlet, Dean Channel, Namu Harbor, Bella Coola, Smith Inlet, Alert 
Bay, and Alberni Canal. 

In Alaska, where this fish is generally known as the red salmon, 
it is abundant and runs in great numbers in all suitable streams, 
of which, in southeast Alaska, the following are the most important: 
Boca de Quadra, Naha, Yes Bay, Thorne Bay, Karta Bay, Nowiskay, 
Peter Johnson, Hessa, Hetta, Hunter Bay, Klawak, Redfish Bay, 
Stikine, Taku, Chilkoot, Chilkat, Alsek, Situk, Ankow, etc.; in 
central Alaska, Copper, Knik, Kenai, Susitna, Afognak, Karluk, 
Alitak, Chignik; in the Bristol Bay region, the Ugashik, Ugaguk, 
Naknek, Kvichak, Nushagak, and Wood. It also occurs in the 
Togiak, Kuskokwim, and Yukon Rivers, which debouch into Bering 
Sea, and probably occurs in the Arctic streams of Alaska. The run 
in western Alaska begins usually early in June and extends generally 
to the early part of August. It begins earlier in Prince William 
Sound, however, and sometimes extends into September in southeast 
Alaska. The duration of the run averages about the same in each 
section. 



12 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

SILVER OR COHO SALMON. 

The silver or coho salmon (0. Tcisutch) is silvery in spring, green- 
ish on the upper parts, where there are a few faint black spots. In 
the fall the males are mostly of a dirty red. The flesh in this species 
is of excellent flavor, but paler in color than the red salmon, and 
hence less valued for canning purposes. 

This species has a maximum weight of about 30 pounds, with a 
general average of about 6 pounds. 

The silver salmon is found as far south as Monterey Bay, where 
it appears during the month of July and is taken by the trollers. 
From Eel River, in California, north, it is found in most of the 
coastal streams. It usually appears in July and runs as late as 
November, the time of appearance and disappearance varying some- 
what in different sections. Owing to its late appearance compara- 
tively few, and they usually in the early part of the season, are 
packed by the canneries, most of which shut down in July and August. 
This fish also tarries but a short time about the mouth of the stream 
it is to enter, and is wary of nets, which makes it rather unprofitable 
to fish for the latter part of the season when it is running alone. 

HUMPBACK OR PINK SALMON. 

The humpback or pink salmon (Q. gorbuscha) is the smallest of 
the American species, weighing from 3 to 11 pounds, the average 
being about 4 pounds. In color it is bluish above, silvery below, the 
posterior and upper parts with many round black spots, the caudal 
fin always having a few large black spots, oblong in shape. The 
males in fall are dirty red and are very much distorted in shape, a 
decided hump appearing on the back, from which deformity the 
species acquires its name. The flesh is softer than in the other 
species; it is pale in color, hence its canned name, "pink" salmon. 

The southern limit of the fish is the Sacramento River, but only 
occasional specimens are found here and in the rivers to the north- 
ward until Puget Sound is reached. Here a large run appears every 
other year, the only place on the coast where such is the case. 

The humpback occurs in varying abundance in the waters of Brit- 
ish Columbia, but it is in the waters of southeast Alaska that it ap- 
pears in its greatest abundance. Many of the canneries in this region 
depend mainly upon the humpback for their season's pack, and the 
canned product now occupies an excellent position in the markets of 
the world. The fish spawn in nearly all of the small, short streams. 

In central and western Alaska the runs are much smaller and the 
humpback is not much sought after by the cannery men, who are 
usually able to fill their cans with the more valuable species. 

In southeast Alaska the run begins in June and continues until 
September, or even later in some places. In western Alaska the period 
is somewhat shorter. In Puget Sound it continues until late in the fall. 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 13 

CHUM OR KETA SALMON. 

The chum or keta salmon (0. Tceta) reaches a maximum weight of 
16 pounds, the average being about 8 pounds. When it first appears 
along the coast it is dirty silvery, immaculate or sprinkled with 
small black specks, the fins dusky, the sides with faint traces of grid- 
ironlike bars. Later in the season the male is brick red or blackish, 
and its jaws are greatly distorted. Its flesh is quite pale, especially 
when canned. It is especially good for freezing, salting, and smoking. 

This species has a wide distribution. It is found as far south as 
San Francisco, but is not utilized commercially in California except 
on Eel River* It is found in most of the coastal streams from here 
north, being especially abundant from Puget Sound northward to 
southeast Alaska, both inclusive. In this region it is being utilized 
in greater abundance each year, as the market for it widens. 

In central, western, and arctic Alaska the species occurs in varying 
abundance, but is utilized sparingly, except by the natives, with whom 
it is the favorite species dried for winter food. 

The run of chum salmon comes later than that of any other species 
except the coho. In Alaska it begins in June, but the height of the 
season does not occur until late in August or early in September, and 
fish are found as late as November. In Puget Sound they run from 
about the middle of August till late in November, and practically the 
same is true in the Columbia River. 

STEELHEAD TROUT. 

The steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) is commonly classed as one 
of the salmons by the fishermen of the Pacific coast, and it has been 
included in this report on this account. In different localities the 
average weight is placed at from 8 to 15 pounds, while extreme sizes 
reach 45 pounds. The excellent quality of its flesh causes it to be 
highly prized for the fresh and frozen markets, but owing to its pale 
color only limited quantities are canned. 

The principal center of abundance of this species is the Columbia 
River. It is found from Carmel River, Cal., north to central Alaska, 
and possibly has an even wider range in Alaska. It seems to be found 
in the rivers during the greater part of the year. In the Columbia 
River the spawning season is from February to May, in Puget Sound 
in the spring, and in southeast Alaska in May and June. The best 
commercial fishing is in January, February, and March. In Califor- 
nia the catching of this species is restricted to hook and line fishing. 

AGE OF SALMON AT MATURITY. 

As practically all salmon which have the opportunity spawn but 
once and then die, knowledge of the age at which this occurs is of 
great interest both from an economic and scientific standpoint. 
Many attempts have been made to solve the problem with the sockeye 



14 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

and king salmon, the most important commercially of the five species, 
by means of marking artificially reared fry, usually by clipping 
one of their fins before they are liberated, as noted elsewhere in this 
report, but with unsatisfactory results. 

Fortunately, certain experiments carried on in Tomales Bay, Cal., 
and in New Zealand, where king fry were planted in streams not 
frequented by the species in question and the return of the adults 
noted, have yielded some interesting and accurate information on 
the subject. These indicated that the age was four or more years, 
as no run was reported until the fourth year. 

A more certain method of determining the age of salmon has been 
developed in recent years through the adaptation by American 
scientists of the discovery by European investigators that the ridges 
observed on the scales of certain fishes indicated a period of growth 
of the animal itself. 

Dr. Charles H. Gilbert, of Stanford University, as early as 1910, 
applied this method to the determination of the age of the various 
species of Pacific salmon. As to its application to the Pacific salmon 
and the general method followed, Dr. Gilbert has the following to say: 

While the method is new as regards Pacific salmon, it has been experimentally 
tested and fully approved by the Fisheries Board of Scotland in the case of the Atlantic 
salmon, and is now universally accepted as furnishing reliable data as to the age and 
many other facts in the life history of that fish. It has been shown to be applicable 
also to various species of trout, and its value has been demonstrated in fishes as widely 
divergent as the carp, the eel, the bass, the flounder, and the cod. Descriptions of 
this scale structure and its significance have appeared in a large number of papers, 
both scientific and popular. It will suffice here to repeat that the scale in general 
persists throughout life, and grows in proportion with the rest of the fish, principally 
by additions around its border. At intervals there is produced at the growing edge 
a delicate ridge upon the surface of the scale, the successive ridges thus formed being 
concentric and subcircular in contour, each representing the outline of the scale at a 
certain period in its development. Many of these ridges are formed in the course of 
a year's growth, the number varying so widely in different individuals and during suc- 
cessive years in the history of the same individual that number alone can not be 
depended on to determine age. For this purpose we rely upon the fact that the fish 
grows at widely different rates during different seasons of the year, spring-summer 
being a period of rapid growth and fall- winter a season when growth is greatly retarded 
or almost wholly arrested. During the period of rapid growth the ridges are widely 
separated, while during the slow growth of fall and winter the ridges are crowded 
closely together, forming a dense band. Thus it comes that the surface of the scale 
is mapped out in a definite succession of areas, a band of widely spaced rings always 
followed by a band of closely crowded rings, the two together constituting a single 
year's growth. That irregularities occur will not be denied, and this is natural, 
inasmuch as growth may be checked by other causes than the purely seasonal one. 
Also a considerable experience is requisite for the correct interpretation in many 
cases, and a small residue of doubtful significance has always remained. This element 
is too small to affect the general results, and further investigation will almost certainly 
eliminate the doubtful cases altogether.^ 

a- Age at maturity of the Pacific coast salmon of the genus Oncorhynchus. By Charles H. Gilbert. Bul- 
letin U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, vol. xxxn, p. 4, 5. 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 15 

As a result of his investigations up to this point, Dr. Gilbert pre- 
sented the following conclusions drawn from the data collected: 

1. The sockeye spawns normally either in its fourth or fifth year, the king salmon 
in its fourth, fifth, sixth, or seventh year, the females of both species being preponder- 
atingly 4-year fish. 

2. The young of both sockeye and king salmon may migrate seaward shortly after 
hatching, or may reside in fresh water until their second spring. Those of the first type 
grow more rapidly than the second, but are subject to greater dangers and develop 
proportionately fewer adults. 

3. Coho salmon spawn normally only in their third year. The young migrate 
either as fry or yearlings, but adults are developed almost exclusively from those which 
migrate as yearlings. 

4. Dog salmon mature normally either in their third, fourth, or fifth years, the 
humpback always in their second year. The young of both species pass to sea as soon 
as they are free swimming. 

5. The term "grilse," as used for Pacific salmon, signifies conspicuously undersized 
fish which sparingly accompany the spawning run. They are precociously developed 
in advance of the normal spawning period of the species. So far as known, the grilse 
of the king salmon, coho, and dog salmon are exclusively males; of the sockeye, almost 
exclusively males, except in the Columbia River, where both sexes are about equally 
represented. The larger grilse meet or overlap in size the smaller of those. individuals 
which mature one year later at the normal period. 

6. Grilse of the sockeye are in their third year, of the king salmon in their second or 
third year, of the coho and the dog salmon in their second year. 

7. The great differences in size among individuals of a species observed in the 
spawning run are closely correlated with age, the younger fish averaging constantly 
smaller than those one year older, though the curves of the two may overlap. 

Since 1910 Dr. Gilbert has devoted much of his time to investiga- 
tions 6 along this line, especially on the sockeye, with most interesting 
and valuable results. 

His observations on the sockeye runs of British Columbia indicate 
that they consist principally of four and five year fish and that these 
two classes appear during successive seasons in widely differing pro- 
portions; that each stream has its distinctive race of sockeye, the 
progeny returning at maturity to the parent stream; that sockeye 
fry rarely survive when they proceed to sea within the year in which 
they are hatched; and that sea feeding, with the consequent rapid 
growth, is the most important factor in producing early maturity, 
an equal number of years in fresh water producing comparatively 
little effect. 

MARKING SALMON. 

A favorite recreation for quite a number of Pacific coast people has 
been the marking of salmon fry in order to find out the age at which 
they return to spawn, the rate of growth, etc. Scattered through 
the reports of the various State fish commissions, and occasionally 

o Ibid., p. 21, 22. 

» Contributions to the life history of the sockeye salmon. (No. 1.) By C H. Gilbert. Report of British 
Columbia Commissioner of Fisheries for the year ended Dec. 31, 1913, with appendixes, p. R53-78. Con- 
tributions to the life history of the sockeye salmon. (No.2.) By C H. Gilbert. Report British Columbia 
Commissioner of Fisheries for the year ended Dec. 31, 1914, with appendixes, p. N45-75. 



1(5 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

in the reports of the United States Bureau of Fisheries, are to be found 
detailed reports of such markings and the sometimes remarkable 
results attained, apparently, at varying periods subsequent to the 
marking. 

All sorts of marks were employed. The favorite was the removal 
of the adipose fin, the experimenters appearing to be of the belief 
that the fish would miss this the least of any. However, the entire 
or partial removal of nearly every fin was practiced by some one or 
other of the many experimenters. Sometimes a V or a U was 
punched out of the tail or the gill cover, and in one or two instances 
a tag was employed. 

In time these marking experiments became so numerous, and so 
imperfect a record was kept of them by any central authority, that 
frequently it was impossible to tell, when an apparently marked 
specimen was obtained, where and when it was marked, and as a 
result but little dependence could have been placed upon them even 
had there been no other factors conspiring to vitiate then value. 

Fishermen are continually finding in their nets salmon which they 
feel sure have been marked by some hatchery. Scores of times in 
the course of his various investigations of the fisheries of this coast 
the writer has been told of or shown specimens which the fishermen 
thought had been marked. Many of these marks were on the side of 
the fish and represented an M or W. depending upon the angle from 
which viewed, and it was impossible, generally, to convince the fisher- 
men that this mark was caused by the twine of his gill net pressing 
on the side of the fish. The obvious fact that a fish could not survive 
when in the fry stage the infliction of such a mark did not occur to 
them. 

Frequently the scars left by the suctorial organs of the lamprey eel 
have been mistakenly supposed to be hatchery marks. ' 

One of the most interesting cases of salmon marking, and one 
which drives home the necessity for accepting reports of returns from 
such markings with extreme caution, is that of F. M. Chamberlain, 
then naturalist of the Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross, on the 
Xaha Stream hi Alaska. 

In August, 1903, 1.600 red salmon fry. reared for the purpose from 
the 1902 eggs, at the Fortmann hatchery of the Alaska Packers 
Association, near Loring, Alaska, were marked by Mr. Chamberlain 
by excising both ventrals with fine curved scissors. The fry were 
released in the Xaha Eiver as soon as marked, at which tune they 
were about three months old. 

In 1900 between 50 and 100 adult reds with ventral fins missing 
were reported by the superintendent of the hatchery at Yes Lake, 
which is located on the northern side of Behm Canal (Xaha being on 
the southern side") and some 15 miles farther up the canal than the 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 17 

mouth of Naha Stream. Some of these also had the adipose removed, 
this mark having also been used on some of the fry. At the Fort- 
mann hatchery, where they were marked, only two of these fish were 
obtained in 1906. 

From then on until 1912, a period of 9^ years, the return of a 
number of these supposedly marked fish is noted each year at the 
two hatcheries in question, the number reported in the last-named 
year being larger than in some of the intervening years. In the latter 
year Mr. Chamberlain himself pointed out the impossibility of these 
all being from the fry he had marked and no further attention was 
paid to them. 

The principal thing that this and some of the other many experi- 
ments in salmon marking prove is that the percentage of salmon 
which accidentally lose, either through disease or the attacks of their 
many enemies, one or more of their fins, or portions of same, is much 
larger than most people suppose. Out of the many millions taken 
annually in commercial and fish-cultural operations it is not surprising 
that some should be minus such exposed portions of their anatomy 
and this percentage would doubtless be found to be considerable were 
particular attention directed toward it. As it is now, it is only 
occasionally that the fisherman notices such loss, or mentions the 
same when he does, unless his attention has been directed to it by 
particular inquiry. In the Chamberlain experiment, for instance, 
after 1907 considerable publicity was given to the search for such 
marked fish, and the writer, in his travels through southeast Alaska 
during the succeeding years until the end of 1911, frequently was told 
by fishermen that they had caught salmon with missing fins. Inquiry 
developed that while a few of the lost fins were the same as Chamber- 
lain had excised, a number were entirely different fins, showing that 
when the attention of fishermen was directed especially in this line 
many deformed fish would be found. 

The confusion resulting from the many marking experiments 
carried on by different people shows the absolute necessity of some 
central authority regulating them if any real results are to be achieved 
from this fine of endeavor. In 1908 the Secretary of Commerce, under 
authority of sections 11 and 12 of the Alaska fisheries law, directed 
that any persons desiring to mark and release salmon in Alaska first 
consult with and secure the written consent x»f the Commissioner of 
Fisheries or of the agent at the salmon fisheries of Alaska. It would 
be an excellent thing if some such control could also be exercised 
over these operations in the coastal States. 

During the year 1916 Dr. Charles H. Gilbert, of Stanford Univer- 
sity, assisted by Willis H. Rich, conducted salmon-marking experi- 
ments on an extensive scale. Late in the fall of 1915 a consignment 
62425°— 17 2 



18 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

of 100.000 eggs of the red salmon was forwarded to Seattle. Wash., 
from the station of the Bureau of Fisheries at Yes Bay. Alaska, of 
which 50.000 were reshipped to the Anderson Lake hatchery of the 
British Columbia Fisheries Department, located on the ocean side of 
Vancouver Island. The remaining 50.000 were sent to the Bureau 
of Fisheries hatchery at Quinault Lake, on the coast of Washington. 
The intention was as soon as the fry, hatched from these eggs, had 
developed into fingerlings to mark each lot with a distinctive marking 
and plant them in waters near the hatcheries, with the object of 
proving that the adult fish would return to the stream in which they 
had passed their early existence, no matter where the eggs were 
taken. 

This plan could not be carried out at Anderson Lake, as the young 
fish resulting from the eggs, which were sent there, were not strong 
enough to survive the experiment. They were therefore liberated 
without marking. Those hatched at Quinault Lake were marked, 
however, and liberated in the summer of 1916. Dr. Gilbert has 
strong hopes that upon the return of the marked fish important 
data relating to the life history of the species will be obtained. 

OCEAN HOME OF THE SALMON, 

All sorts of conjectures have been hazarded as to the ocean home of 
the salmon after the young fish have gone to sea and disappeared ap- 
parently from the ken of man. Many have conjured up visions of 
vast schools of adult salmon surging along the coast hundreds of miles 
seeking for some suitable river in which to spawn, explaining in this 
wise the variations in the seasonal runs in different sections. Others 
think the fish go out into the greater depths of the ocean and there hide 
from man until the spawning instinct leads them back to the coast 
and thence to the stream in which they were born. 

Discoveries of recent years have quite altered this uncertainty, and 
we now are reasonably certain that the vast majority of the salmon are 
comparatively near our coast fine, while others stay in the bays, 
straits, and sounds virtually all the time when not in the rivers. 

Some years ago it was first noticed that king salmon would take the 
hook while in salt and brackish waters. At first only the anglers were 
interested in this fact, but as the demand for king salmon for mild 
curing became more insistent the commercial fishermen, attracted by 
the high prices paid, began to devote some attention to the fish 
during the early spring months, and soon trolling became a recognized 
branch of the industry. It was first taken up on a considerable scale 
in southeast Alaska in 1905. a As the demand for the fish increased, 
the fishermen extended operations until almost all of southeast Alaska 
waters were being fished. The length of the fishing season was also 

a Keport on the fisheries of Alaska. By John N. Cobb. Bureauof Fisheries Document no. 618, p. 19-21. 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 19 

increased until now only the severe weather of winter prevents them 
from fishing. However, the halibut trawls occasionally come up 
during the season with king salmon on them, showing that they are 
still on the ground. 

The above is also true to a certain extent of the waters of British 
Columbia and Puget Sound and to a lesser extent, so far as has been 
disclosed, of Monterey Bay and the Oregon coast. 

It has been known for some years that the silver, or coho, salmon 
would also take the hook under practically the same conditions as the 
king salmon, and the only reason this species has not been fished for 
to the same extent as the king has been because it was not large 
enough to be attractive to the mild curers, and hence there was a 
much lesser demand for it. 

It had been supposed that the other species did not feed when in 
coastal waters, but Marsh and Cobb a state quite differently: 

Other species of salmon, in addition to the king, are found to take the trollinghook. 
For several weeks in July trailers in Union Hay, in southeast Alaska, caught a number 
of cohos and humpbacks while trolling for kings. The humpbacks were caught 
mainly with a spoon, no bait being used. Most of them appeared to have been feeding 
on needlefish and herring, according to the cutter who dressed them. A few red 
salmon are reported to have been caught on the trolling line by fishermen operating 
for king salmon in the neighborhood of Mary Island, near Dixon Entrance. Several 
fishermen report having in previous years frequently taken dog salmon on a hook in 
the bays along Chatham Strait. 

In 1909, Mr. J. R. Heckman, of Ketchikan, Alaska, a well-known 
cannery man, told the writer that, while he was trying to install a 
floating trap near Cape Chacon, at the lower end of Prince of Wales 
Island, southeast Alaska, he on several occasions observed red salmon 
feeding on what he called a red shrimp. 

This was also observed in 1912, when Dr. Gilbert reported,* in 
connection with his observations of salmon fishing on Swiftsure Bank, 
off the Straits of San Juan de Fuca, that " during the past summer it 
was observed by Mr. J. P. Babcock and the writer that the sockeye on 
the bank were feeding extensively on a small shrimplike crustacean 
(Thysanoessa spinifera, Holmes), which floats in incredible numbers 
on the tides and forms a favorite food for the other species, as well as 
for the sockeye." 6 He also found all the other species feeding vora- 
ciously in this neighborhood. 

These observations would tend to confirm the belief which has been 
steadily growing in favor for some years that the salmon either spend 
the greater part of their life in the bays, straits, and sounds, or else in 
regions adjacent to the coast line. 



« The fisheries of Alaska in 1909. By Millard C Marsh and John N. Cobb. U. S. Bureau of. Fisheries. 
Document no. 730, p. 20. 

b The salmon on .Swiftsure Bank. By Charles H. Gilbert. Report of British Columbia Commissioner 
of Fisheries for year ending Dec. 31, 1912, p. 1J6. 



20 PACIFIC SALMON FISHEEIES. 

The reason they had not been found in this region earlier is doubt- 
less due to the fact that during the fall, winter, and spring months the 
weather on the north Pacific coast is such that fishing operations can 
not be carried on along the open coast, while in summer the fishermen 
are all busy on the spawning runs and have no time to devote to fish 
not yet arrived at maturity, which are probably feeding along the 
coast as usual. 



H. FISHING GROUNDS AND HISTORY OF THE FISHERIES. 

WASHINGTON. 

Puget Sound. — Strictly speaking, the name Puget Sound should be 
restricted to that long, narrow arm extending south from the Strait 
of Juan de Fuca, but a practice has developed, and is now common 
among fishermen and others, of designating all the great water area 
in the State of Washington comprising Puget Sound proper, Strait 
of Juan de Fuca, Canal de Haro, Rosario Strait, the Gulf of Georgia, 
and the smaller straits, bays, and sounds, as Puget Sound, and this 
practice, for the sake of convenience, has been followed in this report. 

This great indentation in the coast, with its numerous islands and 
many fine harbors, has greatly aided the development of this portion 
of Washington and has been especially favorable to the prosecution 
of the salmon and other fisheries.' Numerous rivers and creeks enter 
the Sound, the more important of these being on the eastern shore 
and comprising the Nooksack, Skagit, Stillaguamish, Snohomish, 
Duwamish, Puyallup, and Nisqually. On the southern and western 
shores the tributary streams are nearly all small, the more important 
being the Skokomish, Quilcene, Dungeness, and Elwha. 

During the period when what is now the State of Washington was 
debatable ground between Great Britain and the United States, the 
Hudson Bay Co. annually salted considerable fish on Puget Sound 
and exported some to the Hawaiian Islands and Asia. 

The first fishing operations by Americans were soon after the set- 
tlement at what is now known as Seattle, about 1852. For many 
years the catch was sold either fresh or salted, and the industry was 
small, as the population, for some years, was sparse. The extension 
of the railroad to Puget Sound, thus furnishing an outlet to the rap- 
idly growing population in the Middle West, did much to aid the 
industry. This also gave opportunity to begin the shipping of fresh 
halibut and salmon to Eastern points. Ainsworth & Dunn, of Seattle, 
operating later under the name of the Seattle Fish Co., were the first 
successful pioneers in this branch of the industry, beginning about 
1889, and carrying it on until they sold out in 1901, as noted later. 

In 1903 the San Juan Fishing & Packing Co., which had begun the 
fresh-fish business in 1899, bought the business from the Pacific 
Packing & Navigation Co. 



a. For some of the regions the historical data are fragmentary and can not be considered as other than 
historical notes. It is hoped that someone will write a history of the industry before all of the pioneers 
have passed away. 

21 



22 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

In 1897 the Chlopeck Fish Co. (now the Booth Fisheries Co.), 
which had been operating in Portland for several years, started a 
fresh fish and freezing business at Seattle. 

The first salmon cannery on Puget Sound was erected by Jackson, 
Myers & Co., in 1877, at Mukilteo, in Snohomish County. The mem- 
bers of this firm had all been engaged previously in salmon canning 
on the Columbia River. The first pack was of 5,000 cases, composed 
wholly of silver, or coho, salmon. Later at this plant were put up 
the first humpbacks ever canned. In order to divert the minds of 
purchasers from the fact that the meat of the humpback was much 
lighter in color than the grades then known to the consuming public, 
the company printed on its label the legend, "Warranted not to turn 
red in the can." Even with this shrewd sizing up of the weak side 
of the consuming public the demand for humpback, or pink, salmon 
developed very slowly, and it was some years before it became a 
factor in the markets. 

Within a year or two after the opening of the above plant another 
was started at Mukilteo by a man named Bigelow. 

In 1880 the Myers' cannery was destroyed by a heavy fall of snow. 
It was rebuilt in West Seattle and was operated till 1888, when it was 
destroyed by fire. George T. Myers, now sole owner, built a new 
cannery at Milton, which was burned two years later, and he then 
came back to Seattle and built a cannery about where Ainsworth & 
Dunn's dock now stands. He remained here only one season, after 
which he moved to where the Pacific Coal Co.'s bunkers now are. 
Late in 1901 he sold out his plant to the United Fish Co., which com- 
pany moved the plant to the foot of Connecticut Avenue, where they 
continued operations for two or three years and then quit. 

In 1889 a man named Morse established a cannery at Seattle and 
operated it for only one year. 

The first Puget Sound sockeye cannery was built at Semiahmoo, 
near Blaine, by J. A. Martin and John Elwood about 1887 or 1888. 
It was bought in 1892 for $500 by D. Drysdale, who shortly after- 
wards rebuilt and greatly enlarged the plant. In the same year Mr. 
Drysdale demonstrated the commercial success of fish traps. Traps 
had been in operation before this, however. In 1893 Ainsworth 
& Dunn had a trap at Five Mile Rock, just beyond the light 
house at Magnolia Bluff (now a part of Seattle), and there had been 
a trap or two in Elliott Bay even prior to this. Traps had not been 
profitable in this section, however, owing to the cheapness and 
abundance of salmon, haul seines being cheaper and more profitable 
to operate. A man named Kirby, who came originally from Nova 
Scotia, and another named Goodfellow (now living at Point Roberts) 
put in the first trap for Mr. Drysdale. 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 23 

In 1893 A. E. Wadhams, who had operated on the Columbia River 
for some years, established a sockeye plant at Point Roberts. 

In 1894 both canneries were sold to their present owner, the Alaska 
Packers Association, an organization formed not long before this by 
a combination of a number of Alaska plants. 

In 1895 three new canneries were built at Anacortes — one by Philip 
S. Cook (later owned by the Porter Fish Co. and now by the Anacortes 
Fisheries Co.), one by the Anacortes Packing Co. (now owned by the 
Alaska Packers Association), and the other by the Fidalgo Island 
Canning Co. 

In 1896 J. R. Young and B. L. Williams built a small cannery at 
Blaine. They failed in 1900 through the failure of their trap fishing 
and J. W. & V. Cook Packing Co., of Portland, bought their plant 
and put J. L. Smiley in charge of it. In 1909 Mr. Smiley purchased 
this plant from the company and has since operated it. 

As Ainsworth & Dunn found that they were receiving more salmon 
than they could dispose of in a fresh condition (they were first, in 
1889, to ship fresh salmon from here to eastern points), the firm 
built a cannery on the Seattle water front, at what is now Pier 8, 
about 1895 or 1896, and about 1897 built another at Blaine. 

About 1898 A. E. Devlin came up from the Columbia River and 
established a plant at Friday Harbor, which is now operated by the 
Friday Harbor Packing Co. 

In 1901 Ainsworth & Dunn sold all its fresh fish and canned salmon 
holdings to the newly organized Pacific Packing & Navigation Co. 
When the latter company failed and its assets were sold in 1904, the 
former firm bought back its Blaine plant and has operated it ever 
since. Mr. Ainsworth, the senior member of the firm, died in 1914, 
but the business is still operated under the name of Ainsworth & 
Dunn. 

The Pacific American Fisheries Co. was incorporated in 1899. The 
company purchased at the time of its organization the cannery and 
trap properties of the Island Packing Co., San Juan Island, and the 
cannery of the Franco-American North Pacific Packing Co., at Fair- 
haven. The last-named cannery had been built the previous year. 

By 1900 a number of canneries had been erected on the shores of 
Puget Sound, most of which were then in active operation. In 1901 
the Pacific Packing & Navigation Co. was organized under the laws 
of the State of New Jersey, for the purpose of acquiring a number of 
salmon canneries on the coast. It was supposed to be backed by 
unlimited eastern capital, and its authorized capitalization was as 
follows: Common stock, $12,500,000; 7 per cent accumulative pre- 
ferred stock, $12,500,000, and 6 per cent debentures, $7,000,000. It 
actually issued $6,037,000 common stock, $6,963,000 preferred stock, 



24 PACIFIC SALMON FISHEBIES. 

and $3,000,000 debentures. Subsequently the management effected 
an exchange of preferred stock for debentures, increasing the for- 
mer to about $7,500,000 and decreasing the debentures to about 
$1,650,000. 

The new company purchased a number of canneries in Alaska, also 
the following Puget Sound plants: Pacific American Fisheries Co.'s 
canneries at Fairhaven (now Bellingham) and Friday Harbor; the 
Ainsworth & Dunn canneries at Blaine and Seattle, and the Fair- 
haven Packing Co. cannery at Fairhaven. 

The company had a very short career, ending up in the bank- 
ruptcy courts in 1903, and when all its affaire were wound up the 
stockholders received nothing, while the bondholders got but an 
exceedingly paltry sum out of all the money put into it. 

Most of the canneries secured on Puget Sound were repurchased by 
their former owners or by new people. 

From this time on the industry fluctuated considerably, 41 can- 
neries, an increase of 10 over 1914, being operated in 1915. 

During the early years of sockeye canning they were not sold to 
the trade as sockeyes, but as Alaska reds and Columbia River salmon, 
for which there had been an established market for some years. 

H. Bell-Irving & Co., now of Vancouver, British Columbia, were 
the pioneers in the labeling of the fish as sockeyes, this being in 
1894-95. Like all virtually new products, sockeye salmon had a 
hard fight for several years to secure a foothold in the salmon markets, 
and it was not until the Spanish- American war in 1898 caused a heavy 
demand for canned foods that its position became finally established. 

Queets River. — This river, which is about 35 miles long, rises in the 
northern part of Jefferson County and empties directly into the ocean 
in the northwestern part of Chehalis County, within the bounds of the 
Quinault Indian Reservation. A small salmon cannery was built at 
Queets, in Jefferson County, in 1905. 

Soleduck River. — This is a small stream, about 30 miles in length, 
which flows through the southwestern part of Clallam County and 
empties directly into the ocean. The Quillayute Indian Reservation 
is located here and the natives formerly caught salmon and marketed 
them on Puget Sound, but a small cannery, started at Mora, on this 
river, in 1912 and operated each season since, has furnished a market 
for the catch. 

Quinault River. — This river, which enters the ocean in the north- 
western part of Chehalis County, has a length from the ocean to 
Quinault Lake of about 40 miles, wholly within the boundaries of 
the Quinault Indian Reservation. 

This stream is especially noted for its long-continued annual run 
of Quinault salmon (0. nerka). These fish, which are noted for 
their especially red-colored flesh, make their appearance early in 



PACIFIC SALMON Fi&HERlES. 25 

December, when the Indians generally catch them for their own use, 
as they fear -that, if the whites got hold of the fish, they might, throw 
away the hearts. Should a heart be eaten at this time by a dog or 
chicken, the Indians believe the run would not come; In January, 
when the fish bogin to be abundant, all danger of this seems to have 
passed, for the Indians then usually have a considerable number for 
sale, and these are generally shipped to distant markets in a fresh 
condition by the buyers. As soon as the canneries open at Moelips 
most of the fish are disposed of at that place. Tho run continues up 
to July 1. May and Juno are the best fishing months. 

There is a fall run of chinooks in this river, which usually arrives 
in August and ends about October 15. 

Tho silver salmon appear about October 1 and the run is generally 
over by November 15; tho dog salmon appear about November 1 
and tho run is usually over by tho middle of the same month, while 
the steolhead trout run between November 20 and May 1. None of 
the latter are canned. 

Moelips, the terminus of the railroad, is about 10 miles from the 
river, and tho fish are all taken by team to this place. Twenty fish, 
weighing approximately 100 pounds, are put in each box, and these 
are piled onto the wagons until a load has been accumulated. Tho 
team owners get 50 cents a box for hauling the Loaded ones to Moelips 
and 5 cents a box for bringing the empty ones back. 

In 1915 the records of the Indian agent show that tho Indians 
fishing on the north side of the rivor caught 219,054 Quinault salmon, 
valued at $49,820, while those on the south side caught 135,353 
of these fish, valued at $30,528.60, or a grand total of 355,007 fish, 
valued at $80,348.60. This does not take into account the results 
of tho fishing for tho other species of salmon and steolhead trout, 
which quite materially swell the total. 

Fishing is restricted to the Indians, who also make their own 
fishery laws, with the advice and approval of the Office of Indian 
Affairs, as the State laws have no force inside the bounds of the reser- 
vation. Under tho regulations now in force, a clear channel of one- 
third the width must be left in tho middle of the stream, which is 
from 250 to 300 yards in width. Each owner of a fishing location 
has to fish it in person; provided', however, that widows, orphans, 
minor children, old Indians, and those who are sick or havo other 
gainful occupations are allowed to lease their locations or hire some 
one to fish them, and then only with the approval of the officer in 
charge. 

During the Quinault season stake nets are used, while the pest of 
the time, as a result of the freshets, drift gill nets are used in the 
eddies. The stake nets are arranged in a rather peculiar manner. 
A line of stakes is run out for about one-third tho width at right 



26 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

angles to the shore, and to these are attached a net by short ropes. 
From each stake a section of net is run out and downstream, curv- 
ing inward like a hook at the end, the latter part being held in place 
by three stakes. 

The stake nets are 40 to 60 meshes deep, with 5^-inch stretch mesh, 
and are set 85 yards apart. A set of these as described above forms 
one fishing location. 

The chinook gill nets are usually 8f to 9 inches stretch mesh and 
24 meshes deep, while the gill nets for silvers, chums, and steelheads 
are of 7-inch stretch mesh and 35 meshes deep. 

For some years the salmon from the Quinault River were brought 
to Hoquiam and Aberdeen for canning. In 1911 W. W. Kurtz, of 
the former place, began the erection of a cannery at Moclips for the 
purpose of packing these fish, and the same season his example was 
followed by Frank Shafer. Mr. Kurtz still operates his plant, but 
the other is now owned by the Pacific Fisheries & Packing Co. 

Grays Harbor. — This is the first important indentation on the coast 
of Washington south of Cape Flattery. It is about 40 miles long 
from east to west and about 20 miles wide in the widest part. The 
principal tributary is the Chehalis River, but there are a number of 
small streams which debouch into the harbor. 

In 1883 B. A. Seaborg, who operated a cannery on the Columbia 
River, established a plant at what was later to be the thriving city 
of Aberdeen, although at that time it was practically a wilderness. 

In 1902 the North American Fisheries Co. built a plant at Aber- 
deen. Shortly after it came into the possession of the Grays Harbor 
Packing Co., and on June 8, 1903, it was destroyed by fire. It was 
rebuilt and operated by this company until 1906, when it was sold 
to S. Elmore & Co., who still own it. 

The Hoquiam Packing Co. built a cannery at Hoquiam in 1904 
and have operated it ever since. 

In 1910 two canneries were in operation at Aberdeen and Hoquiam, 
respectively, while in 1915 there were three at the former place and 
one at the latter in operation. 

Willapa Harbor. — The entrance to this harbor, which also includes 
Shoalwater Bay, is about 27 miles south of Grays Harbor. The har- 
bor runs east and west and is about 25 miles long. Shoalwater Bay 
extends south from it a distance of about 30 miles, its southern por- 
tion ending about a mile from the Columbia River and its west- 
ern side being separated from the ocean by a spit varying in width 
from three-fourths to 1 mile. The bay is shallow, excepting in the 
main channel. The principal salmon streams entering the harbor 
are the Nasel and North Rivers, in which most of the pound or trap 
nets are located. 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHEBIES. 27 

In 1884 B. A. Seaborg, a Columbia River canner, established a 
plant on Shoalwater Bay, as the whole of Willapa Harbor was then 
known. 

About 1900 F. C. Barnes established a cannery at Sunshine, on the 
Nasel River, but the run of salmon on this river soon became so small 
that the plant was abandoned and the machinery moved to Mr. 
Barnes's cannery at South Bend. 

In 1904 P. J. McGowan, the Columbia River canner, opened a 
cannery on the North River. Mr. McGowan, who was over 80 years 
of age at the time, had turned the control of his important Columbia 
River canning interests over to his sons, but finding idleness not to 
his liking, started this cannery in order to have something to occupy 
his time. He operated it for several years and then abandoned the 
project. 

In 1912 the Chetlo Harbor Packing Co. established a cannery at 
Chetlo Harbor, but operated it only that year and in 1914. 

In 1915 only two canneries, both of them at South Bend, operated 
on Willapa Harbor. 

COLUMBIA RIVER. 

The Columbia, which is the largest river of the Pacific coast, rises 
in British Columbia, flows through Washington, reaching the north- 
ern border of Oregon about 75 miles west of the State's eastern 
boundary; from this point the river forms the dividing line between 
Oregon and Washington, its general course being westerly. It 
empties into the Pacific at Cape Disappointment. Its principal 
tributaries are the Snake, John Day, Deschutes, and Willamette 
Rivers, and through these the main river drains an enormous extent 
of territory. 

This river, which has produced more salmon than any other river 
in the world, has had a most interesting history. Many years before 
the white man saw its waters the Indians visited its banks during 
the annual salmon runs and caught and cured their winter's supply 
of food. Along the shores of the river at The Dalles for 15 miles 
were notable fisheries where various bands, who lived south and 
north, had their respective fishing locations, and to which all others 
were forbidden access. They used spears and dip nets in catching 
the salmon, the majority of which were dried and smoked for winter 
use. 

A favorite preparation of the Indians who resorted to the river 
was pemmican. This was the meat of the salmon cleaned of the 
bones, pounded up fine, and then packed in hempen sacks of home 
manufacture. A sack of pemmican weighed from 80 to 90 pounds 
and was worth in barter as much as an ordinary horse. 



28 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

It was about the year 1833 that a small trading sloop, under the 
command of Capt. Lamont, came into the Columbia River on one 
of her regular trips and dropped anchor near what is now known as 
St. Helens. While waiting several months for a return cargo the 
captain salted a number of barrels of chinook salmon, using old 
Jamaica rum kegs for the purpose. This is the first record of the 
export of this toothsome fish. 

In 1861, H. N. Rice and Jotham Reed began packing salted salmon 
in barrels at Oak Point, 60 miles below Portland. The first season's 
pack amounted to 600 barrels. The venture proved fairly profitable 
and was soon participated in by others. 

In the spring of 1S66 William Hume, who had assisted in starting 
the first salmon cannery in the United States on the Sacramento 
River in 1864, finding the run of fish in the latter stream rather dis- 
appointing, started a cannery for Hapgood, Hume & Co. on the 
Columbia at Eagle Cliff, Wash., about 40 miles above Astoria. 

The year this first cannery operated the following fishermen were 
operating in the river: Jotham Reed used a trap and a small gill 
net opposite Oak Point; Mr. Wallace fished a small seine from the 
shore of an island of that name a short distance below; John T. M. 
Harrington (who was later to establish the Pillar Rock cannery) , in 
conjunction with a man named Fitzpatrick, operated a seine at 
Tenasillihe, as did also a Mr. Welch; P. J. McGowan, who, with his 
sons, in 1884 started a cannery at McGowan, and later, at Warren- 
dale, Ilwaco, etc., operated two small seines at Chinook Beach; and 
Hapgood, Hume & Co. had two small gill nets about 125 fathoms 
in length and 32 meshes deep. The gill net of Mr. Reed was much 
smaller than these. At this period the river literally swarmed with 
salmon, and the cannery had no trouble in packing 4,000 cases, 
which it increased to 18,000 the next year and to 28,000 cases in 1868. 

In 1S67 a crude cannery on a scow was started by S. W. Aldrich, 
a ship carpenter. The scow was about 50 by 20 feet, with a cabin 
on it, and in one end of this he constructed a brick furnace in which 
he set a large cast-iron cauldron for a cooker. Along one side he 
rigged a bench and manufactured the cans. Aldrich was a regular 
jack-of-all-trades, as he did everything from catching the fish to 
canning and cooking them ready for the market. 

In 1868 a cannery was built near Eagle Cliff by one of the Humes, 
while in 1873 R. D. Hume built another at Bay View, Wash. He 
operated it until 1876, when Mr. Leveridge, of Leveridge, Wadhams 
& Co., of San Francisco, bought it and operated it during 1877 and 
1878. George W. Hume took it then and a few years later sold it 
to David Morgan, jr., who got into financial difficulties, and the 
plant was ordered sold by the court. C. W. Fulton, of Astoria, 
later a United States Senator, had the matter in charge, but was 
unable to find a customer, and finally in desperation, offered it to 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 29 

W. H. Barker, of George & Barker, for S60O. ' Mr. Fulton closed 
with him the same day. It proved a most profitable transaction for 
the purchasers, who acquired a million and a half labels which could 
be utilized, the machinery was taken out for other plants, the timber 
on the land belonging to the tract sold, and the floating property 
disposed of for a considerable sum, after which the stripped plant and 
land were sold back to Mr. Morgan for $600, the purchase price. He 
sold it to George W. Hume, who wanted it to correct a title. It 
was sold for taxes a couple of years later and was bought in by 
B. A. Seaborg, who operated it for two years, since when it has 
been idle. 

George W. Hume was the first salmon canner to employ Chinese. 
This was at Eagle Cliff in 1872. At this period the white laborers 
in the canneries were recruited from the riff raff and criminal element 
of Portland. He had a Chinese working for him and through this 
Chinaman secured a Chinese gang from Portland. This labor 
proved so satisfactory that the custom soon spread to the other 
canneries. It was not found that the Chinese could do the work 
any better or quicker than the white laborers, but they proved more 
reliable in their work and gave less trouble. 

Of the 35 canneries on the Columbia River in 1881, it is said that 
about one-half had been established by the Hume brothers. G. W. 
and William Hume were partners in the firm of Hapgood, Hume & 
Co., on the Sacramento River, and established the first cannery on 
the Columbia. In 1881 William was the proprietor of two canneries, 
one at Astoria, Oreg., and one at Eagle Cliff, Wash. R. D. Hume, 
a third brother, in the same year had a cannery in operation on the 
Rogue River, and established three others, one at Eagle Cliff (then 
owned by William Hume), one at Rainier (then belonging to Jackson 
& Myers) , and one at Astoria. The fourth brother, Joseph, came to 
the coast in 1871 and some time later established a cannery on the river. 

One of the pioneer canners on the river was the late F. M. Warren, 
operating as the Warren Packing Co., who established a cannery at 
Cathlamet, Wash., in 1869. The same company is still operating 
the plant. Later another cannery was established at Warrendale, 
Oreg., and both are still being operated by this company. Mr. 
Warren was the inventor of a retort, patented on April 10, 1877, 
which was in use by the principal canneries on the coast for a number 
of years. 

John West was another pioneer. He built a cannery at Hungry 
Harbor, Wash., about 1869. In 1881 he moved his plant to West- 
port, on the Oregon side of the river. Mr. West was the inventor 
of a packing machine for placing the fish in the cans. 

In 1871 the firm of Megler & Jewett established a cannery on the 
present site of Brookfield, Wash., and named it in honor of Mrs. Meg- 



30 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

ler's birthplace, North Broolsfield, Mass. In 1876 the plant was 
greatly enlarged ' and J. S. Megler bought out his partner and took 
in Mr. Macleay, of Corbett-Macleay, wholesale grocers, of Portland 
and San Francisco, and changed the firm name to J. S. Megler & Co., 
under which title it still operates. In 1S79 Mr. Megler bought out 
this partner and owned the plant until his death in 1915, since when 
it has been operated by his widow. 

The first soldering machine used on the Columbia River was in 
this plant, while the steam box and lacquering machines were first 
put in use on the river in this plant. 

In 1874 the Adair brothers, S. D. and John, jr., erected a cannery 
at Astoria, the second one to be built there. Before packing began, 
A. Booth, the well-known Chicago fish dealer, and progenitor of the 
present Booth Fisheries Co., acquired a half interest in the plant, 
which was then named A. Booth & Co. John Adair, jr., was the 
manager. The brothers established canneries on the Fraser River 
and in some seasons exchanged places in operating on the two rivers. 
S. D. Adair sold out his cannery on the Fraser and bought one on 
the Columbia and operated it under the firm name of S. D. Adair 
& Co. After selling out his interest in A. Booth & Co., S. D. Adair 
formed a partnership with Wm. B. Adair under the style of S. D. 
Adair & Co. in 1881. The brothers were active in the industry for 
a number of years. 

J. O. Han thorn, under the firm name of J. O. Han thorn & Co., 
established one of the largest canneries on the river at Astoria in 
1876. Mr. Hanthorn invented a rotary can washer for washing 
cans after they were filled ready for soldering and before the tops were 
put on. 

In the same year Marshall J. Kinney began his long and interesting 
career in the canning business by establishing a cannery at Astoria. 

The first fish trap, or pound, on the river was constructed by Mr. 
Graham, in Baker Bay, on the Washington shore, in 1879. In 1881 
P. J. McGowan built some traps just below the bay. The traps 
were very successful at times. 

The first purse seine on the river was operated by William Graham 
& Co. in 1906. 

Below appears a list of the canneries operated on the Columbia River 
in 1881, together with the pack of each during the year in question: 

J. Williams (Oregon side) 9, 000 

Astoria Packing Co 30, 000 

Elmore Packing Co 7, 890 

Astoria Fishery (M. J. Kinney) ' 26, 000 

Wm. Hume ■, 20, 000 

Geo. W. Hume 18,000 

Devlin & Co 20, 000 

Occident Packing Co 15, 000 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 31 

West Coast 15, 000 

Badollet & Co 25, 000 

Booth & Co 23, 000 

Eagle Cannery 17, 300 

Timmins & Co 8, 000 

Fishermen's Packing Co 19, 000 

S. D. Adair & Co 10, 000 

Anglo-American Packing Co 10, 300 

Hanthorn & Co 19, 000 

Scandinavian Co 20, 000 

J. W. & V. Cook 30.000 

F. M. Warren 12, 000 

J. West 12, 000 

Jackson & Myers (2 canneries) 13, 000 

Aberdeen Packing Co. (Washington Territory side) 17, 000 

Jos. Hume, Knappton ?^i po 5 

Pillar Rock Co ityj u00 

J. G. Megler & Co 25, 000 

Columbia Canning Co 8, 000 

R. D. Hume & Co 8, 300 

Cathlamet Cannery 8. 000 

Jas. Quinn 5, 000 

Cutting & Co 20, 000 

Eureka Packing Co 20. 000 

Hapgood & Co 13, 000 

Eagle Cliff Cannery 10, 000 

Total , 549, 115 

The banner year in the canning industry was 1884, when 620,000 
cases of chinook salmon were marketed. At this time the runs were 
so enormous that tons and tons of salmon were thrown overboard 
by the fishermen because the canneries were unable to handle them. 

As in other sections there came a time when the market began to 
be glutted by the packs of the numerous canneries, and it was found 
necessary to combine some of the plants in order to operate more 
cheaply and also to reduce the output. 

In 1885 W. H. Barker and George H. George, who had been con- 
nected with various canneries, formed a partnership as George & 
Barker and purchased the Astoria cannery of the Port Adams Packing 
Co., then 2 years old. 

Shortly before this a combination which was named the Eureka 
& Epicure Packing Co., had been formed and comprised the following 
plants: Knappton Packing Co., Knappton; North Shore Packing 
Co., just below Knappton; and the Eureka Packing Co. This 
combination got into financial difficulties and the reorganizes per- 
suaded George & Barker to join the combination and take charge, 
which they did. 

In 1897 the Eureka & Epicure Packing Co., the plants of Samuel 
Elmore, M. J. Kinney and J. W. Seaborg, all at Astoria; J. O. Han- 
thorn & Co., Astoria; Fishermen's Packing Co., Astoria; Scandinavian 



32 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

Packing Co., Astoria; Columbia Canning Co., add J. W. & V. Cook, 
Clifton, were combined under the name of the Columbia River 
Packers Association. In 1899 the association built a new cannery 
at Rooster Rock. Mr George was with the association until his 
death, but Mr. Barker left it to become general manager of the 
British Columbia Packers Association where he is at present, the 
dean of the Pacific coast cannerymen. 

At the present time (1915) there are 19 canneries in operation 
on the river, while large quantities of salmon are also frozen, mild 
cured, pickled, smoked, and sold fresh in the markets of the world. 

Commercial fishing is carried on mainly between the mouth of the 
Columbia and Celilo, a distance of about 200 miles, and in the Wil- 
lamette River. The most of it is in the lower part of the river, 
\P-Ain about 40 miles of its mouth. Bakers Bay, on the Washington 
or north side, and just within the river's mouth, is the favorite 
ground for pound-net fishing. The principal gill-net drifting 
ground is from the river's mouth to about 20 miles above Astoria, 
but drifting is done wherever convenient reaches are found much 
farther up the river. Most of the drag seines are hauled on the sandy 
bars in the river near Astoria, which are uncovered at low water. 
Wheels are operated in the upper river above the junction of the 
Willamette with the main river. 

Astoria is the principal center for all branches of the industry, but 

more especially for canning. Other places in addition to Astoria 

at which canneries are located are Ilwaco, Eagle Cliff, Altoona, 

Brookfield, Pillar Rock, and Cathlamet, on the Washington shore, and 

„at Warrendale, Rooster Rock, and Seuferts, on the Oregon shore. 

OREGON. 

Necanicum Creek. — This short stream is in Clatsop County and 
enters the Pacific Ocean about 10 miles south of the Columbia River. 
Its fisheries are of small importance. 

Nehalem River. — The Nehalem is a small coastal river that rises 
in the mountains of Clatsop and Columbia Counties, and flows into 
the Pacific Ocean in the northern part of Tillamook County. As early 
as 1887 there was a small cannery here, and the business has been 
followed ever since. In 1911 an additional plant was built and both 
have operated each year since, except in 1913, when one was shut down. 

Tillamook Bay and River. — Tillamook River is a very short stream 
which enters Tillamook Bay, the latter being in Tillamook County 
and about 45 miles south of the mouth of the Columbia River. 

Fishing is carried on mainly in the bay. The earliest record we 
have of canneries on this bay is of 1886, when two were in operation. 
From 1891 to 1910 but one was operated, but in 1911 another plant 
was started, and both have been operated each season since, except 
in 1913, when one was shut down. 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 33 

Nestucca River. — This stream enters the ocean in the southwestern 
part of Tillamook County. A cannery operated here in 1887 and the 
business has been carried on each season with but one intermission 
since 1905. 

Siletz River. — This river has its source in the mountains of Polk 
County and enters the ocean in the northern part of Lincoln County. 
The commercial development of the fisheries was hampered for 
many years owing to the fact that the river was within the boun- 
daries of what was then the Siletz Indian Reservation. The first 
cannery was established here in 1896, and it has operated nearly 
every season since. 

Yaquina Bay and River. — The Yaquina ("crooked") River is 
about 60 miles long; its general course is nearly west through the 
county of Benton. The river is narrow throughout the greater part 
of its length. A few miles from its mouth it suddenly broadens out 
into an estuary from one-half to three-fourths of a mile wide, which 
is commonly called Yaquina Bay. The river enters the Pacific about 
100 miles south of the Columbia. 

Salmon canning was begun on this river in 1887, when two small 
canneries were constructed. The next year an additional plant was 
erected. The business has fluctuated considerably since then and 
there is now but one cannery, which has not been operated since 1911. 

The fishing grounds are all in the bay and the lower section of 
the river. The fishermen of this section are fortunate in that they 
have railroad communication with the outside world, the only place 
on the ocean side of Oregon, except Tillamook, so situated. In 1915 
another railroad line from Eugene to the mouth of the Siuslaw River, 
at which point it connected with a line to the Coquille River, was 
opened for traffic. 

Alsea Bay and River. — Alsea River rises in the southwestern part 
of Benton County, and flows in nearly a northwesterly direction to 
the Pacific, a distance of about 60 miles. Like the Yaquina, the 
"bay" is merely a broadening out of the river just inside its mouth. 

The first cannery was established in 1886 and by 1888 there were 
three in operation. For many years but one was operated. In 1911 
and each season since two canneries have been operated. 

The best fishing grounds are from the mouth of the river to about 
5 miles inland. 

Siuslaw River. — This river has its source in the mountains of 
Lane County, and its course lies first in a northwesterly direction and 
then to the westward until the Pacific is reached. Through part of 
its course it is the dividing line between Lane and Douglas Counties . 

As early as 1878 there were two canneries operated on this river, 
but from 1879 till 1888 there are no data available showing the ex- 
tent of the fisheries. In 1896 A. W. Hurd built a cannery which was 
62425°— 17 3 



34 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

destroyed by fire in 190S. At present there are two canneries, but of 
recent years only one has been operated. The opening of a railroad 
line from Eugene to here, thus furnishing an outlet for fresh salmon 
shipments, will doubtless greatly help in developing its fisheries. 

The salmon fishing grounds extend from near the mouth of the 
river to about 20 miles upstream. 

Umpqua Hirer. — With the exception of the Columbia this is the 
largest and longest river in Oregon. It is formed by north and 
south forks, which unite about 9 miles northwest of Roseburg, and 
the river then flows northwestwardly and enters the Pacific. Prac- 
tically all of this river is witbin the boundaries of Douglas County, 
one of the largest counties in the State. A railroad has recently been 
built along this river and in time there will doubtless be a large de- 
velopment of the fisheries of this region owing to the opportunities 
which will be offered for shipping fresh fish. 

With the exception of Rogue River, this is the only river in Oregon 
south of the Columbia River in which a spring run of chinook salmon 
occurs. 

As early as 1S7S there were two canneries located on the Umpqua, 
one of which was built by George W. Hume. The number has never 
been larger than this, and usually there has been but one operating. 
In 1912 there was but one, at Gardiner. In 1915 two were operated. 

Coos Bay and River. — Coos Bay is a navigable semicircular inlet 
of the ocean with numerous arms or branches. There is much 
marshv ground in the bay, and a number of sloughs, or small creeks, 
which empty into the bay from both sides. Coos River proper is an 
unimportant stream, but a few miles in length. North Bend. Marsh- 
field, and Empire are the principal towns on the Bay. A branch 
railroad is being built to these points from the main line of the South- 
ern Pacific Railway, and as soon as this is completed the fishing in- 
dustry will receive a great impetus. Heretofore this region has de- 
pended upon steamers and sailing vessels plying to Portland and 
San Francisco for its communication with the outside world, and 
this slow and infrequent means of shipment has very seriously handi- 
capped the fisheries. 

Salmon canning began here in 1S87, when two canneries opened for 
business. The business has fluctuated considerably since, most of the 
time but one cannery being operated, and such being the case in 1915. 

Fishing is carried on mainly in the bay. A few set nets are oper- 
ated in the river. 

CoquiUe River. — This river is formed by three branches, called the 
North, Middle, and South Forks, which rise in the Umpqua Moun- 
tains and unite near Myrtle Point, the head of tidewater, about 45 
miles by river from the mouth of the stream. It is a deep and slug- 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 35 

gish river, with no natural obstructions to hinder the free passage of 
fish. Jts fisheries have been seriously hampered by the lack of rail- 
road communication, but this has recently been remedied, as the rail- 
road to Coos Bay connects with a short line now in existence between 
the Coquille River and Coos Bay, and thence on to the Siuslaw and 
from there to Eugene. 

The principal towns on the Coquille River are Bandon, Prosper, 
Coquille, and Myrtle Point. Bandon is the shipping port. 

Pickled salmon were cured and shipped from this river very early, 
the first recorded instance of any considerable quantity being in 1877,- 
when 3,000 barrels of salmon were sent to San Francisco. The salt 
shipments were important until within recent years. The first salmon 
cannery was erected in 1883, at Parkersburg. In 1886 another was 
built at the same place, and the following year still another was 
erected close by. This was the largest number ever in operation in 
any one year. Since 1909 two canneries have been operated, both at 
Prosper. 

The fishing grounds are from the mouth to Myrtle Point, about 45 
miles inland. 

Sixes River. — This small river is located in the northern part of 
Curry County, and is about 40 miles in length, entering the Pacific 
a very short distance above Cape Blanco. The salmon caught here 
are either salted or shipped fresh to the canneries on the Coquille 
River. 

Elk River. — This is another small stream about 40 miles in length, 
which enters the Pacific just south of Cape Blanco. As on the Sixes 
River, the salmon are either salted or sold fresh to the canneries on 
the Coquille River. 

Rogue River. — This river has as its source Crater Lake in the Cas- 
cade Mountains, on the western border of Klamath County, flow- 
ing a distance of about 325 miles to the ocean, which it enters at 
Wedderburn. Its principal tributaries are the Illinois, Applegate, 
and Stewart Rivers. Owing to canyons and falls in the main river 
between the mouth of the Illinois River and Hellgate, the latter 
near Hogan Creek, which runs through the town of Merlin, naviga- 
tion and fishing are impossible in that section. Except at the mouth 
of the river the population is very sparse until about the neighbor- 
hood of Hogan Creek, where the river approaches the railroad, and 
from here on for some miles there are numerous growing towns. 

Owing to the fact of there being both a spring and a fall run of 
salmon in this river, the fisheries early became of importance, al- 
though sadly hampered because of being compelled to depend wholly 
on vessel communication with San Francisco, many miles away. 
In the early years the salmon were pickled and shipped to San Fran- 



36 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

cisco. In 1877 R. D. Hume, who had been canning salmon on the 
Columbia River, removed to the Rogue River, and established near 
the mouth a cannery which he operated every season (except 1894, 
when the cannery burned down) until his death in November, 1908, 
after which date it was operated by his heirs. Mr. Hume also oper- 
ated a large cold-storage plant at Wedderburn for several years. 

The development of the fisheries of the lower Rogue River was very 
much hampered by the monopoly which Mr. Hume acquired and 
maintained until his death. He bought both shores of the river for 
12 miles from its mouth, and also owned an unbroken frontage on 
the ocean shore extending 7 miles north from the mouth of the river. 
As a result of this, independent fishermen could find no convenient 
places for landing, which was necessary in order to cure, handle, and 
ship the fish caught. Since Mr. Hume's death the property has been 
sold to the Macleay estate, but the people of Oregon, upon an initia- 
tive and referendum petition, voted in 1910 to close Rogue River to all 
commercial fishing, and it was so closed in 1 911 and 1912, but reopened 
in 1913. A second cannery was built here in 1915 by B. A. Seaborg 
&Co. 

In the upper river ranchers living along the banks have engaged in 
fishing for a number of years, the catch for the most part being sold 
fresh. In recent years, as the country has developed, this fishery has 
become fairly important. 

Ghetco and Windchuck Rivers. — These two unimportant streams 
empty into the Pacific in the lower part of Curry County, not far from 
the California line. The former is about 20 miles and the latter 
about 25 miles in length. Both have runs of salmon, and small fish- 
eries have been maintained for some years, the catch being either 
pickled or sold to the California canneries. 

CALIFORNIA. 

Smith River. — This river, which is the most northerly one in the 
State, rises near the Siskiyou Mountains, and runs in a westerly 
direction to the Pacific Ocean. 

The river has only a spring run of salmon, and the early recorded 
history of the fisheries is fragmentary. The pickling of salmon was 
the main business at first and has been important ever since, as the 
cannery, which was first established in 1878, operated irregularly, 
and seems to have shut down entirely in 1895. Canning began again 
in 1914 by H. E. Westbrook and continued in 1915. 

Klamath River. — This is the most important river in California 
north of the Sacramento. It issues from the Lower Klamath Lake 
in Klamath County, Oreg., and runs southwesterly across Siskiyou 
County, passes through the southeastern section of Del Norte County, 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHEEIES. 37 

keeping its southerly course into Humboldt County, where it forms 
a junction with the Trinity River, and thence its course is directed 
to the northwest until it reaches the Pacific Ocean. 

The Klamath River is important as a salmon stream because it has 
both a spring and fall run of salmon. In 1888 a cannery was estab- 
lished at Requa, at the mouth, and this has been operated occasion- 
ally ever since. The pickling of salmon has been done here for a 
number of years. Some years part of the catch has been shipped 
fresh to the cannery on Smith River or to the Rogue River (Oreg.) 
cannery. Since 1908 the cannery has been operated continuously by 
the Klamath River Packers Association. 

Humboldt Bay and tributaries. — The shore line of Humboldt County 
is bold and high, except in the vicinity of Humboldt Bay, where it 
is rather flat. The latter is the only harbor along the county shore, 
and it is quite difficult of access, owing to the bar at the entrance, 
upon which the sea breaks quite heavily. The bay is about 12 miles 
long and about 3 miles wide. Mad River, which has its rise in the 
lower part of Trinity County, runs in a northwesterly direction, then 
makes a sharp turn and enters the bay from the north side. Eel 
River, which has its rise in Lake County, far to the southeast, runs in 
a northwesterly direction and enters the bay at its southern extrem- 
ity. Small railroads running south from Eureka traverse the shores 
of both rivers for some miles. A railroad now runs from the north 
side of San Francisco Bay to Eureka, and it has aided very materially 
in extending the market for salmon caught in these rivers. 

Mattole River. — This is a small and unimportant river in the south- 
ern part of Humboldt County, and is said to have a good run of 
salmon each year, but no commercial fishing has as yet been carried 
on here. 

Some salmon fishing is now (1915) carried on at Fort Bragg, in 
Mendocino County. The Noyo River debouches into the ocean at 
this place. Shipping salmon from here is now possible, owing to a 
branch railroad having been built to the coast at this point. It is 
probable that, as other points in the region between San Francisco 
and Humboldt Bays are made accessible by the railroad, the salmon 
fishery will be expanded very considerably. 

Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers. — These two rivers are the 
most important in California. The Sacramento is quite crooked, 
the distance by river from Red Bluff to San Francisco being about 
375 miles, while the distance by rail between these two places is only 
225 miles. The river rises in several small lakes in the mountains 
about 20 miles west of Sisson, in Siskiyou County, and for nearly 
half its length flows through a narrow canyon. The upper portion 
is a typical mountain stream, with innumerable pools and rapids. A 



38 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

little above Bedding the river emerges from the canyon and widens 
into a broad shallow stream. Below Sacramento it runs through a 
level country and is affected by tides. Sloughs are numerous in this 
stretch, some connecting it with the San Joaquin. The Sacramento 
and San Joaquin Rivers join as they empty into Suisun Bay. 

The principal tributaries of the Sacramento which are frequented 
by salmon are the Pit and McCloud Rivers and Battle Creek. At one 
time salmon frequented the American and Feather Rivers, but min- 
ing and irrigation operations along these streams either killed them 
off or drove them away. 

The San Joaquin River has its source in the Sierra Nevada Moun- 
tains. Flowing westerly and forming the boundary between Fresno 
and Madera Counties for a considerable distance, it then turns 
abruptly to the north just where it is joined by Fresno Slough, which 
drains Lake Tulare. From here its general course is northwesterly 
until it joins the Sacramento River, near the latter's mouth. The 
Chouchilla and Fresno Rivers are the principal tributaries of the 
San Joaquin. 

The principal fishing grounds for salmon are Suisun Bay, the 
lower part of San Joaquin River, and the Sacramento River as 
high as the vicinity of Sacramento. Drift gill nets are used almost 
exclusively in this section. From Sacramento to Anderson there is 
considerable commercial fishing, more particularly with haul seines. 

Owing to the early and excellent railroad facilities which the fish- 
eries of the Sacramento River have enjoyed, they have not been 
handicapped so seriously as most of the other Pacific coast rivers in 
finding profitable outlets for the catch. Soon after the first trans- 
continental line was opened the shipping of fresh salmon to eastern 
points began, and it has been an important feature of the industry 
ever since. 

The chief event in the history of the salmon fisheries of this river 
is the fact that the canning of salmon on the Pacific coast had its 
inception here in 1864. The circumstances leading up to this event 
and its consummation are interestingly told by R. D. Hume: 

The first salmon cannery of the United States was located at Washington, Yolo 
County, Cal. A part of the building was originally a cabin situated on the river 
bank outside of the levee just opposite the foot of K Street, Sacramento City. It was 
built in 1852 and occupied by James Booker, Percy Woodsom, and William Hume. 
William Hume came to California in the spring of 1852, bringing with him a salmon 
gill net which he had made before leaving his home at Augusta, Me. In company 
with James Booker and Percy Woodsom, Mr. Hume began fishing for salmon in the 
Sacramento River just in front of the city of Sacramento. William Hume had been 
salmon fishing in the Kennebec River in the State of Maine with his father, where his 
father and grandfather had been engaged in the same business since 1780, and their 
ancestors in Scotland had for pleasure pursued the sportive salmon on the Tweed and 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 39 

Tay for centuries before. In 1856 William Hume went back to Maine, and on his 
return to California the same year was accompanied by his brothers, John and 
G. W. Hume, who also engaged in salmon fishing in the Sacramento River. Among the 
schoolmates of G. W. Hume was one Andrew S. Hapgood, who had learned the tin- 
smith's trade, and who a short time after G. W. Hume left for California went to Bos- 
ton and entered the employ of J. B. Hamblen, a pioneer in the canning business, 
and was sent by him to Fox Island on the coast of Maine to engage in canning lobsters. 
The canning of lobster was a new and growing industry, and Mr. Hamblen, to increase 
his business, a short time after sent Mr. Hapgood to the Bay of Chaleur, an arm of the 
sea which divides the Province of Quebec from that of New Brunswick, where, in 
addition to the canning of lobster, they also canned a few salmon. I believe this was 
the first salmon canned on the American Continent, and I am informed that the busi- 
ness in a small way is still carried on in that section of the country. In 1863 G. W. 
Hume went back to Maine, and while there visited Mr. Hapgood at Fox Island, to 
which place he had been again sent by J. B. Hamblen to take charge of the works at 
that place. During the visit of G. W. Hume to his friend Hapgood a talk about salm- 
on was had, and it was agreed that if salmon on the Pacific coast were as plentiful 
as represented by Mr. Hume much money could be made in a salmon -cannery business. 
The plan decided on was that G. W. Hume, on his return to California, should try and 
induce his brother William to engage in the business with them, and, if he succeeded 
in so doing, Mr. Hapgood should purchase the necessary machinery and come out to 
California in time for the spring season of 1864. William Hume being agreeable to 
take part in the enterprise, Mr. Hapgood set out on the journey and arrived at San 
Francisco on March 23, 1864, and a few days later at the location where the operations 
were afterwards conducted. 

* * * * * * * 

For a considerable time after the salmon-canning business was inaugurated the pack- 
ers suspended operations in the early part of July of each year, as at that time the 
market would take only goods which showed a rich oil and the best food values. & 

The business languished after the firm established its cannery on 
the Columbia River, but in 1874 was renewed again by others and 
continued with varying success until 1905, when it ceased tempo- 
rarily, owing to the smaller quantity of fish available and the diffi- 
culty of competing with the mild-cure packers and the fresh-fish deal- 
ers. Several times since small packs have been made when, for 
some reason, mild-curing was unprofitable. 

Monterey Bay. — The first harbor south of San Francisco is Mon- 
terey Bay, a large indentation cutting into Santa Cruz and Monterey 
Counties. Only a portion of it is well sheltered, however. For a 
number of years it had been known that salmon frequented the 
waters of this bay for the purpose of feeding on the young fishes 
which swarmed there. Sportsmen frequently caught them with rod 
and reel, but it was not until the early eighties that the industry 
was established on a commercial basis. It has since grown very 
rapidly. The catch has either been mild cured at Monterey or 
shipped fresh. A few were canned in 1915. 

o The description of the machinery used and the methods of canning have been quoted in full under 
" Canning" elsewhere in this report. 

bThe first salmon cannery. By R.D.Hume. Pacific Fisherman, Seattle, Wash., vol. n, no. 1, January, 
1904, p. 19-21. 



40 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

ALASKA.^ 

Alaska is the most favored salmon-fishing region. Many rivers, 
some of great length and draining enormous areas, intersect the dis- 
trict in every direction, while the number of small creeks is countless. 
Almost every one of these have runs of salmon of varying abundance. 
The principal streams entering Bering Sea are the Yukon, Kus- 
kokwim, Togiak, Nushagak, Kvichak, Naknek, Ugaguk, and 
Ugashik; in central Alaska the Chignik, Karluk, Alitak, Susitna, and 
Copper Rivers are the main streams, while in southeast Alaska are 
found, among many others, the Anklow, Situk, Alsek, Chilkat, Chil- 
koot, Taku, Stikine, and Unuk Rivers. Most of the fishing in Alaska 
is carried on in the bays into which these rivers debouch. In south- 
east Alaska, which is composed largely of islands, the fishing is carried 
on mainly in the bays, sounds, and straits among these. 

Even before the purchase of the district from Russia in 1867 our 
fishermen occasionally resorted to southeast Alaska and prepared 
salted salmon. The salmon fisheries did not become important, how- 
ever, until canning was begun. 

SOUTHEAST ALASKA. 

One of the most favorable sections for carrying on fishing opera- 
tions is southeast Alaska. Here a narrow strip of mainland, about 
30 miles wide, separates British Columbia from salt water and forms 
the "panhandle" of Alaska. Outside this is a fringe of numerous 
islands, large and small, close to the coast line, conforming to its 
irregularities and separated from it and from each other by deep 
straits and channels. These islands, about 1,100 in number, extend 
from the coast an average distance of about 75 miles and along the 
general contour for about 250 miles. Some of these islands are very 
large, indented with deep bays and sounds, and they in turn fringed 
with smaller islands. 

The largest streams in this region are the Unuk, Stikine, Taku, and 
Chilkat, all of which take their source in the interior and drain con- 
siderable areas. The other rivers are usually streams, and the greater 
number are simply outlets to a lake or system of lakes. 

All species of salmon are to be found in this region, but the hump- 
back is by far the most abundant. 

This region has been the favorite fishing ground for the smaller 
operators, although a few of the largest canneries in Alaska are 
located here. Of recent years transportation facilities have been 
exceedingly good and fairly cheap, while the nearness to the States 

a The material for the history of the salmon fisheries of Alaska for the period from the inception of salmon 
canning to 1900 was obtained almost wholly from the following excellent and valuable reports by Capt. 
Jefferson F. Moser, U. S. N., to whom I am deeply indebted for this and other valuable data: 

The salmon and salmon fisheries of Alaska. Report of the operations of the United States Fish Com 
mission steamer Albatross for the year ended June- 30, 1898. By Jefferson F. Moser. Bulletin U. S. Fish 
Commission, vol. xvni, p. 1-178. 

Alaskan salmon investigations in 1900 and 1901. By Jefferson F. Moser. Bulletin U.S. Fish Commission, 
vol. xxi, p. 173-398. 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 41 

and the considerable resident population which could be drawn upon 
for labor have been big factors in its development. 

The Russians did considerable salting of salmon. Petroff, in his 
report in the Tenth Census on the "Population, industries, and re- 
sources of Alaska," writes as follows of the Redoubt near Sitka: 
"The once famous Redoubt or deep-lake salmon fishery on Baranof 
Island, which at one time during the Russian rule supplied this 
whole region, and whence 2,000 barrels of salmon were shipped in 
1868, now lies idle." 

One of the earliest operators in southeast Alaska was a Greek, or 
Slav, named Baronovich, who married the daughter of Skowl, one 
of the old-time chiefs of the Kasaans, and received from him the 
fishery on Karta Bay, a part of Kasaan Bay, and one of the best red 
salmon streams south of Wrangell Narrows. Baronovich built a 
saltery here, kept a store and traded with the Indians. He died some 
years ago, and for some time after his death his sons operated it. 
It finally collapsed a couple of years ago. 

For a number of years a saltery was operated at Klawak, on the 
west coast of Prince of Wales Island. In 1878 the North Pacific 
Trading & Packing Co. purchased the saltery and erected the first 
cannery in Alaska here. A pack was made the same year, and the 
plant has operated every year since. In 1899 the cannery burned 
down, but it was immediately rebuilt on the opposite side of the bay. 
For some years this plant was operated almost exclusively with 
native labor, and at the present time the majority so employed are 
natives. 

The same year that the above cannery was established the Cutting 
Packing Co. built a cannery at old Sitka, and operated it in 1878 and 
1879, after which time it was closed down. In 1882 the machinery 
was taken by another company to Cook Inlet. 

In 1882 M. J. Kinney, of Astoria, under the name of the Chilkat 
Packing Co., built a cannery on the eastern shore of the inlet and made 
a pack the same year. The cannery changed hands several times and 
finally was burned in 1892, and not rebuilt. The cannery packed 
every year from 1883 to 1891, both inclusive, except in 1888, when 
it was closed. 

In 1883 the Northwest Trading Co., built a cannery on Pyramid 
Harbor, a little bay on the western side of Chilkat Inlet. It was 
operated by this company in 1883 and 1884, was idle in 1885, and in 
1888 was sold to D. L. Beck & Sons, of San Francisco, and operated 
by that firm. In the spring of 1889 it was burned, but was rebuilt at 
once and a pack made that year. In 1893 it joined the Alaska 
Packers Association, which operated it, except in 1905, until the end 
of the season of 1908, when it was finally abandoned. 

On the north shore of Boca de Quadra, about 8 miles from the 
entrance, a cannery was built in 1883 by M. J. Kinney, of Astoria, and 



42 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

operated under the name of the Cape Fox Packing Co. from 1883 to 
1886. Late in the last-named year it was sold and moved to Ketchi- 
kan and operated there under the name of the Tongass Packing Co. 
during 1887, 1888, and until August, 1889, when it was burned and 
not rebuilt. 

In v 1886 Rhode & Johnson erected a saltery at Yes Bay. The fol- 
lowing year the firm became Ford, Rhode & Johnson. In 1887 work 
was begun on a cannery which was finished in 1888. Packing was 
begun in 1889 under the name of the Boston Fishing & Trading Co. 
In 1901 it was included in the Pacific Packing & Navigation Co. con- 
solidation, and when that concern failed was purchased in 1905 by 
the Northwestern Fisheries Co. In 1906 the cannery was purchased 
by C. A. Burckhardt & Co., who have operated it each year to date, 
either under that name or subsequent incorporations known as the 
Yes Bay Canning Co., and the Alaska Pacific Fisheries. 

In 1887 the Aberdeen Packing Co. of Astoria, Oreg., built a can- 
nery on the Stikine River, about 8 miles above the mouth. In 1889 
the cannery was moved to Point Highfield, on the northern end of 
Wrangell Island, and operations commenced under the name of the 
Glacier Packing Co. In 1893 it joined the Alaska Packers Associa- 
tion, who have operated it continuously, except in 1905. 

The Loring cannery of the Alaska Packers Association was built in 
1888 by the Alaska Salmon Packing & Fur Co. of San Francisco and 
operated by the Cutting Packing Co. For a number of years pre- 
vious to this time a saltery had been in operation here. When the 
Alaska Packers Association was formed in 1893 it joined that organi- 
zation. The cannery has been operated every year since it was built, 
and in some seasons has made the largest pack of any in theTerritory. 

Shortly after William Duncan and his community of Tsimpsean 
Indians had settled, in 1887, on Annette Island, which island had 
been set aside by the Federal Government as a reserve for them, 
plans were under way for a salmon cannery, but funds came in so 
slowly that it was not until 1S90 that any pack was attempted. In 
1891 it was in full operation, and operated from then continuously 
until 1913, when the plant was shut down for that and the two suc- 
ceeding years. Much dissatisfaction had been expressed by the 
natives over the operation of this and other industrial plants on the 
island, and finally the Federal authorities took possession of prac- 
tically everything, as guardian of the natives, and early in 1916 
leased the cannery to P. E. Harris & Co., of Seattle, the understand- 
ing being that they were to employ natives when available. Un- 
fortunately the plant burned down just before the fishing season 
began. 

James Miller operated a saltery on Burroughs Bay, on Behm 
Canal, in 1886 and 1SS7. In 1888 Andrew and Benjamin Young, 
of Astoria, Oreg., built a cannery here and operated it under the 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 43 

name of the Cape Lees Packing Co. in 1888, 1889, and 1890. It 
was closed in 1891 and 1892. In 1893 it became a part of the 
Alaska Packers Association, and was dismantled the following year. 

About 1888 a saltery was established on Thorne Bay, Prince of 
Wales Island. The following year it was sold to the Loring can- 
nery. In 1892 it was sold to Robert Bell, who moved it to the upper 
end of the northwest arm, on the western shore. Salting was not 
carried on each season, as it was sometimes found to be more profit- 
able to sell the fish fresh to the canneries. The plant was finally 
abandoned. 

In 1889 Messrs. Sanborn and Ellmore, of Astoria, built a cannery 
in Pavlof Harbor, Freshwater Bay, on the eastern side of Chichagof 
Island, and operated it under the name of the Astoria & Alaska 
Packing Co. It made a pack that year and in the spring of 1890 
was moved to Point Ellis, on the eastern side of Kuiu Island, pack- 
ing that year and also in 1891. It was burned in May, 1892; only 
one building was left standing, and it and the site were purchased by 
John H. Mantle, of Wrangell, who operated a saltery on each arm of 
the bay. Mr. Mantle began operations here in 1893. 

In 1889 the Baranof Packing Co. built and first operated a can- 
nery at the Redoubt, about 12 miles below Sitka. It was also oper- 
ated in 1890 and then moved to Redfish Bay, on the western coast 
of Baranof Island. It made its first pack here in 1891 and was then 
operated every year until 1898, when it was sold to the Alaska 
Packers Association and dismantled. 

In 1889 the Thlinket Packing Co., organized at Portland, Oreg., 
built a cannery at Point Gerard, on the mainland opposite Point 
Highfield, at the head of Wrangell Island. It was operated that 
and the subsequent year. 

In 1901 this company built another cannery at Santa Anna, on 
the north side of Cleveland Peninsula, and made a pack the same 
year. 

In 1901 both plants became part of the Pacific Packing & Navi- 
gation Co. In 1902 the Gerard Point plant was closed and was 
not opened again. In 1903, 19Q4, and 1905 the Santa Anna plant 
was closed also. Early in 1905 these plants were purchased by the 
Northwestern Fisheries Co. at the assignee's sale of the old corpora- 
tion's properties. The Santa Anna plant was operated in 1906 and 
has been operated each year since. 

The Chilkat Canning Co. put up a plant at Chilkat village, on 
Chilkat Inlet, in 1889. It was operated from 1889 to 1893, and 
then sold to the Alaska Packers Association. It was held in reserve 
for some years but was finally dismantled. 

In 1889 D. Blauw, of Tacoma, Wash., built a saltery on Grouse 
Island, Boca de Quadra, and dry-salted dog salmon. He operated 
only one season. 



44 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

In 1890 a cannery was built by the Bartlett Bay Packing Co. on 
Bartlett Bay, Icy Straits, and operated by Williams, Brown & Co., 
of San Francisco. A saltery was constructed here prior to that date, 
and in 1889 a pack of 4,300 cases was made in a crude way. In 
1891 the ice piled up in Glacier Bay to such an extent that the can- 
nery could do almost nothing. It was not operated after this date. 
In 1893 it became a part of the Alaska Packers Association and was 
dismantled in 1894. 

About 1890 a saltery was established on the north shore of the 
mouth of Quadra Stream, on Boca de Quadra, by Clark & Martin. 
It was operated intermittently until about 1898, when it was aban- 
doned. The same parties also established a saltery at Ketchikan 
shortly after the one on Quadra Stream was built, and operated this 
until about 1898, when the plant was turned into a steamer wharf 
and warehouse for the new town of Ketchikan which was building 
up around it. 

In 1896 the Pacific Steam Whaling Co. built a cannery on the 
northern side of Hunter Bay, near the southern end of Prince of 
Wales Island, and made a pack the same year. Miller & Co. had a 
saltery at this place and it was purchased by the company and 
removed to make room for the cannery. Miller & Co. also had a 
saltery on Nutqua Inlet, which was built in 1896, and this also was 
sold to the canning company. In 1901 the cannery became a part 
of the Pacific Packing & Navigation Co. It was closed in 1904. 
Upon the dissolution of the company in 1905 this plant was pur- 
chased by the Northwestern Fisheries Co., which company, after 
keeping it closed in 1905 and 1906, has operated it each season since. 

The Quadra Packing Co. built a cannery on Mink Arm, in Boca 
de Quadra, in the spring of 1896 and made its first pack that year. 
In 1901 the plant was purchased by the Pacific Packing & Naviga- 
tion Co. It was closed in 1904, 1905, and 1906. Upon the dissolu- 
tion of the company in 1905 the plant was purchased by the North- 
western Fisheries. Co. It was reopened in 1907 and has been oper- 
ated each season since. 

In 1897 a saltery was built on Taku Point, near the head of Taku 
Inlet. In 1898 and 1899 it was operated by the Quadra Packing Co. 
In 1900 the Icy Straits Packing Co. operated it. 

In 1897 a small saltery was in operation by Cyrus Orr at Point 
Barrie, Kupreanof Island. In the same year Walter •Kosmikoff 
operated a small saltery at Shipley Bay, on Prince of Wales Island. 
In 1900 he sold it to the Icy Straits Packing Co. 

Fred Brockman in 1897 built and operated a small saltery on 
Sarkar Stream, Prince of Wales Island. Mr. Brockman' operated 
this saltery intermittently until his death in 1915. 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 45 

In 1897 Banter & West were operating a saltery at Sukkwan, on 
Sukkwan Island. In the same year Miller & Co. started another 
saltery on Kassook Inlet, on Sukkwan Island, while Thomas Mc- 
Cauley was operating a saltery on Whale Passage. 

In 1899 the Icy Straits Packing Co., consisting of stockholders of 
the Quadra Packing Co., built a cannery and sawmill at a point on 
the southeastern shore of Wrangell Narrows, about a mile south of the 
northern entrance to same, and named the town site Petersburg. The 
cannery was ready and operated in 1900. In 1901 it became a part 
of the Pacific Packing & Navigation Co. It was closed in 1903, 1904, 
and 1905. In 1905 it was purchased at the sale of the company's 
properties by the Northwestern Fisheries Co. In 1906 the Pacific 
Coast & Norway Packing Co., which had been operating a cannery 
at Tonka, on Wrangell Narrows, purchased this plant and transferred 
its activities to the latter. In 1915 the plant was leased to the 
Petersburg Packing Co., composed of stockholders of the old company. 

In 1900 the Western Fisheries Co., of Portland, built a cannery at 
the head of Dundas Bay, and made a pack the same year. In 1901 
it became a part of the Pacific Packing & Navigation Co. It was 
closed in 1904. At the assignee's sale of the company's properties in 
1905 this plant was purchased by the Northwestern Fisheries Co. and 
operated in 1905 and each subsequent year. 

In 1900 the Fidalgo Island Packing Co. built a cannery on the 
southern side of Ketchikan Creek. A pack was made the same year. 
The plant was closed in 1903, only a little salting being done that year, 
but was opened in 1904. It was closed again in 1905, but opened in 
1906. Since then it has been operated each season to date, except in 
1909. 

In 1900 the Pacific Coast & Norway Packing Co. operated a floating 
saltery while prospecting for a cannery location. In 1901 the com- 
pany built a cannery at Tonka, about midway of Wrangell Narrows 
on the western side, and made a pack in that and subsequent years 
until 1906. In that year the company purchased the Petersburg 
cannery and thenceforth operated from there. The Tonka plant 
was dismantled a few years later. 

In 1900 the Royer-Warnock Packing Co., of San Francisco, built 
a small cannery on Beecher Pass, which connects Duncan Canal with 
Wrangell Narrows, using the old Buck saltery for the cannery proper. 
It operated only the one season. It was a hand-pack plant. 

The Taku Fishing Co. in 1900 built a cannery on the southern side 
of the entrance to Port Snettisham, and made a pack in that year. In 
1901 it became a part of the Pacific Packing & Navigation Co. The 
plant was closed in 1902 and not opened again. 



46 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

In 1900 the Taku Packing Co., organized in Astoria, Oreg., built a 
cannery on the western shore of Taku Inlet, and made a pack the 
same year. In 1901 it became a part of the Pacific Packing & 
Navigation Co. It was closed in 1904 and not reopened again. 
In 1905 it became the property of the Northwestern Fisheries Co. 

In 1900 the Chilkoot Packing Co., organized at Aberdeen, Wash., 
built a cannery at the head of Chilkoot Inlet, and operated the same 
year. In 1901 it became a part of the Pacific Packing & Navigation 
Co. It was closed in 1904 and not reopened again. 

In 1900 the Great Northern Fish Co. operated a floating saltery. 
Its principal business was salting dog salmon for the Japanese 
trade, and it operated only one season. J. E. Rice, of Whatcom, 
Wash., in the same year packed dog salmon on Karta Bay for the 
same trade. 

The Pacific Packing & Navigation Co. (an account of whose incep- 
tion, operation, and failure appears under Puget Sound) was organ- 
ized in 1901 and acquired the following canneries in Alaska: Can- 
neries of Pacific Steam Whaling Co. at Nushagak, Bristol Bay; Chig- 
nik, Alaska Peninsula; Uyak," Kodiak Island; Kenai, Cook Inlet; 
Orca, Prince William Sound; Hunter Bay, southeast Alaska. Also 
the Hume Bros. & Hume canneries at Chignik and Uyak; the Thlinket 
Packing Co. with canneries at Gerard Point and Santa Anna; the 
Western Fisheries Co. cannery at Dundas Bay, Icy Straits; Chilkoot 
Packing Co. cannery at Chilkoot Inlet; the Taku Packing Co. can- 
nery at Taku Inlet; the Taku Fishing Co. cannery at Port Snet- 
tisham; the Boston Fishing & Trading Co. cannery at Yes Bay; the 
.Chatham Straits Packing Co. cannery on Sitkoh Bay; the Icy Straits 
Packing Co. cannery at Petersburg, Wrangell Narrows; and the 
Quadra Packing Co. cannery at Mink Arm, Boca de Quadra. 

The company met with financial disaster in 1904, and at the 
resulting sale most of its properties were bought by the North- 
western Fisheries Co., a corporation formed for the purpose. Of the 
Alaska canneries the Sitkoh Bay plant was sold to George T. Myers & 
Co., while the Orca plant was leased to Capt. Omar J. Humphreys, 
from whom the Northwestern Fisheries Co. later on secured it. 

The San Juan Fishing & Packing Co., of Seattle, established a 
cannery and cold-storage plant in 1901 at Taku Harbor, a small bay 
on the mainland a short distance south of Taku Inlet, and made a 
pack the same year. This plant was purchased in 1903 by the 
Pacific Cold Storage Co. and operated by it in 1903, 1904, and 1905. 
In 1906 it was leased and operated by the Taku-Alaska Packing Co. 
From 1907 to 1911 the plant was leased and operated by John L. 
Carlson & Co. In 1911 the plant was purchased by Mr. Carlson and 
the name changed to the Taku Canning & Cold Storage Co., under 
which name it has been operated each year since. 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 47 

In 1901 the Chatham Straits Packing Co. built a cannery on Sitkoh 
Bay, Chichagof Island. The same year this cannery became a part of 
the Pacific Packing & Navigation Co. Upon the dissolution of the 
latter, early in 1905, this plant was purchased by George T. Myers & 
Co., which company has operated it to date without a break. 

In 1901 F. C. Barnes, of Portland, Oreg., built a cannery at Lake 
Bay, on the east side of Prince of Wales Island, and made a pack that 
season. This cannery was operated in 1902, but was closed in 1903. 
It was reopened in 1904, and operated each season after that. In 
1910 it was incorporated under the name of F. C. Barnes Co. 

In 1901 the Union Packing Co., organized in Tacoma, Wash., built 
a cannery on Kell Bay, an arm of Affleck Canal, on the southern side 
of Kuiu Island. In 1904 this plant was moved to the Kvichak 
River in Bering Sea. 

Buhring & Heckman operated a small saltery in Union Bay, on the 
north side of Cleveland Peninsula, in 1901. Packing was carried on 
aboard a barge. 

In 1901 the Muir Glacier Packing Co. put up a saltery on Ideal 
Cove, Dry Pass, near Wrangell. It has operated mainly as a mild- 
cure station. It was closed down in 1903, but open in 1904. It was 
then closed in 1905, 1906, and 1907. It was opened in 1908 by K. J. 
Johansen and operated in 1908 and 1909. 

In 1902 the Kasaan Bay Co. built a cannery on the north side of 
Kasaan Bay, Prince of Wales Island, and made a pack the same year. 
It was shut down in 1904 and 1905, but reopened in 1906 by Gorman 
& Co., of Seattle, who had purchased control of the company. Shortly 
after the closing of the packing season the plant burned down, but it 
was rebuilt in time to operate the following season. In 1909 the plant 
was closed, but was reopened in 1910. On September 12 of that year 
the plant was again destroyed by fire, but was rebuilt in time to 
operate the following season. On October 29, 1911, the plant was 
once more destroyed by fire, but was rebuilt in time to operate in 1912. 
In 1915 the plant was purchased and operated by the Anacortes 
Fisheries Co., a subsidiary of the Booth Fisheries Co. 

In 1902 the Alaska Fish & Lumber Co. built a cannery at Shakan, 
on Kosciusko Island, near the head of Prince of Wales Island, and 
made a pack the same year. It was shut down in 1904. In 1905 the 
property was taken over by the Shakan Salmon Co., a new company 
composed largely of members of the old corporation, who operated it 
that season. In 1906 Gorman & Co., of Seattle, obtained control of 
this cannery and operated it each season under the name of the Shakan 
Salmon Co. until 1915, when it was sold to the Anacortes Fisheries 
Co., a subsidiary of the Booth Fisheries Co. 



48 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

In 1902 the Columbia Canning Co. built a cannery on the southern 
side of Chilkoot Inlet, and made a pack that year. In 1910 C. A. 
Burckhardt & Co., under the name of the Chilkoot Fisheries Co., pur- 
chased and operated this plant. In 1911 the name was changed to 
that of the Alaska Pacific Fisheries. 

The only cannery in this section lost to Alaska by action of the 
Federal Government was that of the Wales Island Packing Co., which 
was built on Wales Island, near Dixon Entrance, in 1902. As a 
result of the action of the Alaska Boundary Arbitration Commission 
in declaring Wales Island a part of Canada in 1903, this cannery 
automatically ceased to be an American one. After the change of 
government it lay idle for some time, but is now in use once more by 
Canadian parties. 

In 1902 the Thlinket Packing Co. built a cannery on Funter Bay, on 
the west side of Admiralty Island, and made a pack that year and 
every subsequent year to date. 

The same year the Pillar Bay Packing Co. built and operated a 
cannery near Point Ellis, on Kuiu Island, and has operated it each 
season to date. 

In 1902 the Alaska Fisheries Union, organized in Seattle, built a 
cannery on the east side of Chilkat Inlet, and made a pack that year. 
After operating to 1905, the plant was in that year leased to and 
operated by the Lynn Canal Packing Co. The plant was. purchased 
in 1906 by the Pacific American Fisheries. In 1908 it was moved to 
Excursion Inlet and has been operated each season to date. 

The Tacoma Fishing Co. in 1902 established a saltery and halibut 
station at Tee Harbor, on Lynn Canal, and made a pack that year. 
Later it became the property of the International Fisheries Co. In 
1910 the plant was purchased by the Tee Harbor Packing Co., which 
established a cannery and operated first in 1911. It has been operated 
each season since. 

The Seattle-Scandinavian Fish Co. built a saltery on Snug Harbor, 
Tenakee Inlet, Chicagof Island, in 1902, and made a pack. It packed 
in 1903 also, but shut down in 1904. The plant was leased in 1905, 
and then shut down for good. 

The Alaska Fish & Mining Co. built and operated a saltery at 
Kevilla, on Tongass Narrows, during the single season of 1902, while 
the Rice Fisheries Co., in the same year, built and operated a saltery 
on Boca de Quadra. 

The LTnited Fish Co., of Seattle, salted at Tolstoi Bay, east side 
of Prince of Wales Island, 1903 and 1904. 

In 1907 the Alsek Fisheries Co. did some salting on the Alsek River. 
Malcolm Campbell was interested in the above company and in sub- 
sequent years operated under his own name. In 1910 the St. EHas 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 49 

Packing Co. established a cannery near the saltery and made a, pack 
the same year, and in 1911 and 1912. Since then the plant has been 
closed and was sold in 1916 to Libby, McNeill & Libby. 

The Astoria & Puget Sound Packing Co., in 1908, built and operated 
a cannery on Excursion Inlet. It was closed the following year, but 
has been operated each year since. 

The year 1911 witnessed a considerable increase in the number of 
canneries. Among the new plants built and operated were the follow- 
ing: Hidden Inlet Canning Co., Hidden Inlet, Portland Canal; Hawk 
Fish Co. (later changed to P. E. Harris & Co.) ; Hawk Inlet, Admiralty 
Island; Lindenberger Packing Co., Eoe Point, Behm Canal; Deep 
Sea Salmon Co., Cape Edwards, Chichagof Island; L. Gustave & Co., 
Skowl Arm, Prince of Wales Island (changed in 1912 to Skowl Arm 
Packing Co.), and M. E. Lane (a small hand-pack plant), Mjers 
Chuck, Cleveland Peninsula. 

An innovation in Alaska salmon canning this year was when the 
old ship Glory of the Seas was fitted out as a floating cannery by the 
Alaska Fish Co., and operated in Hawk Inlet, Admiralty Island, and 
at Ketchikan. Quarters for the crew were built over the cabins on 
the quarter deck, the latter being reserved for officials. The remain- 
der of the upper deck was used for receiving, dressing, and cleaning 
the fish, which were brought on board by means of a portable elevator 
attached to the side of the ship. The "iron chink" and the sliming 
and cleaning tanks were also on this deck. The fish were carried in 
chutes to the second deck, where a line of sanitary machinery had 
been installed. The retorts were placed on the forward part of the 
second deck. The third deck was used for cooling and storing the 
pack. No lacquering or labeling was carried on aboard the vessel. 

In 1912 this plant and the ship William II. Smith, the latter by the 
Weiding & Independent Fisheries Co., of Seattle, were operated. 
The William H. Smith also did some freezing of salmon. 

In 1913 the Glory of the Seas was sold to the Glacier Fisheries Co., 
which operated it as a cold-storage plant. The floating cannery and 
cold-storage ship William H. Smith was not operated in Alaska during 
this season. 

In 1912 still more canneries were built, among these being the fol- 
lowing: Admiralty Trading Co., Gambier Bay, Admiralty Island; 
Alaska Sanitary Packing Co., Wrangell; Canoe Pass Packing Co., 
Canoe Pass; Herbert Hume Packing Co., Nakat Inlet, Portland Canal; 
Hoonah Packing Co., Hoonah, Icy Straits; Irving Packing Co., 
Karheen; Kake Packing Co., Kake; Kuiu Island Packing Co., Point 
Beauclaire, Kuiu Island; Lindenberger Packing Co., Craig, Fish Egg 
Island; Oceanic Packing Co., Waterfall; Point Warde Packing Co., 
Point Warde, Bradfield Canal; Pure Food Fish Co., Ketchikan; 
62425°— 17 4 



50 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

Re villa Fish Products Co., Ketchikan; Sanborn-Cram Co., Burnett 
Inlet; Starr-Collinson Packing Co., Moira Sound; Sunny Point Packing 
Co., Cholmondeley Sound; Swift, Arthur & Co., Heceta Island; Walsh- 
Moore Canning Co., Ward Cove, and Wiese Packing Co., Rose Inlet. 

In 1913 the plant of Swift, Arthur & Co. was used as a mild-cure 
station alone, while the name was changed to the Swift-Arthur- 
Crosby Co. The Alaska Fish Co. absorbed the Oceanic Packing Co. 
and transferred its activities to the former company's cannery at 
Waterfall. The following other plants were shut down: Canoe Pass 
Packing Co., Herbert Hume Packing Co., Point Warde Packing Co., 
and the Revilla Fish Products Co. 

In 1914 one new cannery was built. This was erected on George 
Inlet, Revillagigedo Island, by the George Inlet Packing Co. The 
canneries of the Point Warde Packing Co., located at Point Warde, 
and the G. W. Hume Packing Co. (formerly the Herbert Hume 
Packing Co.), at Nakat Inlet, which were not operated in 1913, were 
reopened in 1914. The cannery of the Swift- Arthur-Crosby Co. was 
also reopened. The Walsh-Moore Canning Co. changed its name to 
the Ward Cove Packing Co., while the Sanborn-Cutting Co. took over 
the cannery operated by the Kake Packing Co. The canneries of the 
Admiralty Trading Co. and the Skowl Arm Packing Co. were closed in 
1914. The plant of the Kuiu Island Packing Co. burned down in the 
fall. 

In 1915 the Admiralty Trading Co. did not operate. Late in the 
summer it was sold to the Hoonah Packing Co., which company 
expects to operate it in 1916. The new canneries tins year were the 
Doyhof Fish Products Co., at Doyhof, on Wrangell Narrows, and 
Edward Verney & Son (a hand plant), at Metlakahtla. The name of 
the Irving Packing Co. was changed to the Karheen Packing Co. 
The Straits Packing Co. purchased the Skowl Arm cannery of the 
Skowl Arm Packing Co. and operated it. 

At one time salteries were of considerable importance in this sec- 
tion, but the establishment of canneries, with the consequent heavy 
demand for fresh salmon, induced most of the salteries to sell their 
high-grade fish to the canneries and pack only the cheaper grades. 
Many of them quit the business as a result of the competition, while 
others were forced out by the low prices prevailing at times for salted 
salmon. As many of the salters moved from place to place, and fre- 
quently changed their operating name, it has been difficult to keep 
track of them, and in this review only those are listed who attained to 
some prominence either through longevity or largeness of pack. 

James Millar, one of the earliest whites to take up his residence here 
after the purchase of Alaska, and his sons were very active in starting 
and operating salteries, and it was an unusual tiling during the period 
previous to 1910 when one of the family was not operating such a 
plant. 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 51 

Jacob Louth established a saltery on the south arm of Moira Sound 
about 1900 and operated it for some years. 

John C. Frey established a saltery on Etoline Island in the nineties 
and ran it until his death in 1904, when John H. Mantle purchased 
and operated it until about 1910. 

Anderson & King built a saltery on Cholmondeley Sound, Prince of 
Wales Island, in the nineties. In 1904 it was operated under the 
name of A. E. King. After Mr. King's death his widow operated it 
from 1906 to 1909. In 1910 the saltery was purchased by C. A. 
Burckhardt & Co., who built a cannery on the site and began opera- 
tions in 1911. In 1912 the name was changed to the Alaska Pacific 
Fisheries. 

The Alaska Fish & Development Co. built a saltery on Pleasant Bay, 
Admiralty Island, in 1903, and operated it from 1903 to 1905. In 
1907 it was operated by the Alaska- American Fish Co., but has been 
closed since. 

Yakutat Bay is the only harbor available for vessels from Cape 
Spencer to Prince William Sound. In 1902 C. A. Fredericks & Co., of 
Seattle, Mulvey & Wilson, of Yakutat, Jewell Fish Co., and Ankow 
Fish Co. all established salteries here. While their primary purpose 
was the salting of herring, considerable salmon was also salted. These 
plants operated only the one season. 

In 1904 the Yakutat & Southern Railway Co. built a cannery here. 
This plant is noted for being the only one that hauls its fish by railway 
from the fishing streams to the cannery. The railroad is a little over 
9 miles in length, and for some years an engine which had seen service 
on the elevated railroads of New York City and was discarded when 
the latter were electrified was used. A more modern engine is now in 
use. The fish are carried in open freight cars. Later this company 
was purchased by Gorman & Co., and now is the property of Libby, 
McNeill & Libby, although operated under the original name. 

PRINCE WILLIAM SOUND AND COPPER RIVER. 

The great indentation known as Prince William Sound, and the 
Copper River delta, a short distance south of the sound, have not 
been exploited as much as many other portions of Alaska, due largely 
to the limited means of transportation and the consequent heavy 
expense of operation. 

The principal source of salmon supply is the Copper River, which 
has its source far back in the interior and discharges through its 
numerous mouths an immense quantity of water. 

Owing to the constantly shifting shoals in the delta, special knowl- 
edge is needed in navigating them, while special flat-bottomed vessels 
are required as run boats. The gill net is the only important appa- 
ratus in use. 



52 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

In 1889 a company known as the Central Alaska Co. built a can- 
nery on Wingham, or Little Kayak Island, about 15 miles west from 
Cape Suckling. It made a pack that year, and the following spring 
was moved to Thin Point, on the southern side of the Alaska Penin- 
sula. 

The Peninsula Trading & Fishing Co. built a cannery on the same 
island in 1889. In 1891 it was moved to one of the sloughs of the 
Copper River delta, known as Coquenhena, and operated in 1891. It 
was closed in 1892 and 1893. The Pacific Steam Whaling Co. oper- 
ated it until 1897, when it was abandoned. 

In 1916 the Hoonah Packing Co. built and operated a cannery 
near the mouth of Bering River. 

Louis Sloss & Co., of San Francisco, built a cannery under the title 
of Pacific Packing Co. in 1889 at the extreme eastern end of the 
sound, close by the present site of Cordova, and called it Odiak. The 
cannery was closed in 1892. In 1893 it joined the Alaska Packers 
Association and was operated each season until 1905. In 1906 the 
buildings and site were sold to the Copper River & Northwestern Rail- 
road Co., which was preparing to build a railroad from Odiak to the 
headwaters of the Copper River. 

In 1889 the Pacific Steam Whaling Co. built a cannery close by 
the Odiak plant, but in the spring of 1895 it was moved to the spot 
now known as Orca, about 3 miles north of Cordova. Except in 
1892, it has been operated ever since. In 1901 it was taken into 
the Pacific Packing & Navigation Co. combination. When the lat- 
ter' s assets were sold in 1904, this cannery was not included in the 
sale, as at the time the plant was under lease to Capt. Omar J. Hum- 
phrey. In 1905 it was sold to the Northwestern Fisheries Co., which 
had purchased most of the Alaska plants of the defunct company, 
and they have operated it since. 

In 1915 the Copper River Packing Co. built a cannery on the Cop- 
per River at Mile 55, and made a pack the same year. The cannery 
uses no run boats, but has an arrangement with the Copper River & 
Northwestern Railroad Co. to haul the fish from the fishing stations 
to the cannery, and bring the finished product to Cordova for ship- 
ment by steamer. 

The Canoe Pass Packing Co., which had built a cannery at Canoe 
Pass, southeast Alaska, in 1912, and had not operated it subse- 
quently, in 1915 moved the machinery to Cordova and installed it 
in a rented building and made a pack. 

This year (1916) the Carlisle Packing Co. built a cannery at Cor- 
dova, while the Clark-Graham Co. built one at Eyak, a few miles 
away. 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 53 

COOK INLET. 

While this great inlet has an abundant supply of salmon, it is one 
of the most difficult sections in all Alaska in which to fish successfully. 
The tides and currents in the inlet are strong and treacherous, increas- 
ing in height and force as its head is approached, where the tide comes 
in with a bore which is extremely dangerous to small craft. Shoals 
make out a long distance from shore and are continually changing. 

The first cannery to be built on the inlet was in 1882, when the 
Alaska Packing Co., of San Francisco, built one at Kasilof , on the right 
bank of the Kasilof River at the mouth, utilizing the available machin- 
ery from the cannery built by the Cutting Packing Co. at old Sitka 
in 1878. In 1885 this cannery was sold to the Arctic Fishing Co. 
In 1890 the loss of its cannery ship forced it to close that season. 
In 1893 it joined the Alaska Packers Association. At the height 
of the season of 1905 the plant was burned. It was rebuilt the next 
spring and has been operated each year since. 

The cannery of the Northern Packing Co. was built in 18SS on the 
eastern side of Cook Inlet, at Kenai, at the mouth of the Kaknu 
River. It was operated up to and including 1891. In 1893 it joined 
the Alaska Packers Association, but has not been operated since 1891. 

In 1897 the Pacific Steam Whaling Co. built a cannery at Kenai, 
but did not install the machinery and operate it until the next year. 
In 1901 this cannery was taken over by the Pacific Packing & Navi- 
gation Co. In 1903 the plant burned down. Upon the sale of its 
assets in 1905 the site passed to the Northwestern Fisheries Co. In 
1910 the company put up a new plant here and has operated it con- 
tinuously since. During the period when the site was unused a mild- 
curing establishment was operated here by the San Juan Fishing & 
Packing Co. in 1907 and 1908. This plant was burned down just 
before the fishing season of 1916 began. 

In 1890 George W. Hume, of San Francisco, built a cannery at 
Kasilof, on the right bank of the river, about half a mile above its 
mouth. It was operated in 1890, 1891, and 1892. In 1893 it joined 
the Alaska Packers Association and was consolidated with the plant 
of the Arctic Fishing Co. 

C. D. Ladd operated a saltery on the left bank and at the mouth of 
the Chulitna River, about 6 miles above Tyonek. This saltery was 
purchased by the Alaska Salmon Association in 1899. The follow- 
ing spring it erected a cannery here and made a small pack. It was 
operated also in 1901 and 1902, and then abandoned. 

In 1907 J. A. Herbert & Co. established a saltery at English Bay 
and operated it until 1910. 



54 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

In 1911 the Seldovia Salmon Co. built a cannery at Seldovia and 
operated it continuously to date. Late in 1915 the company went 
into the hands of a receiver. In 1916 it was reopened by the Colum- 
bia Salmon Co. 

In 1912 the Fidalgo Island Packing Co., which already operated a 
cannery at Ketchikan, in southeast Alaska, built a cannery at Port 
Graham, at the lower end of the Kenai Peninsula. A pack was made 
that year and each year since. 

The same year Libby, McNeill & Libby built a cannery at Kenai 
and operated that year and each subsequent year. 

In 1915 the Deep Sea Salmon Co., which operates a cannery in 
southeast Alaska, built a plant near Knik, on the west side of Cook 
Inlet, and made a small pack. 

AFOGNAK ISLAND. 

Afognak Island lies to the northwest of Kodiak, and it is separated 
from it by a narrow strait. 

In 1889 the Eoyal Packing Co. built a cannery at the head of 
Afognak Bay and operated it in 1889 and 1890. It became a mem- 
ber of the Alaska Packers Association in 1893. It has not been 
operated since 1892. 

The Russian- American Packing Co. in 1889 built a cannery imme- 
diately above that of the Royal. It was operated in 1889 and 1890. 
In 1893 it became a member of the Alaska Packers Association. It 
has not been operated since 1890. 

In accordance with an act of Congress approved March 3, 1891, the 
President, by proclamation of December 24, 1892, set aside the whole 
island and within 1 mile from the shores thereof as a fish-cultural re- 
serve for the use of the United States Commission of Fish and Fisher- 
ies. As a result of this action both canneries were forced to move 
from the island entirely. 

KODIAK ISLAND. 

This island has been the scene of some of the best fishing in Alaska. 
The Russians early settled here, one of the most fertile spots in the 
usually sterile soil of Alaska, and undoubtedly they must have 
prosecuted the fisheries from an early date, although but little data 
are extant showing their operations in this line. 

Karhik River and Lagoon. — One of the greatest salmon streams in 
the world is the Karluk River, and although extensive fishing opera- 
tions have been carried on for many years, it still produces, annu- 
ally, a large pack of canned salmon, and has the distinction of 
having produced more salmon than any other river in Alaska. An 
exceptionally heavy run occurred in 1916. 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 55 

It will doubtless surprise most readers when it is stated that the 
river which has yielded so many countless thousands of salmon is 
only 16^ miles in length. The river has its source in two lakes; the 
larger of these is about 8 miles long and the smaller 3 miles long. 
The mouth of the river is about 2 miles above the canneries, and 
spreads out here into a lagoon. This lagoon has at the head a width 
of about 300 yards, and gradually widens until it is nearly half a mile 
across as it approaches the spit. The lagoon has a general east and 
west direction, is about 2 miles in length, and, except for the shingle 
spit which is thrown across its mouth by the action of the sea, its 
shores are bluff, rising from about 50 to 100 feet. The spit is three- 
fourths of a mile long with an average width of about 200 feet. 
The outlet of the lagoon is only 90 feet wide at its mouth. The 
western side of the mouth of the lagoon is Karluk Head, a precipitous 
mountain mass about 1,600 feet high. 

The outer side of the spit is where the fishing is carried on. Haul 
seines are used exclusively. As bowlders used to be common here 
it was necessary to remove a number of them in the early days when 
a seine shore was to be prepared. The red salmon run here is an 
exceptionally long one, the season extending from about the middle 
of June to about the middle of September. The other species of 
salmon also run here; sometimes humpbacks appear in large numbers. 
As the beach is open to Shelikof Strait, in which storms are frequent, 
seining is often interrupted. 

As early as 1867 the salting of salmon was carried on at Karluk. 
In 1870 the Alaska Fur Trading Co. and the Alaska Commercial 
Co. began to salt salmon and continued this on a gradually expanding 
scale. 

In 1882 Smith & Hirsch, who had been engaged in salting on 
Karluk Spit, built the first cannery on Kodiak Island. After opera- 
ting it until 1884 it was organized under the title of the Karluk 
Packing Co., and packed under that name every year until 1911, 
when canning operations were transferred to the new cannery in 
Larsen Bay. In 1893 it joined the Alaska Packers Association. 

The Kodiak Packing Co. in 1888 built a cannery on the eastern 
side of the spit and operated it in 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, and 1893. 
It joined the Alaska Packers Association in 1893, but has not been 
operated since that season. 

The Hume Packing Co. built a cannery on the spit about 400 yards 
westward of Kodiak cannery in 1889. In 1892 it was consolidated 
with the Aleutian Islands Fishing & Mining Co., which had built a 
cannery about 100 yards westward of the Hume cannery in 1888. 
In 1893 the consolidation became a member of the Alaska Packers 
Association. This plant was not operated in 1900. 



56 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

In 1888 the Alaska Improvement Co. built a cannery on the left 
bank of the outlet, opposite the point of the spit and facing the 
Shelikof Strait. It was ready to pack in 1888, but was not operated 
on account of the loss of its cannery ship, the Julia Ford. In the 
spring of 1897 it was sold to the Alaska Packers Association and has 
since been operated by that company. 

In 1893 the Hume Canning & Trading Co. built a cannery on the 
beach under Karluk Head, about three-fourths of a mile northward 
of the Alaska Improvement Co., in what is known locally as Tangle- 
foot Bay. It was operated in 1893 and 1894, and in 1895 it was sold 
to the Alaska Packers Association and operated by that company. 
It has been closed since. 

The great increase in the number of canneries in Alaska in 1888 
and 1889 caused such an enlargement of the pack that the markets 
became glutted, -and it was soon apparent that steps would have to 
be taken to reduce the output if the operators were to avoid bank- 
ruptcy. 

Capt. Moser in "Salmon and salmon fisheries of Alaska"" thus 
describes the attempts of the canners to find a working solution of 
this important problem and the final result of their endeavors: 

In 1890 the three canneries at Chignik combined under an operating agreement 
known as the Chignik Bay Combination, under which the plant of the Chignik Bay Co. 
was operated, the three canneries sharing the expense and dividing the output equally. 
This arrangement remained in force during the seasons of 1890 and 1891 . Its evident 
success in 1890 probably led to the local combinations on Kodiak Island in 1891, and 
then to the association which now exists. 

The large packs during this period and the glutted market caused the cannery inter- 
ests to devise some scheme to meet the conditions. The combination at Chignik in 
1890 permitted the pack to be made there at a lower rate and, as previously stated, 
it was continued in 1891. The same year (1891) the canneries at Karluk. Uyak, and 
Afognak entered a combination, under the name of the Karluk River Fisheries, under 
which 'it was agreed that each cannery should have a quota of fish from the several 
localities, based upon the average packs of each cannery in 1889 and 1890. The 
estimated pack for the canneries interested was placed at 250,000 cases, and upon this 
estimate the apportionment of the work at each cannery was made. Under this 
agreement four of the eight canneries were closed . their quota being packed in the other 
four canneries as follows, viz, that of the Royal at the Karluk, of the Arctic at the 
Kodiak, of the Aleutian Islands at the Hume, and of the Russian-American at the 
Alaska Improvement. 

In the summer of 1891 the Kodiak Packing Co. and the Arctic Packing Co., both 
at Alitak Bay, also had a mutual agreement under which only one cannery, the Arctic, 
was operated, the quota of fish of the Kodiak being packed in the Arctic cannery. 
By these combinations the full pack of the Karluk district was made in half the number 
of canneries and the expense of packing very considerably reduced. 

In September, 1891, the Alaska Packers Association was formed to dispose of the 
unsold salmon of that season's pack (some 363,000 cases) and five trustees were ap- 
pointed to manage the business. This association was not incorporated and expired 
after the salmon were sold. 

a The salmon and salmon fisheries of Alaska. Report of the operations of the U. S. Fish Commission 
steamer A Ibatross for the year ended June 30, 1898. Bulletin U. S. Fish Commission, vol. xvrn, 1898, 
d. 18-21. 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 57 

The successful operation of these arrangements led, in 1892, to an arrangement in 
which nearly all (31) of the canneries joined, entering under the name of the 
Alaska Packing (not Packers) Association, for the purpose of leasing and operating 
and therefore controlling the canneries and reducing the Alaska pack for that year, 
it being found too great for the market's demands. All the canneries in operating 
condition in 1892 were members of this association except the following: Met- 
lakahtla Industrial Co., at Metlakahtla; Boston Fishing and Trading Co., at Yes Bay; 
Baranoff Packing Co., at Redfish Bay; Chilkat Canning Co., at Pyramid Harbor; 
Alaska Improvement Co., at Karluk; and the Bering Sea Packing Co., at Ugashik. 

The association was regularly incorporated on January 13, 1892, and shares were 
distributed on the basis of 1 for each 2,000 cases packed in 1891, and the profits were 
divided equally on all shares regardless of the amount of profits derived at the differ- 
ent points. Of the 31 canneries, 9 were operated by the association, while the others 
were closed, the Alaska pack being reduced one-half. 

The year 1893 found the Alaska- Packers Association organized and incorporated 
February 9. This association was formed from the canneries that had joined the 
Alaska Packing Association of 1892, except the Pacific Steam Whaling Co., at Prince 
William Sound, and the Peninsula Trading and Fishing Co., the latter's cannery hav- 
ing been moved from Little Kayak Island to the Copper River delta in 1891. 

The agreement of 1893 was similar to that of 1892, except that the amount of profit 
was taken into consideration in addition to the probable average quantity which could 
be packed at the different points. This was subject to adjustment for each district 
and no arbitrary rule was followed. Each cannery entering the association was 
obliged to purchase an additional amount of stock, equaling two-thirds of the number 
of shares received by it for its plant; that is, a company which received 1,500 shares 
for its plant was required to purchase 1,000 shares additional. The money received 
from this sale of extra stock was used as working capital. No shares were sold to the 
general public, the owners of canneries subscribing for the full amount. 

This association was then and is now (1916) the largest operator 
in Alaska, and, with its three canneries on Puget Sound, is also a 
factor in that region. 

At a number of its canneries the association has always main- 
tained physicians, whose services and supplies have been free to its 
own employees and to all natives applying for medical advice and 
medicines. This service has been of incalculable benefit to the latter, 
a large proportion of whom suffer from disease in some form or other. 

Alitdk Bay. — Alitak Bay, or the "South End," as it is termed 
locally, is a deep indentation, with several arms, on the south- 
western end of Kodiak Island, about 65 miles from Karluk. The 
seine is the principal apparatus used here. 

In 1889 the Arctic Packing Co. built a cannery in the southwest 
bight of Olga Bay, which is a branch of Alitak Bay and is connected 
with it by a long, narrow passage. In 1893 it entered the Alaska 
Packers Association. 

In 1889 the Kodiak Packing Co. built a cannery at Snug Harbor, 
a cove in the passage connecting Olga Bay with Alitak Bay, and op- 
erated it in 1889 and 1890. Its quota of fish was packed by the 
Arctic Packing Co. in 1891. In 1893 it joined the Alaska Packers 
Association and the same year was dismantled. 



58 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

TJydk Bay.—Vyaik Bay is on the northwestern side about the 
middle of Kodiak Island and is a considerable body of water with 
ramifying arms. On the western shore, near the entrance and about 
18 miles from Karluk, is Uyak Anchorage. The harbor is formed by 
the main shore of the island and Bear and Harvester Islands, and is 
frequently used as an anchorage by cannery ships and the steamers 
from Karluk during bad weather. As there are no red salmon 
streams in Uyak, fishing is carried on elsewhere. Most of it is at 
Karluk Spit. 

In the spring of 1897 the Pacific Steam Whaling Co. and Hume 
Bros. & Hume built canneries on the main shores at Uyak Anchorage. 
In 1901 both plants became a part of the Pacific Packing & Naviga- 
tion Co. and were operated by it. In 1905 the Uyak plants were 
purchased by the Northwestern Fisheries Co. and the same year one 
of the plants was destroyed by fire and was not rebuilt. The remain- 
ing plant has been operated each year since. 

Five miles southeast from Uyak Anchorage is a narrow arm called 
Larsen Bay. It is 4 miles long. Immediately within the entrance 
on the northern shore is the site of the cannery of the Arctic Pack- 
ing Co., which was built in 1888, and operated in that year and 1889 
and 1890, since which date it has been closed. In 1893 it became a 
part of the Alaska Packers Association and in 1896 it was dismantled. 

As the association had lost several ships while loading at Karluk, 
it finally decided to move its plants from that place, and in 1911 a 
cannery was built at the old site on Larsen Bay and from that 'time 
all cannery operations formerly carried on at Karluk have been per- 
formed at this plant. 

Uganuk Bay. — This bay is next to the eastward of Uyak. For 
several years a saltery was operated here by Oliver Smith, who sold 
it to the Alaska Packers Association in 1896. The same year the 
latter built a cannery on the bay. It made a pack in 1896 and a 
partial pack in 1897. This cannery was abandoned in 1900. 

Kodiak. — Salting operations have been carried on at this old 
Russian settlement for a number of years. 

In order to furnish work for the natives, the Alaska Commercial 
Co. and Blodgett & Blinn salted the catches made by them in 1906 
and subsequent years until 1912, when the Kodiak Fisheries built a 
cannery and has operated it each year since. 

The Woman's American Baptist Home Missionary Society had 
carried on a home and school for native children on Wood Island, 
close to Kodiak, for some years. In 1902 the society established a 
salmon saltery here in order to furnish employment for the natives. 
No data are recorded in the official reports of further activities on 
the part of this plant. 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 59 

CHIGNIK BAY. 

Chignik Bay is on the southern side of the Alaska Peninsula and 
is the first important indentation after leaving Cook Inlet on the way 
to the westward. The hay is about 150 miles southwest of Karluk. 
On the westward side of the bay is a small deep hay known as Anchor- 
age Bay. Several of the canneries are located here and the trans- 
porting vessels of all the canneries make their anchorage at this 
point. In the extreme southwest corner of Chignik Bay is the 
entrance to Chignik Lagoon. At the head of this lagoon, from 
which all the canneries draw their supplies of red salmon, is the 
mouth of the stream up which go the schools. 

Chignik River is about 6 miles long, with an average width of 100 
yards. The depth in the river is such that a boat can ascend only 
at high water. The river has its rise in two lakes, each about 10 
miles long. 

Red salmon predominate in the runs, although all five species are 
to be found. A run of very small red salmon, weighing about 2 
pounds, and known as Arctic salmon, appears here every year. 

Practically all of the fishing here is with traps, although gill nets 
and seines have also been used at times. 

This bay, next to Karluk Spit, has been the scene of more bitter 
fights for supremacy in canning than any other place in Alaska. 

In 1888 the Fishermen's Packing Co., of Astoria, Oreg., sent a party 
to Chignik Bay to prospect for fish, and they returned in the fall with 
2,160 barrels of salt salmon. 

The next year, this company, operating under the name of the 
Chignik Bay Co., built a cannery on the eastern shore of the Lagoon, 
2 \ miles from the entrance. 

The same year the Shumagin Packing Co., composed of capitalists 
from Portland, Oreg., and the Chignik Bay Packing Co., of San 
■Francisco, built and operated canneries close to that of the Chignik 
Bay Co. All three of these companies soon arrived at a working 
agreement and finally combined into one organization. All were 
operated in 1889, 1890, and 1891. In 1892 they all joined the pool 
of the Alaska Packing Association, and the cannery of the Chignik 
Bay Co. alone operated. In 1893 they all became members of the 
Alaska Packers Association. 

Since 1891 only the cannery of the Chignik Bay Co. has been oper- 
ated. The Shumagin building has been moved alongside the former 
and the machinery consolidated, so as to form practically one large 
cannery. 

In the spring of 1896 Hume Bros. & Hume built a cannery on the 
eastern side of Anchorage Bay and made a pack that year and in 
1897. 



60 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

The same spring the Pacific Steam Whaling Co., built a cannery 
one-fourth of a mile south of the Hume cannery, and made a pack 
that year and in 1897. In 1901 this plant, also that of Hume Bros. 
& Hume, became part of the Pacific Packing & Navigation Co. The 
failure of this company in 1904 threw its properties onto the market 
and most of them, including the two Chignik canneries, were pur- 
chased by the Northwestern Fisheries Co.. which in 1905 shut down 
the llnme Bros. & Hume plant for good and has operated the other 
plant ever since. 

In 1010 the Columbia River Packers Association built and operated 
a cannery on Anchorage Ray. and has operated it every year since. 

ALASKA PENINSULA. 

Of recent years canneries have been located on the Bering Sea 
side of the Alaska Peninsula, outside of Bristol Bay proper, but it is 
probable that their numbers will not be large in the future as the 
fisheries tributary to them are not very extensive, ami are also very 
much scattered, making transportation expensive. 

Port Heiden. — This important indentation on the Bering Sea side 
of the Alaska Peninsula, about midway between the Ugashik River 
and Port Moller, has never figured to any considerable extent in fish- 
ing operations. In 1012 and 1013 Gorman <$ Co. had the schooner 
Harriet G. located here throughout the season, engaged in salting 
salmon. 

Port Moller. — This great indentation in the Alaska Peninsula, be- 
tween Port Heiden and Nelson Lagoon, was neglected for many years 
for the more profitable Bristol Bay region. 

About 1902 the Bering Sea Packing & Trading Co. (there seems to 
be some confusion between this name and that of the Peninsular 
Packing Co.. the latter being the name the company was known by 
after the first year or two in the official records), established a saltery 
on Bear River, a tributary of Port Moller. and operated it until 1000, 
after which operations were suspended and but little is now left of the 
plant. 

In 1912 the Pacific American Fisheries erected a cannery on Port 
"Moller. but it was not operated until 1913. This concern has been 
successful mainly because of its introduction of purse seines in fishing 
operations. 

Nelson Lagoon. —Nelson Lagoon is on the Bering Sea side of the 
Alaska Peninsula, is about miles in length and about 2 miles in 
width. At its western end debouches the Nelson River, which is 
about a mile wide at its mouth. About IS miles from the mouth the 
river divides, both branches having their rise in lakes. There is an 
easy portage from the lakes to Pavlof Bay. on the Pacific side of the 
peninsula, and this route is used frequently by both white men and 
Indians. 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 61 

The run is mainly of red salmon, and gill nets and traps are utilized. 
During the last few years purse seines have been used in this region 
with considerable success. 

In 1902 Charles Johnson, who had operated on the Ugashik River, 
established a saltery here and operated it under the name of the 
Lagoon Salmon Co., and made a pack that and the succeeding year. 
In 1904 and 1905 it was shut down. It was reopened in 1906 and con- 
tinued to operate until it was sold in 1914, and in 1915 the new owners, 
the Nelson Lagoon Packing Co., built and operated a cannery here. 

ZJnalaslea Island. — This year (1916) the Pacific American Fisheries, 
having obtained a permit from the Department of Commerce, built 
a cannery at Unalaska, on Unalaska Island. This cannery is located 
inside of the Aleutian Islands reserve, and permit was given for its 
building and operation so that it might be possible for the Indians of 
Unalaska and Dutch Harbor to obtain work at home and save them 
the long trip to the Bristol Bay plants. 

Ozernoy. — In 1889 a cannery, under the title of the Western 
Alaska Packing Co., was built at Ozernoy, on the western side of 
Stepovak Bay, south side of the Alaska Peninsula. It packed that 
year and in 1890, but the fish were so scarce that the cannery was dis- 
mantled in 1891 and the site abandoned. 

Nothing was done with it for some years, but about 1905 Bostrop 
Omundsen located there and established a saltery. In the winter of 
1912-13 August Lindquist purchased a half interest in the plant and 
it was operated under their joint names until the death of the senior 
partner in the fall of 1915; since then it has been operated by the 
former alone. 

Thin Point. — Thin Point is on the southern side of the Alaska 
Peninsula, near its extreme western end. A saltery was operated 
here for several years, until the Thin Point Packing Co. was organized 
by^ Louis Sloss & Co., of San Francisco, and the cannery was 
built in 1889. It was operated in 1889, 1890, and 1891, and was 
closed after that date. In 1890 the cannery ship Oneida, en route for 
this place, struck on the Sannaks in April and nearly all of the 77 
Chinese on board were lost. In 1893 the plant became a member of 
the Alaska Packers Association. In 1894 the cannery was moved 
to the Naknek River, in Bering Sea, and became a part of the cannery 
of the Arctic Packing Co. 

The Alaska Packers Association operated a saltery at Thin Point 
in 1894, 1895, and 1896, and then abandoned the place. 

The cannery of the Central Alaska Co. was moved in 1890 from 
Little Kayak Island, near Katalla, to Thin Point. It operated 
during 1890 and 1891, was closed in 1892, and in 1893 joined the 
Alaska Packers Association, but was no longer operated. In 1895 
the available machinery was moved to Koggiung on the Kvichak 
River, in Bering Sea. 



62 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

In 1908 Osmund & Andersen established a saltery at Thin Point 
and operated it in 1908, 1909, and 1910. 

In 1911 the Pacific American Fisheries built a cannery at King 
Cove, on the south side of the Alaska Peninsula, a few miles east of 
Thin Point, and in the fall purchased the saltery. The cannery was 
operated in 1911 and each year since. 

SHUMAGIN AND SANNAK ISLANDS. 

Small salteries have been operated at different places on the Shu- 
magin and Saimak groups! The plants have usually been rude and 
primitive affairs and were operated whenever the price of salted 
salmon was high enough to justify same. As the ownership, and the 
location in many instances changed frequently, no attempt has been 
made even to list them. 

BERING SEA. 

The great redfish producing section of the world is in the Bristol 
Bay section of Bering Sea. This bay lies in the eastern section of 
Bering Sea, inside of a line drawn from Port Moller to Cape Newen- 
ham, and a number of important rivers debouch into it, in all of 
which the annual runs of salmon, especially reds, are important. 

Bristol Bay is considerably off the line of steamship travel, and as 
a result the companies operating here are compelled to have ships in 
which to bring up their employees and supplies in the spring and to 
take back the men and prepared products in the late summer or 
early fall when the season has ended. 

Cannery ships belonging to the Nushagak plants are taken into the 
bay and anchored as near the canneries as possible. . Owing to shoals 
this can not be done on Kvichak Bay and the Naknek and Ugaguk 
Rivers. In the early days of the fisheries the ships running to the 
latter canneries were brought as close to the plants as possible, un- 
loaded by means of scows, and then taken to the Nushagak for shelter. 
When their numbers were too great to permit of this they were 
moored in the open about 5 miles off the point separating Kvichak 
Bay and Naknek River, where the anchorage is good and the vessels 
have very little trouble in riding out storms. Usually the captain 
and a boy are left aboard the ship. 

NUSHAGAK RIVER AND BAY. 

The Nushagak River, sometimes called the Tahlekuk, with its 
tributaries, and the Wood River, which enters the head of Nushagak 
Bay close by the mouth of the Nushagak, form a favorite resort of 
the red salmon, while all other species also ascend them. 

But little is known of the upper courses of the Nushagak River, 
except that they drain the region between Lakes Clark and Iliamna 
on the east and the Kuskokwim on the west. 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 63 

The river is said to be 200 miles long to the first lake, a large one. 
Beyond this lake there are three other smaller lakes, all connected 
by short stretches of river. The largest tributary of the river is the 
Malchatna, which enters it about 100 miles from the mouth. There 
are also several small tributaries, two of these being Tikchik River 
and Portage Creek. There are three or four Indian villages on the 
Nushagak, Kaknak being the largest. A launch drawing 3 to 3| feet 
of water can navigate about 120 miles from the mouth. It is neces- 
sary to use a "bidarka" to go into the upper reaches. There are four 
rapids, around which a portage must be made in each case. 

The river on its lower course is large, and flows a great quantity of 
water into the head of Nushagak Bay. 

Wood River is about 24 miles long from its mouth to the first lake. 
Shoals and bars are frequent in the river, the depth on these at low 
water being 2\ feet and at high water 4 feet. 

Aleknagik Lake, the first of the chain of three, is about 24 miles 
long, and has an average width of about 2 miles. 

Wood River is noted especially for the interesting counting expe- 
riment the Bureau of Fisheries is carrying on here. This very im- 
portant work was first taken up in 1908, as an indirect result of the 
order closing Wood and Nushagak Rivers to the commercial fisher- 
men, as noted below, and has been continued, with the exception of 
1914, to the present time. This work is made possible by the gen- 
erosity of the Alaska Packers Association of San Francisco and the 
Alaska-Portland Packers Association of Portland, Oreg., who furnish 
the material and erect the barricade, also the labor needed throughout 
the season, while the Bureau of Fisheries furnishes the personnel 
required to carry on the direct work of counting the fish and making 
other observations. 

A rack or trap is constructed across the foot of Lake Aleknagik, at 
a constriction in the lake contour something more than 200 yards 
wide, for the purpose of intercepting all salmon entering the lake and 
passing them through gates or tunnels at such a rate and in such a 
manner that an accurate estimate of their numbers can be obtained. 
The pot of the trap is located near the left bank, and this has three 
gates by which the salmon can be passed from the pot into the lake. 
Each gate is 2 feet in width, and its bottom rests on a wooden plat- 
form covered with white oilcloth, so that the fish can readily be seen 
as they pass over it when the gate is raised. When fish are passing 
through a gate a small wooden frame with a glass center is arranged 
so it will float on the water, and in order to hold it in position it is 
fastened to the framework of the gate. This is for the purpose of 
making the water smooth so the fish can readily be seen even though 
the surface be disturbed by ripples, etc. 

When the fish are coming rather slowly every one is counted by 
means of a tally register as it passes out through the gates. When the 



64 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHEKIES. 



large run comes the following method is employed: An actual tally 
of every salmon passing through is made for one minute, and this is 
repeated 15 minutes later, the number passing through for one minute 
being regarded as the average for 15 minutes. A sheet with the whole 
day divided into quarter hours is kept ready at the gate and the 
number for one minute as taken from the tally register is immediately 
entered thereon by the attendant who made the tally. From these 
figures the total for the day is obtained. During only a small part 
of the season has it been found necessary to resort to this method of 
estimating the run. 

The following table shows for each year since 1908 the commercial 
catch of salmon made in Nushagak Bay, the number of fish passing 
from Wood River into Lake Aleknagik, the total of both and the per- 
centage of salmon that escaped the fishermen: 



Years. 


Nushagak 
Bay catch. 


Wood 
River tally. 


Total. 


Per cent 
of escape. 




6, 140, 031 
4,687,635 
4,384,755 
2,813,637 
3, 866, 950 
5,236,008 
6,074,432 
5, 616, 457 


2,600,655 
893, 244 
670, 104 
354, 299 
325, 264 
753, 109 
(a) 

259, 341 
551,959 


8,740,686 
5, 580, 879 
5,054,859 
3, 167, 936 
4, 192, 214 
5,989,117 


30 




16 




13.2 




11.1 




7.7 




12.5 








5,875,798 


.4 












* 



a Work not carried on this year. 

Snake River, a tributary of Nushagak Bay, is about 30 miles in 
length, very crooked, and has its rise in a single lake close by Alekna- 
gik Lake. There is an Indian village on the river just below the lake. 
Red salmon are abundant in this stream. 

Igushik River is about 50 miles in length and enters Nushagak Bay 
about 4 miles above Nichols Hills. So far as known it has its source 
in two lakes — Amanka and Ualik. A short distance below the first 
lake there are rapids and a small falls. The quite large Indian village 
of Yacherk is located here, and the natives do most of their fishing in 
the rapids. Peter M. Nelson established a saltery about 10' or 12 
miles above its mouth in 1902, and operated it until he sold it to the 
Alaska Fishermen's Packing Co., who have operated it since. There 
is a small Indian village close by the saltery. 

Nushagak Bay, in which practically all the fishing is carried on, 
is about 35 miles long and from 5 to 15 miles wide. Sand bars 
and mud flats, which are visible at low water, occupy the greater 
part of its area. 

The drift gill net is the favorite apparatus in this bay, although a 
few traps are also used. The fish begin to run very early here. 
Kings usually appear about June 5, reds about June 5 to 8, cohos 
appear either late in June or early in July, chum salmon about the 
middle of June, and humpbacks about the same time. 



PACIFIC SALMON" FISHERIES. 65 

Considerable fishing was carried on in both the Nushagak and 
Wood Rivers until in 1908, when, as a result of a hearing held by 
the Secretary of Commerce and Labor on December 16 and 17, 1907, 
it was decreed that beginning January 1, 1908, "it is hereby ordered 
that until further notice Wood River, a tributary of Nushagak Bay, 
in the district of Alaska, and the region within 500 yards of the 
mouth of said Wood River be closed to all commercial fishing, and 
that all commercial fishing be prohibited in Nushagak River proper." 

The earliest fishing by whites in the Bristol Bay section was for 
salting purposes by the trading companies, more particularly the 
Alaska Commercial Co., which had an important station at Fort 
Alexander on Nushagak Bay. Petroff , in the census report of 1880, 
refers to exports from this section of "from 800 to 1,200 barrels of 
salted salmon per annum from the Nushagak River." 

In 1883 the schooner Neptune visited the Nushagak on a salting 
trip. The next year the Arctic Packing Co. erected a cannery here 
and made a trial pack of 400 cases. This was the first cannery to 
operate in Bering Sea. It was located close to the Moravian mission. 
This cannery eventually became a member of the Alaska Packers 
Association, and has not been operated for several years. 

The second cannery to be built was by an Astoria company, the 
Alaska Packing Co., and it was erected on the western side near the 
head of the bay and about 1^ miles below the mouth of the Wood 
River. It has been operated every year to date, being since 1893 a 
member of the Alaska Packers Association. It is popularly known 
as the "Scandinavian" cannery. 

In 1886 the Bristol Bay Canning Co. was organized by San Fran- 
cisco parties, and built a cannery on the western shore of Nushagak 
Bay in a bend about 2 miles below the cannery of the Alaska 
Packing Co., at a place called Dillingham. It became a member of 
the Alaska Packers Association in 1893 and was operated each year 
until 1907. A couple of years later it was dismantled. This plant 
was popularly known as the "Bradford" cannery. 

The Nushagak Canning Co. built a cannery on the eastern shore 
of Nushagak Bay in 1S88, at a place known as Clark Point, 5J miles 
below Fort Alexander. This cannery also became a member of the 
Alaska Packers Association in 1893, but from 1891 to 1901 was not 
operated, but held in reserve. In the last named year a large double 
cannery was built here and put into operation and has been operated 
each year since. 

This company also built and operated a saltery on the Igushik 
River in 1886. Three years later it was moved to the mouth of the 
Nushagak. In 1893 C. E. Whitney & Co. purchased an interest in 
it and by 1899 owned it all. In 1902 the saltery was sold to the 
Alaska Packers Association, which closed it down. 
62425°— 17 5 



66 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

In 1899 the Pacific Steam Whaling Co. built a cannery and com- 
menced canning on the eastern shore of Nushagak Bay at Fort Alex- 
ander, or Nushagak village. This cannery was purchased by the 
Pacific Packing & Navigation Co. in 1901 and upon the sale of its 
properties in 1904 became a part of the Northwestern Fisheries Co. 
It has been operated each year since the latter company acquired it. 

The same year the Alaska Fishermen's Packing Co., of Astoria, 
built a cannery immediately below that of the Pacific Steam Whaling 
Co., and operated it every year to date, control of the company 
passing to Libby, McNeill & Libby in 1913. 

In 1901 the Columbia River Packers' Association, the Alaska- 
Portland Packers Association, and the Alaska Salmon Co., all built 
canneries on the Nushagak and have operated them to date, except 
the last named in 1909, when its supply ship was wrecked. The 
Alaska Fishermen's Packing Co. also built a saltery here. The 
latter plant was abandoned in 1904. 

In 1903 the North Alaska Salmon Co. operated a new cannery on 
the Nushagak, a few miles below Clark Point. 

In 1910, on August 10, shortly after the packing season had ended, 
the plant of the Alaska-Portland Packers Association was completely 
destroyed by fire. The plant was rebuilt in time to operate the next 
season. 

KVICHAK RIVER AND BAT. 

The Kvichak River is about 80 miles in length, varies from 100 
yards to a mile in width, and discharges a vast quantity of water. 
The influence of the tide is felt 30 miles from the mouth. The cur- 
rent is very swift, running in places as much as 7 miles an hour. 
The upper half of the river is filled with low, grassy islands, the 
channels in many places being quite narrow. A launch drawing 3 
feet of water can reach Lake Iliamna with very little difficulty. In 
most sections there are over 2 fathoms of water in the channels. The 
river drains Iliamna Lake, the largest lake in Alaska, which is about 
90 miles long and about 30 miles wide, and Lake Clark. There are a 
number of Indian villages along the shores of the river and lakes. 

Practically all of the fishing here is carried on in Kvichak Bay, 
gill nets being the favorite form, with also a couple of traps set in 
the lower part of the river. As it is not convenient for the fishermen 
to bring the catch to the canneries, large house lighters and scows 
are moored in convenient places and the fishermen live aboard the 
former, while the fish are put aboard the latter and taken to the can- 
neries by the run boats. The numerous shoals in the bay seriously 
impede both fishing and navigation. 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 67 

The first fishing operations on the Kvichak were in 1894, when the 
Prosper Fishing & Trading Co. and the Alaska Packers Association 
each established a saltery and operated that year and in 1895; in 
1896 the latter purchased the plant of the former and consolidated 
the two. 

In 1895 the Point Roberts Packing Co., which was owned by the 
Alaska Packers Association, built a cannery at Koggiung, the site of 
the former saltery, and operated it the next year. 

In 1900 there was a considerable development in this region. The 
Kvichak Packing Co., owned by the Alaska Packers Association, 
built a cannery on the northern point of entrance to Bear Slough, 
while the North Alaska Salmon Co. built two canneries about 1,000 
feet apart on the left bank of the Kvichak, about 6 miles above 
Koggiung. 

The latter company built a cannery at Hallerville on the Alagnak 
River, a tributary of the Kvichak, in 1904. In 1913 a large new can- 
nery to take the place of the Hallerville plant was built on the lower 
side of Pedersen Point, lower down on Kvichak Bay. 

The second plant of the Alaska Packers Association, known as the 
Coffee Creek plant, was burned down in 1906. It was rebuilt in 1908 
and operated again in 1909, and has been operated continuously 
ever since. 

In 1904 the Union Packing Co. established a cannery on the left 
bank a little distance above the canneries of the North Alaska Salmon 
Co., having moved this plant from its original location on Kell Bay, 
in southeast Alaska. It was operated until 1907, when it was aban- 
doned. 

About 1905 the Northwestern Packing Co. built a saltery on the east 
side of the bay. In 1908 it was sold to and operated by Nelson, 
Olsen & Co., who in 1910 sold it to the Alaska Fishermen's Packing 
Co., which the following year turned it into a cannery. In 1913 
Libby, McNeill & Libby bought this and the Nushagak plant, and 
continued to operate them under the old name. 

NAKNEK RIVER. 

But little is known of the Naknek River for more than 10 or 15 
miles from its mouth. It is said that the river is about 60 miles 
long, and has its rise in a lake which is of considerable size. With 
the exception of a short series of rapids, up which it is possible to 
haul a boat with a rope from the shore, the river is navigable for 
small craft. Shoals and banks, many of which uncover at low water, 
are abundant in the lower course of the river. 

Red salmon is the principal species entering this river, although 
all the other species are to be found here in lesser abundance. They 



68 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

appear here a little later than in the Nushagak Bay. Only gill nets 
are used in fishing. 

The first commercial fishing on the Naknek River was in 1890, when 
the Arctic Packing Co. built and operated a saltery on the east bank 
about 4 miles from the mouth. This plant was sold to the Alaska 
Packers Association in 1893, and the next year the latter built a 
cannery here, and made the first pack in 1895, and has operated it 
every year since. Ultimately the saltery was merged with the can- 
nery. 

In 1901 the association built another cannery about a mile nearer 
the mouth, and in 1911 still another was built close to the mouth. 

In 1890 L. A. Pedersen built and operated a small saltery on the 
right bank about 3 miles from the mouth. In 1894 the Naknek 
Packing Co. purchased the saltery and erected a cannery a short 
distance above. This saltery and another built on the shore of 
Kvichak Bay in 1897 were operated for some years. In 1907 the 
latter was turned into a cannery and operated by Mr. Pedersen under 
the name of the Bristol Bay Packing Co. The Naknek Packing Co. 
cannery has been operated to date. 

In 1916 the Red Salmon Canning Co. built and operated a can- 
nery between the plants of the Naknek Packing Co. and the Bristol 
Bay Packing Co. 

UGAGUK RIVER. 

According to the natives this river, which is frequently called the 
Egegak, or Igagik, is about 80 miles long from the mouth to Lake 
Becharof, at the head. The lake itself is about 45 miles long and 15 
miles wide. The river is navigable for small boats to within 10 miles 
of the lake, whence there is a succession of rapids, around which it 
is necessary to portage. The lower part of the river has numerous 
shoals, some of which are exposed at low water. King Salmon River, 
the principal tributary, enters about 7| miles from the mouth. 

The red salmon is the principal species, although all the other 
species are found in much lesser abundance. Gill nets alone are 
used here. 

In 1895 the Alaska Packers Association established a fishing sta- 
tion on the right bank about 5 miles from the mouth and operated 
as a saltery until 1900, when the apparatus was moved to the cannery 
site. 

In 1899 the Alaska Packers Association, under the name of the 
Egegak Packing Co., commenced building a cannery on the left bank 
opposite and a little above the salting station. This plant was finished 
in 1900 and packs were made that year and each succeeding year 
except 1905 and 1906.' 

In 1903 the North Alaska Salmon Co. built and operated a can- 
nery on the opposite shore from the Alaska Packers Association, and 
has operated it each year to date. 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 69 

UGASHIK RIVER. 

This river has its rise in a chain of two lakes, but with the excep- 
tion of that portion below the upper cannery, about 25 miles, it is 
very little known to the whites. The river is very tortuous in its 
course. It has two known tributaries — King Salmon River, which 
enters through the left bank about 17 miles from the bar at the mouth, 
and Dog Salmon River, which enters through the left bank about 37 
miles from the bar. From Smoky Point to the capes at the mouth 
the river widens very greatly, being about 20 miles across at the 
mouth. Shoals are numerous, but there is a channel with about 9 
feet at low water. 

This river is essentially a red salmon stream, but the other species 
are also taken in small numbers, although the humpback is very 
scarce. This river is noted for the great f ailing off in the run of red 
salmon of recent years, 769,002 red salmon being taken in 1901, 
1,640,973 in 1902, 1,703,536 in 1903, 564,492 in 1904, 432,779 in 1905, 
and 152,140 in 1906. Since 1906 the run has not improved. Gill 
nets are used here. 

C. A. Johnson was the first man to operate commercially on this 
river, having erected a saltery on the left bank, about 23 miles above 
Smoky Point, in 1889, and operated it continuously from 1889 to 
1898, both inclusive. This saltery was merged in the cannery of the 
Bering Sea Packing Co. In 1894 Mr. Johnson established and oper- 
ated another saltery on the right bank of the river, about 12 miles 
from the bar, which he sold in 1899 to the Alaska Packers Associa- 
tion, who absorbed it in their cannery plant. 

The Bering Sea Packing Co., a branch of the Alaska Improvement 
Association, in 1890 built the first cannery on the river, this being 
located on the left bank near the first Johnson saltery. A small pack 
was first made in 1891. The plant was closed in 1892 and 1893, 
and as the location had proven far from suitable, it was, in 1894, 
moved to a point on the left bank, about 15 miles above Smoky 
Point, where it was operated until 1896. The next year it was sold 
to the Alaska Packers Association. The machinery and equipment 
were utilized in the latter company's cannery, and the old location 
abandoned. 

In 1893 Charles Nelson established a saltery on the left bank of 
the Ugashik, immediately above the last site of the Bering Sea Pack- 
ing Co. It was operated in 1893 and 1894, and then sold to the 
Alaska Packers Association, who closed it down. 

In 1893 the Alaska Packers Association also built a saltery on the 
left bank of the river about a mile below the last site of the Bering 
Sea Packing Co. It was operated each year until 1895, when it was 
merged into the association's cannery. 



70 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

In 1895 the Alaska Packers Association built a cannery, known as 
the Ugashik Fishing Station, on the right bank of the river imme- 
diately above the pilot station, which is about 12 miles from the bar. 
It made the first pack in 1896 and packed every year until 1907, 
when it was closed. In 1906 its outfit was destroyed in the San 
Francisco fire, and it was decided to operate it as a saltery, but the 
burning down of the Coffee Creek cannery of the association on the 
Kvichak, caused a change in the plans, and a part of the saved out- 
fit of the latter was sent to the Ugashik and the plant operated as a 
cannery. 

The Bristol Packing Co. built a cannery on the left bank of the 
river about 25 miles from Smoky Point in 1900. A pack was made 
the same year and the plant operated continuously until 1906, when 
it was shut down, and a small salting crew operated a portion of the 
plant. Eventually the plant was dismantled without operating 
again as a cannery. 

In 1901 the Alaska Packers Association built and put into opera- 
tion another cannery about 15 miles up the river from the other one. 
In 1906 this plant was shut down and eventually it was dismantled. 

In 1901 the Red Salmon Canning Co. also built and operated a 
cannery still farther up the river and has operated it continuously 
to date. 

KUSKOKWIM RIVER. 

This, one of the great rivers of Alaska, has been but little exploited 
as yet. Very little accurate data have been obtainable about the 
river until within the last couple of years, and this relates mainly to 
the bay and a few miles of the adjacent river, which the United 
States Coast and Geodetic Survey has charted. 

We know that the river has considerable runs of salmon, but 
usually ice conditions have been such in the spring that a cannery 
crew frequently could not get in in time to prepare for the run. In 
1906 a salting outfit was sent here by Seattle dealers, but arrived too 
late for the run of fish. The outfit was cached at Bethel. 

During the last three years some mild curing of king salmon has 
been carried on here, but the lack of cold storage, both ashore and on 
the vessels operating to and from the river, has prevented any con- 
siderable development of this industry. 

ARCTIC OCEAN. 

Although it is known that there are good runs of salmon in some 
of the rivers debouching into the Arctic, the ice and other conditions 
have deterred people from attempting to extend their operations 
into this region. In 1912, however, the Midnight Sun Packing Co. 
built and operated a small cannery on Kotzebue Sound, in the Arctic 
Ocean. A small pack, mostly of Dolly Varden trout, was made in 
that and subsequent years. 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 71 

BRITISH COLUMBIA." 

Fraser River. — This, the largest river in British Columbia (it is 
over 1,000 miles in length), has been important from a fishery stand- 
point ever since salmon canning was taken up as a commercial 
proposition. 

The Hudson Bay Co. was the first to engage in the preparation of 
salmon for commercial purposes; the company bought the fish from 
the Indians and pickled them in barrels for export, mainly to the 
Hawaiian Islands and Asia. At times this export amounted to as 
much as 4,000 barrels a year. The company claimed a monopoly of 
the fisheries, but with the revocation of its license in 1858 this claim 
fell. Several salteries were subsequently established on the Fraser 
River by whites. 

In the early sixties some canned salmon was prepared in a small 
way for local use, but the industry was not taken up commercially 
until 1867, when Ewen & Wise started at New Westminster. In 
1870 Deas & Co. started at Deas Island. Of these two the only one 
to continue was Ewen & Co., who had succeeded Ewen & Wise, and 
they continued in business until they sold out to the British Columbia 
Packers' Association in 1902. 

In 1872 Holbrook & Co. purchased a small cannery which had been 
started at Sapperton by Capt. Stamp sometime before, and operated 
it for a few years. 

In 1876 there were three canneries running, consisting of Holbrook 
& Co., Ewen & Co., and the British Columbia Canning Co. (Deas 
Island). 

The following year this was increased by English & Co. and Fin- 
layson & Lane, the latter quitting after one season, being succeeded 
in 1878 by Lane, Pike & Nelson. King & Co., the British Columbia 
cannery (Annieville), and the Delta cannery also commenced opera- 
tions the latter year. 

In 1879 Holbrook & Co., and Lane, Pike & Nelson dropped out, 
and Haigh & Sons (succeeded in 1884 by the Bon Accord Packing 
Co.) commenced operations. 

King & Co. were burned out in 1880, and Adair & Co., afterward 
known as the Wellington Packing Co., commenced. A year later 
Laidlaw & Co. commenced operations. 

In 1882 the British Union Packing Co., afterwards known as the 
Harlock Packing Co., commenced packing salmon. The British- 
American cannery and J. H. Todd & Sons (Richmond cannery) also 
began operations. 

a The author is indebted to Henry Doyle, of Vancouver, British Columbia, for practically all of the 
historical data relating to the canning industry of British Columbia, and hereby expresses his deep appreci- 
ation for this and many other courtesies. 



72 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

Joseph Spratt started a floating cannery, known as "Spratt's Ark," 
in 1883; he retired at the end of two years. E. A. Wadhams also 
began operations in 1883. In 1887 the Holly cannery was built on 
Lulu Island opposite Deas Island. The high water of June, 1894, 
partly destroyed it and the site was abandoned. 

No more additional plants were built until Hobson & Co. started in 
1889. The Canoe Pass Canning Co. also started the same year, as 
did J. H. Todd & Sons with their Beaver cannery. 

The Anglo British Columbia Packing Co. was formed in 1891, tak- 
ing over the canneries formerly operated by the British Columbia 
Packing Co. (old Annieville plant), E. A. Wadhams, British- American 
Packing Co., Canoe Pass Canning Co., Duncan & Batchelor (Britannia 
cannery), and English & Co. (Phoenix cannery). 

In 1S92 the Terra Nova Canning Co. began operations, and the 
next year the Lulu Island Canning Co., Steveston Canning Co., 
Pacific Coast Packing Co., Canadian Pacific Packing Co., Short & 
Squair, and Butimar & Dawson (at Steveston), all commenced oper- 
ations. 

In 1894 the Gulf of Georgia Canning Co., Dinsmore Island Canning 
Co., Sea Island Packing Co., and the Fishermen's Packing Co. all 
built and began to operate canneries. 

Ttie Alliance Canning Co., Atlas Canning Co., Boutiliar & Co., and 
the Star Canning Co. commenced operations in 1895. 

There was considerable development in 1896, when the Anglo- 
American Canning Co., Fraser River Industrial Co., Hume & Co., 
Provincial Canning Co., Westham Island Packing Co., Westminster 
Packing Co., and the Vancouver Packing Co. all started canning. 

In 1897 the Premier Canning Co., Sinclair Canning Co., Western 
Fisheries, Cleve Canning Co., Welsh Bros., Currie, McWilliams & 
Fowler, Butimar & Dawson (at Canoe Pass), Colonial Canning Co., 
and the Fraser Canning Co. all began operating. 

The English Bay cannery was added to the list in 1898, but the 
Sinclair Canning Co. and Western Fisheries plants were both de- 
stroyed by fire at New Westminster and not rebuilt. The plant of 
the Steveston Canning Co. was absorbed that year by the Federation 
Brand Salmon Canning Co. and the cannery renamed the "Light- 
house" cannery. 

In 1899 the Greenwood Canning Co., Scottish Canadian Canning Co., 
St. Mungo Canning Co., Wurzburg & Co., and Acme Canning Co. all 
began active operations, while in 1900 the Great Northern Canning 
Co. was the only addition to the list. In 1900 the United Canneries 
(Ltd.) was formed to take over the Gulf of Georgia, English Bay, and 
Scottish Canadian plants, and the Canadian Canning Co. this year 
also absorbed the Star, Fraser, and Vancouver canneries. In 1901 
the National Packing Co. built at Eagle Harbour. 



PACIFIC SALMON PISHEKIES. 73 

Like the other canning sections, British Columbia suffered in 1901 
from an oversupply of canned salmon, due to the large number of 
plants which had been erected and which were producing more 
salmon than market could be found for. At this juncture the British 
Columbia Packers Association was formed. It embraced 29 out of the 
48 plants on the Fraser River and 12 of those situated in Northern 
British Columbia waters, including the following plants: Ewen&Co., 
Delta, Harlock, Wellington, Lulu Island, Terra Nova, Pacific Coast, 
Canadian Pacific, Short &Squair (Imperial cannery), Brunswick can- 
neries at Steveston and Canoe Pass, Dinsmore Island, Sea Island, 
Fishermen's Packing Co., Reliance Cannery, Atlas Cannery, Boutiliar 
& Co., Hume & Co., Anglo-American, Provincial, Westham Island, 
Westminster Packing Co., Premier, Cleve, Welsh Bros., Currie, McWil- 
liams & Fowler, Colonial, Greenwood, Wurzburg & Co., and the Acme 
Canning Co. In 1914 the corporation style was changed to the British 
Columbia Fishing & Packing Co!, Ltd. 

In 1905 the Burrard Canning Co., Steveston Canning Co., Butimar 
& Dawson, Unique Cannery, and the Vancouver Fish & Canning Co. 
were all built and operated. The latter was burned in the middle of 
the season. The following year the Great West Packing Co. cannery 
was built at Steveston; the Nye Canning Co. operated for part of the 
season on False Creek in Vancouver, and the Capital City Canning Co. 
built a plant at Victoria. 

STceena River. — The first cannery to be built on the Skeena River 
was in 1877, when a man named Neill built one at Inverness. In 
1878 the Windsor Canning Co., consisting of Henry Saunders, W. H. 
Dempster, and John Wilson, of Victoria, established a cannery at 
Aberdeen. 

There were no additions until in 1883, when the Balmoral cannery, 
the British- American, and Robert Cunningham canneries were started. 

In 1889 the North Pacific was started and in 1890 the Standard. 
In 1891 the Anglo British Columbia Packing Co. bought the British- 
American cannery and the North Pacific Canning Co. cannery. In 
1892 the Claxton, and in 1895 the Carlisle, canneries were built. The 
Peter Herman (afterwards the Skeena River Commercial Co.) and 
Turnbull canneries were built in 1900. The last named operated 
only four seasons. 

In 1902 the British Columbia Packers Association acquired the 
Balmoral, Cunningham, and Standard canneries. 

In 1903 the Cassiar cannery was built. The next year the Alex- 
andria Packing Co. was started. It was later acquired by the British 
Columbia Packers Association, as was also the Dominion cannery, 
which was built in 1906. 

There have been no additions to the canneries on this river since 
1906. 



74 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

Rivers Inlet. — The first cannery to be built and operated on Rivers 
Inlet was in 1881 by Shot, Bolt & Draney, afterwards the British 
Columbia Canning Co. The Wannuck cannery was built in 1884, 
the Good Hope in 1895, the Brunswick in 1896, the Wadhams and 
the Vancouver in 1897. 

There were no changes until 1902, when the British Columbia 
Packers Association acquired the Wadhams, Brunswick, Wannuck, 
and Vancouver, the two latter being dismantled and the two former 
enlarged correspondingly. 

In 1906 the Beaver cannery was built by J. H. Todd & Sons, the 
Kildalla cannery by the Kildalla Packing Co., and the Strathcona 
cannery by Bain & Wilson, the latter afterwards being acquired by 
the Wallace Fisheries (Ltd.). 

Nass River. — The first cannery to be built on the Nass River was 
by Henry Croasdale in 1881, and it operated for four years. The 
Douglas Packing Co. built a cannery here in 1882 and operated it for 
two years. Both were then shut down owing to the fact that the 
locations were too far up the river for steamers to move the packs. 
In 1888 the plants were dismantled and removed to Nass Harbor and 
Mill Bay, respectively. In 1889 the Cascade Packing Co. commenced 
operations, but the plant was dismantled in 1893. 

In 1903 the Pacific Northern cannery was built near the mouth of 
Observatory Inlet, and in 1905 it was purchased by John Wallace, 
who moved it to Arrandale. In the latter year the Port Nelson 
Canning & Salting Co. started. In 1908 the Mill Bay cannery was 
purchased by the Kincolith Packing Co. In 1911 the Arrandale 
and Port Nelson canneries were bought by the Anglo British Colum- 
bia Packing Co., and in the following year the Nass Harbor cannery 
was bought by the British Columbia Packers Association. 

Vancouver Island. — The first cannery to be built on Vancouver 
Island was the one on Clayoquot Sound, which was built in 1895 by 
the Clayoquot Sound Canning Co. The Alberni Packing Co. cannery 
on Alberni Canal was first operated in 1903. In 1905 J. H. Todd & 
Sons built a cannery at Esquimault Harbor, as did also the Capital 
City Canning Co. the same year. 

Alert Bay. — The Alert Bay cannery of the Alert Bay Canning Co. 
was opened in 1881. 

SALMON FISHING IN THE HEADWATERS. 

Considerable salmon fishing is carried on in the headwaters of cer- 
tain of the larger rivers of the coast, of which no account appears in 
the data of the commercial fisheries. This is due to the fact that the 
fishing is usually of a desultory character, the fisheries are few in 
number and scattered widely, and while the catch in the aggregate is 
considerable it does not amount to much in any one spot. 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 75 

The Columbia River is a typical example of such a stream. Com- 
mercial fishing is usually considered as ending at Celilo, about 150 
miles from the mouth. As a matter of fact, salmon fishing for market 
or for home use is carried on to a considerable extent along the main 
river and also on the Snake and the Yakima, tributaries of the 
Columbia. In nearly all cases hook and line and spears are used 
alone, but on the Snake River, near Lewiston, in Idaho, are several 
rather important haul-seine fisheries. Fishing is carried on at these 
places in the spring for steelhead trout and in the fall for chinook and 
silver salmon and steelhead trout. As many as 25 salmon have been 
taken at one time. While this may seem a small number to one 
habituated to the large catches farther down the river, in the aggre- 
gate it amounts to a considerable quantity. 

Considerable local fishing is carried on along the various Oregon 
streams above the sections usually fished by commercial fishermen. 
Most of this is done by ranchers living along the streams, and while 
by far the greater part is for home consumption a small proportion 
is sold. 

On the Yukon River and its tributaries considerable salmon fishing 
is prosecuted. Much of this is done by natives for the use of them- 
selves and their dogs, but at places white fishermen operate for a 
portion of the year and sell their catches in near-by settlements or at 
the mining camps. No effort has ever been made to secure statistics 
of the extent of this fishery. 



HI. APPARATUS AND METHODS OF THE FISHERIES. 

GILL NETS. 

The gill net is the oldest and most popular form of apparatus in 
use in the salmon fisheries of the Pacific coast. There are two kinds, 
drift and set, these names clearly expressing the difference between 
them. Fine flax or linen twine is generally used in their manufac- 
ture, although in some places cotton twine is employed, and it has 
usually 12 threads and is laid slack. They are hung in the ordinary 
manner — to a rope with cork floats to support the upper portion of the 
gear, and to a line with lead sinkers attached, which keeps the net 
vertical in the water and all its meshes properly distended. The 
nets are tanned, usually several times each season. 

Drift nets vary greatly in length and depth, depending upon the 
width of the fishing channels, the depth of water, etc. On the Sac- 
ramento River they average about 300 fathoms in length, are 45 
meshes deep, and have a stretch mesh of from 7-J to 9^ inches. On 
the coastal rivers of Oregon these nets average about 125 fathoms in 
length, and are about 36 meshes in depth, the mesh varying with 
the species of salmon sought. On the Columbia River the nets aver- 
age about 250. fathoms in length and have a stretch mesh for 
chinooks of 9 to 9J inches. On the Willamette River, the principal 
tributary of the Columbia, they average about 75 fathoms in length, 
with meshes of 8 and 9| inches. On Willapa Harbor drift gill nets 
run from 100 to 250 fathoms in length, are 30 meshes deep, with 
stretch meshes of 7 and 8^ inches. On Grays Harbor they average 
100 fathoms in length, the chinook nets run from 24 to 45 meshes in 
depth, with a stretch mesh of 9 inches, while the silver or coho nets 
are 35 meshes in depth, with a stretch mesh of 7 inches. In the 
Puget Sound region the nets average 300 fathoms in length, with 
meshes suitable for the particular species sought. In Alaskan waters 
the nets vary greatly in length and depth, depending upon the places 
where fished. 

Drift gill netting is prosecuted chiefly in the estuaries of the 
rivers in and near the channels. If the water is clear the nets are 
set only - at night, but should the water be muddy or discolored with 
glacial silt, fishing can be carried on either night or day. Night fish- 
ing is most common in the States, while day fishing is most common 
in Alaska. When fishing in rivers it is necessary to work in a straight 
stretch of water of fairly uniform depth and free from snags or sharp 
ledges, these being called "reaches." 
76 



U. S. B. F — Doc. 839. 



Plate IV. 




FIG. 1.— COLUMBIA RIVER POWER GILL NET BOAT. 




FIG. 2— REMOVING THE SALMON FROM A GILL NET. 



U. S. B. F.— Doc. 839. 



Plate V. 




PACIFIC SALMON" FISHERIES. 77 

In setting the net the boat puller rows slowly across the stream 
while the other man pays Out the apparatus, to the first end of which 
a buoy has been attached. When about two-thirds of the gear is 
out, the boat is turned downstream at nearly right angles to her 
former course, so that the net, when set, approximates the shape of 
the letter L. The net is laid out at nearly right angles or diagonally 
to the river's course, 'so that it will intercept the salmon that are 
running in, and is usually put out about an hour before high-water 
slack and taken in about an hour after the turn of the tide. In 
Alaska the fishermen usually fish on both the high and low slack. 
The nets are allowed to drift for the time specified, the fishermen 
drifting along at one end, then the net is hauled into the boat over 
a wooden roller fixed in the stern, and the fish, which have become 
gilled in the meshes, are removed, stunned or killed by a blow on 
the head, and thrown into the bottom of the boat. 

Set gill nets are made in the same way as drift nets, in many in- 
stances being fragments of the latter, and are usually operated in the 
upper reaches of the rivers. They vary in length from 10 to 100 
fathoms, from 35 to 65 meshes in depth, and have the same sizes of 
meshes as the drift nets, the size varying, of course, with the species 
sought for. Sometimes these nets are staked, sometimes anchored, 
while occasionally only one end is tied to the shore or a stake set in 
the water. 

On the flats off the mouth of the Stikine River, in southeast Alaska, 
a combination of the drift and set method is followed. A double set 
of stakes, about 6 feet apart, are set out from the shore for a distance 
of several hundred yards. An hour or two before slack water the 
fishermen pay out the net parallel to the line of stakes and about 50 
feet from them. The tide drifts the net down until it is caught 
against the stakes, which retain it until slack water, when the fisher- 
man takes it up and repeats from the opposite direction on the next 
turn of the tide. 

HAUL SEINES. 

On the Columbia River, where this form of apparatus plays a 
prominent part in the fisheries, the nets vary in length from 100 to 
400 fathoms; the shallowest end is from 35 to 40 meshes deep, but it 
rapidly increases in width and is from 120 to 140 meshes deep at the 
other wing. The "bunt," or bag, in the central part of the net is 
about 50 fathoms long. These nets are usually hauled on the numer- 
ous sand bars which are a very noticeable feature of the river at low 
tide. Buildings are erected on piles on these sand flats, in which the 
men and horses take refuge at high tide, when the bars are covered 
with water. Operations begin as soon as the beach or bar uncovers, 
so that the men can wade about. The net is placed in a large seine 



78 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

boat, with the shore end attached to a dory. At the signal the seine 
boat is headed offshore, while the dory heads toward the bar. As the 
seine boat circles around against the current the net is paid out in 
the shape of a semicircle. The dory men hurry to the bar with the 
shore end of the net, the idea being to get that in as soon as possible 
in order to prevent the escape of the salmon in that direction. As 
soon as this has been accomplished, the outer shore line is brought to 
the bar, when several horses are hitched to the line and begin to haul 
in the net, care being taken by the men to work it against the current 
as much as practicable, and to get it hi as speedily as they can in 
order to prevent the escape of salmon either by jumping over the 
cork line or finding some outlet below the footrope or lead line. 

The only other place on the coast where haul seines are important 
is at Karluk, on Kodiak Island, in Alaska. Here the seines are 
hauled upon the narrow gravel spit dividing the lagoon from the strait, 
aud practically the same method is followed as in the Columbia 
River. 

DIVER NETS. 

These are in use in the Columbia River, mainly throughout the 
middle and upper portions of the river. They vary from 100 to 200 
fathoms in length and are used almost exclusively for chinook salmon. 
In construction they somewhat resemble a trammel net. Two nets are 
attached together side by side. The outer one, or the one toward the 
oncoming fish, has a larger mesh than the other, so that if the fish 
manages to pass through the first, it will be caught in the smaller 
meshes of the second. 

DIP NETS. 

These consist of an iron hoop secured to the end of a stout pole 
with a bag-shaped net fastened to the hoop. They are generally used 
at the cascades on the rivers, small platforms being erected upon 
which the operator stands while fishing. Indians formerly used 
them to a large extent, but, owing to the steady decline in the num- 
ber of Indians, and the appropriation of favorable spots by the 
whites for other forms of apparatus, they are but little used now. 

SQUAW NETS. 

This type is virtually a set net. It consists of an oblong sheet of 
gill netting, about 12 feet long and 8 feet deep, its lower edge 
weighted to keep it down, and its upper edge attached to a pole that 
floats at tho surface, and is held by a line or fines to another pro- 
jecting pole which is securely fastened to the shore, so that it will not 
swing around with the strain of the swift current on the net. A 
single block is attached to the pole, and through this passes a rope, 



U. S. B. F— Doc. 839. 



Plate VI. 




FIG. 1.— DIPPING SALMON FROM THE COPPER RIVER, ALASKA. 




FIG. 2.— FISH WHEEL, YUKON RIVER, ALASKA. 



U. S. B. F.— Doc. 839. 



Plate VII. 




FIG. 1.— A SCOW LOAD OF SALMON. 




FIG. 2.— PURSE SEINE CREW DELIVERING FISH TO CANNERY TENDER. 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 79 

thus making a tackle for the mora convenient manipulation of the 

net. The dip-net fishermen of the Columbia River use this net, 

which derives its name from the fact that it used to be commonly 

operated by Indian squaws for taking salmon. But few are now 

in use, for the same reasons as given for the decline in the use of 

dip nets. 

PURSE SEINES. 

This form of apparatus is in quite general use in Puget Sound 
and southeast Alaska, and has proved highly effective in these deep, 
swift waters. These seines are about 200 fathoms long, 25 fathoms in 
the bunt, and 20 fathoms in the wings, all with a 3f -inch stretch mesh. 
The foot line is heavily leaded and the bridles are about 10 feet long. 
The purse line is made of 1^-inch hemp. The rings through which 
the purse line is rove measure about 5 inches in diameter and are 
made of galvanized iron. 

Purse seining for salmon in Puget Sound and waters north of same 
is one of the most important methods in use in the fisheries. lit the 
type of vessel used in this fishery there has probably been greater 
improvement than in any other branch of the fisheries of the coast. 
In the early days row scows were in use, but now vessels with power 
are used. 

In 1903 the first gasoline-powered purse seine boat appeared on the 
Pacific coast salmon fishing grounds in Puget Sound. The vessel was 
named the Pioneer and she was equipped with a 5-horsepower 
engine. The first season she easily demonstrated her vast superi- 
ority over the other purse seiners in the quickness with which she 
could reach a school of fish after it was sighted and in surrounding it 
with her seine. The next year there were a few more built or 
equipped, and the number has steadily increased until at the present 
time practically all except a few in southeast Alaska are equipped 
with motor engines. 

The first power seine boats were only about 30 feet in length and 
had small power. As they were few in numbers, there was virtu- 
ally no competition, and high power and speed were not a necessity. 
As the boats increased in numbers, however, competition became 
keener, and the first types of boats with their small power were 
quickly thrown into the shade by the newer types, which averaged 
between 45 and 55 feet in length, with 45 to 75 horsepower engines. 

When motive power was introduced in the vessels, it was natural 
that the fishermen should soon introduce winches for the purpose of 
hauling in the nets, as the whole work could then be done by the one 
engine. 

The purse seine vessels are built with rounded sterns. On an 
elevated section of the stern is set a movable platform on a pivot. 



80 PACIFIC SALMON FISHEEIES. 

The after end of this platform has a long roller. The purse seine 
is stowed on this platform, the head rope with corks on one side 
and the foot line on the other, so that there will be no tangling 
when the seine is paid out. 

When the lookout sights a school of fish, the seiner is rundown 
close to it and a rowboat launched. One man takes his place in 
this with the rope from one end of the seine and acts as a pivot, 
while the seiner circles around the school, the crew paying out the 
seine as she moves along. When it is all out, the vessel runs along- 
side the rowboat and takes aboard the other rope. Attaching 
this and the rope from the other end to the power winch, the circle 
around the fish is rapidly narrowed, and the slack of the seine as 
it comes in is stowed back on the platform. Around the bottom 
of the seine and through galvanized iron rings about 5 inches in 
diameter, runs the purse fine. As this is hauled into the boat, the 
open space at the bottom is rapidly closed up just as a handbag 
would be through the drawing together of the pursing string at the 
top. During this operation the nonpower purse seiners have a man 
standing alongside the rail who throws a pole into the center in order 
to drive the fish away from the open section. He is so skillful in 
this work that almost invariably the pole comes back to his hand 
as the pressure of the waters forces it up again. When the bottom 
has been pursed up the fishermen hauling by hand can move more 
leisurely, but with the power winches in use the hauling in of the 
net is a comparatively easy matter, and the pole thrower is dispensed 
with. 

When all the fish are in the bunt and the latter alongside, the 
fish are generally dipped out by means of a dip net balanced on 
the end of a tackle. A fisherman lowers it into the seine, scoops 
up a load of salmon, and as the net is hauled up, guides it over 
the vessel, and then trips it and dumps the fish into the hold. 

The Puget Sound purse seiners meet the salmon off the entrance 
to the Strait of San Juan de Fuca and follow the sockeyes till they 
have passed out of American waters, what are known as the Salmon 
Banks, off the lower end of San Juan Island, being the principal 
rendezvous during the run of sockeyes. After this run is over they 
go up the Sound and fish for dogs and cohos, and later go to the 
head of the Sound and fish for dogs, cohos, chinooks, and steel- 
head trout. In southeast Alaska they follow the fish all over the 
bays, straits, and sounds of that section. Purse seines are used 
in a few other places, but the fishery is secondary to those with other 
forms of apparatus. 

This style of fishing is said to have been introduced on Puget 
Sound by the Chinese in 1886. 



U. S. B. F.— Doc. 839. 



Plate VIII. 



,/t\ 



X 



4 [ ! v>. V* 




FIG. 1.— FLOATING TRAP NET. 




FIG. 2.— PURSE SEINER HAULING IN NET, 



U. S. B. F.— Doc. 839. 



Plate IX. 




FIG. 1.— DIPPING THE SALMON FROM THE PURSE SEINE. 




FIG. 2.— BRAILING THE SALMON FROM THE TRAP NET. 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 81 

TRAPS OR POUND NETS. 

A trap is stationary and consists of webbing, or part webbing and 
part wire netting, held in place and position by driven piles. This 
piling usually is held together above water by a continuous line 
of wood stringers, also used to fasten webbing to or to walk on if 
necessary. 

In building, the "lead" is first constructed. This runs at right 
angles, or very nearly so, to the shore, and consists of a straight 
line of stakes, to which wire or net webbing is hung from top of 
high water, or a little higher, to the bottom, making a straight, 
solid wall. 

At a little distance inshore of the outer end of the lead begin 
what are called the "hearts." These are V-shaped and turned 
toward the lead, beginning at a distance of 30 to 40 feet on either 
side of same and running in the same general direction, the "big 
heart" or outer heart first, the inner heart, supplementing the first, 
being smaller, and the end of the outer heart leading into it. Some 
traps have only one heart. The narrow end of the inner heart leads 
into the "pot" and forms what is known as the "tunnel." The 
tunnel ends in a long and narrow opening, running up and down 
the long way, and is held in position by ropes and rods. Below 
this is what is known as the " apron," a sheet of web stretched 
from the bottom of the heart upward to the pot, in order to lead 
the fish into the tunnel when swimming low in the water, and to 
obviate the necessity of building the pot clear to the bottom, which 
would be expensive, as the pots of the traps are usually in quite 
deep water. If the trap is intended to. catch the fish coming from 
only one direction, the lead generally runs to and is attached to 
one side of the entrance to the outer heart on the side opposite 
to that from which the fish are expected. 

Some traps have "jiggers" (a hook-shaped extension of the outer 
heart) on each side, and sometimes on only one side, which help 
to turn the fish in the required direction. 

The "pot" is built out beyond the inner heart and immediately 
adjoining same. It is a square compartment, with web walls and 
bottom connected in the shape of a large square sack, fastened to 
piling on all sides. This pot is hauled up and down by means of 
ropes and tackles, either by hand or, as is most popular, by steam. 

The "spiller" is another square compartment adjoining either 
end of the pot (sometimes there are two spillers, one at each end), 
and is simply a container for fish. A small tunnel leads the fish 
from the pot into the spiller, whence the fishermen lift them out. 
This is accomplished by closing the tunnel from the pot, after which 
the ropes holding the front of the spiller are loosened and the net 
62425°— 17 6 



82 PACIFIC SALMON" FISHERIES. 

wall allowed to drop almost to the level of the water. A steam or 
gasoline tug then pushes a scow alongside the spiller and takes 
position on the outside of this scow. From the deck of the tug 
a derrick is rigged with a running line from the steam capstan 
through the block at the top of the derrick. This line is attached 
to the far end of a net apron, called a ''brailer," which is heavily 
weighted by having chains along each side and leaded crossways at 
several places. A small boat is run inside the spiller. and the men 
in this draw the brailer across the barge and let it sink in the spiller. 
The fish soon gather over it, when the steam capstan quickly reels 
it in, the net folding over as drawn in from its far side and spilling 
the fish out on the scow. Men on the scow pick out and throw 
overboard the unsalable and nonedible fish. The apron is then 
drawn back across the pot and the operation repeated so long as any 
fish remain. In this manner a trap with many tons of salmon in it 
is quickly emptied. 

Traps, like nearly all other fixed fishing appliances, are built on 
the knowledge that salmon, like most other fishes,, have a tendency to 
follow a given course in the water, whether a natural shore line or 
an artificial obstruction resembling one; also that the fish very sel- 
dom turns in its own wake. The trap has taken advantage of these 
natural tendencies of the fish, and is arranged so that, although the 
salmon may turn, he will continually be led by the wall of net toward 
and into the trap. 

If a trap is located in a place where fish play and where an eddy 
exists, and the fish run one way with the incoming tide and the 
opposite with the outgoing, it will fish from both directions; if 
located where the fish simply pass by, as, for instance, on a point or 
reef, it will fish from one side only. 

A variation of the trap, to be used in places where piles can not 
be driven, is the floating trap. An experimental trap of this variety 
was used at Uganuk, on Kodiak Island, Alaska, as early as 1896. 
Its use was abandoned in 1897, not to be resumed until some years 
later. A number of floating traps (of the type invented by J. R. 
Heckman, of Ketchikan, Alaska) have been and are being used in 
southeast Alaska, the first having been installed in 1907. The de- 
sign of this trap follows the shape of an ordinary Puget Sound 
driven trap. It is constructed of logs, 20 to 26 inches at the butt, 
bolted and braced together in one solid frame. Suspended from this 
frame through the logs are 2^-inch pipes extending down in the 
water 30 feet. Halfway down these pipes and also on the extreme 
lower ends are eyebolts, to which the web is drawn down and fas- 
tened. Thus the web is kept in place as well as if the pipes were 
driven piles. The lead is also a continuation of large piles or logs 
bolted firmly together with similarly suspended pipes and webbing. 



U. S. B. F.— Doc. 839. 



Plate X. 




FIG. 1.— RACKS AND RUNWAYS FROM WHICH INDIANS GAFF SALMON, CHILKOOT RIVER, ALASKA. 




FIG. 2.— THE POT AND SPILLER OF A TRAP NET. 



U. S. B. F.— Doc. 839. 



Plate XI. 




FIG. 1.— TROLLING FOR SALMON ON PUGET SOUND WITH POWER BOAT. 




FIG. 2.— PUGET SOUND PURSE SEINE BOATS AT RICHARDSON, WASH. 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 83 

The so-called wooden traps on the Columbia River are essentially 
weirs, being a modification of the brush weirs or traps used by the 
Indians for the capture of salmon long before the advent of the 
white men. They are built on shore, of piling and planks, the lat- 
ter arranged like slats with spaces between. The bowl, or pot, is 
provided with a movable trapdoor that can be opened during the 
closed season and on Sundays, so that the fish can pass through and 
run upstream. These weirs, after being built, are launched into the 
river, placed in proper position near the shore, and then ballasted 
so that they sink to the bottom. 

According to Collins, <* "pound nets were introduced on the Colum- 
bia River in 1879. In May of that year O. P. Graham, formerly of 
Green Bay, Wis., built a pound net on the river similar to those used 
on the Q&crttt u'akes. The success of this venture led to the employ- 
ment of more apparatus of this kind, and many fishermen went 
West to participate in the fishery." 

According to the same authority b H. B. Kirby, who had previ- 
ously fished on the Great Lakes, set a pound net in Puget Sound 
about 1883, but it was a complete fadure. On March 15, 1888, he 
again set a pound net, which he had designed to meet the new con- 
ditions, at Birch Bay Head, in the Gulf of Georgia. It proved a 
complete success, and was the forerunner of the present large number 
which are set annually in these waters. 

In Alaska the first trap was set in Cook Inlet about 1885. Brit- 
ish Columbia refused to permit the use of pound nets in its waters 
until 1904, when their use was allowed within certain limited regions. 

Some of these trap nets, especially on Puget Sound, have proved 
extremely valuable. The years 1898 and 1899 covered practically 
the high-water mark, as several desirable locations changed hands in 
those years at prices ranging from $20,000 to $90,000 for single 
traps, the original expense of which did not exceed $5,000. But 
few have brought such high prices since, however, owing to the 
popularity of a cheaper apparatus, the purse seine. 

The location of sites for these nets is regulated by law in Oregon, 
Washington, and British Columbia, but in Alaska the procedure is 
not well defined and has proved rather confusing to strangers. 
Some acquire the shore line by mineral location or by the use of scrip, 
while still others have merely a squatter's right. 

Under the existing fish-trap laws applicable to Alaska, a fish trap 
maybe operated anywhere along the coast of Alaska, 300 or more yards 
from the mouth of any salmon stream, and along the shores of all 
rivers — excepting those emptying into Cook Inlet, the streams on 
Afognak Island, and in Wood River — where the same are at least 500 
feet wide. 

a Report on the fisheries of the Pacific Coast of the United States. By J. W. Collins. Report of Commis- 
sioner of Fish and Fisheries for 1888, p. 210. 1892. 
» Ibid., p. 257. 



84 PACIFIC SALMON FISHEEIES. 

A clear water distance of 600 yards laterally and 100 yards endwise 
must be maintained between all traps. At the present time there is 
no law regulating the length of leads, the maximum depth of water in 
which the pot maybe driven, or the use or occupancy of the trap sites. 

It has been decided by the highest courts within the past year (1915) 
that title to the upland conveys no title to the trap owner who may be 
in front. The tide lands of Alaska are not of sufficient commercial 
importance as yet to enter into this controversy. At the present 
time there is no tide-land law applicable to Alaska affecting the 
upland owners or the trap-site locators. 

At the present time it is probable the canner who is on the ground 
first and installs a working trap can assert his right to any unoccu- 
pied trap site regardless of who fished it the previous season. As a 
general rule, however, the canners respect the rights 6f -¥h&als in the 
same fishing region, and a trap location once recognized as that of 
a certain individual or company is rarely jumped so long as the 
original locator cares to maintain a trap on it. 

Within the bounds of the forest reserve no land can be acquired 
except by lease, which may be secured from the United States for- 
estry agent, Ketchikan, Alaska. 

INDIAN TRAPS. 

The natives, especially in Alaska, have various ingenious methods 
of catching salmon. In the Bering Sea rivers they catch them by 
means of wickerwork traps, made somewhat after the general style 
of a fyke net. These are composed of a series of cylindrical and 
conical baskets, fitting into each other, with a small opening hi the 
end connecting one with the other and the series terminating in a 
tube with a removable bottom, through which the captive fish are 
extracted. Some of the baskets are from 15 to 25 feet in length 
and are secured with stakes driven into the river^bottom, while the 
leader, composed of square sections of wickerwork, is held in place 
by stakes. 

During the summer of 1910 the author found and destroyed an 
ingenious native trap set in Tamgas stream, Annette Island, south- 
east Alaska. This stream is a short and narrow one, draining a 
lake, about midway of which are a succession of cascades. In the 
narrowest part of the latter, and in the part up which the fish swim, 
a rack had been constructed of poles driven into the bottom and cov- 
ered with wire netting, so as almost wholly to prevent salmon from 
passing up. Just below, and running parallel to the rack and at 
right angles to the shore, was placed a box flume with a flaring 
mouth at the outer end. At the shore end the flume turned sharply 
at right angles and discharged into a square box with slat bottom 



U. S. B. F.-Doc. 839. 



Plate XII. 




FIG. 1.— A SCOW FISH WHEEL. 




FIG. 2.— PUGET SOUND SALMON TRAP. 



U. S. B. F.— Doc. 839. 



Platf. XIII. 




A STATIONARY FISH WHEEL. 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 85 

and covered over with boughs. The fish in ascending the stream 
would be stopped by the rack and in swimming around many of them 
would be carried by the current into and down the flume, eventually 
landing in the receiving box alongside the shore. 

WHEELS. 

Fish wheels are of two kinds, the floating or scow wheel, which 
can be moved from point to point if need be, and the shore wheel, 
which is a fixed apparatus. They operate in exactly the same man- 
ner, however. The stationary wheel is located along the shore in a 
place where experience has shown that the salmon pass. Here an 
abutment is built of wood and stone, high enough to protect it from 
an ordinary rise in the river. To this is attached the necessary 
framework for holding the wheel. The latter is composed of three 
large scoop-shaped dip nets made of galvanized-iron wire netting 
with a mesh of 3^ to 4 inches. These nets are the buckets of the 
wheel and they are so arranged on a horizontal axis that the wheel 
is kept in constant motion by the current, and thus picks up any 
fish which come within its sweep. The nets are fixed at such an 
angle that as they revolve their contents fall into a box chute through 
which the fish slide into a large bin on the shore. The wheels range 
in size from 9 to 32 feet in diameter and from 5 to 15 feet in width, 
and cost from $1,500 to $8,000, the average being about $4,000. A 
number of them have long leaders of piling running out into the 
river, which aid in leading the salmon into the range of the wheel. 

The scow wheel consists of a large square-ended scow that is 
usually decked at one end and open at the other. Several stanchions, 
some 8 to 10 feet high, support a framework upon which an awning 
is spread to protect the fish from the sun's rays and the crew from 
the elements. To one end of the scow are fastened two upright posts, 
which are guyed by wooden supports, while projecting from the same 
end is the framework which supports the wheel, the latter being con- 
structed in the same way as the stationary wheel, but on a smaller scale. 
In operation the scow is anchored with the wheel end pointing down- 
stream, and as the wheel is revolved by the current, the fish caught 
fall from the net into a box chute, through which they slide into the 
scow. As stationary wheels can be used only at certain stages of 
water, the scow wheel is a necessary substitute to be used at such 
times as the former can not be operated, or in places where it is not 
feasible to build a stationary wheel. 

The above forms of wheels are used exclusively on the Columbia 
River. 

An ingenious device is used by some of the wheelmen on the 
Columbia River in getting their catch to the canneries, a few miles 
farther down the river. The salmon are tied together in bunches and 



86 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

these attached to air-tight casks and sent down the stream. At the 
canneries small balconies have been constructed at the water end of 
the building. A' man armed with a pair of field glasses is stationed 
here, and as soon as he sights one of these casks he notifies a boatman, 
who goes out and tows in the cask and salmon. About 800 pounds of 
salmon are attached to a keg, and a tag showing the wheel from 
which shipped is tied to the fish. 

In 1908 the first fish wheel to be located in the coastal waters of 
Alaska was operated in the Taku River, in southeast Alaska. The 
wheel was set between two 4-foot scows, stationed parallel to each 
other, and each 40 feet in length. The wheel had two dips, each 22 
feet in width and hung with netting. It could be moved from place to 
place, the same as the scow wheels on the Columbia River. It was 
operated throughout the king and red salmon runs, but caught almost 
no salmon, and was not set in the succeeding years. 

For many years the natives of the interior of Alaska have been 
resorting to the banks of the Yukon River and its tributaries in order 
to secure a sufficient supply of salmon to sustain them through the 
succeeding winter. The favorite apparatus of these natives is a type 
of fish wheel of local invention, which has been in use by them for 
many years, probably long before the white man first saw the Yukon. 
A square framework of timbers is constructed in the water and 
moored to the bank by ropes. A wheel, composed of three dips, is 
placed in this, the axle resting upon the framework. The shape of 
the dip is such that the salmon caught roll off it into a trough, down 
which they slide into a boat moored between the wheel and the shore. 
Although crude in construction, it is very effective and a large num- 
ber of them are set each season. 

The Columbia River fish wheel is a patented device. It was first 
used by the patentees, S. W. Williams & Bro., in 1879, and for 
several years they retained a monopoly in its use. A number are 
now operating on the river. The device was not new even when 
patented, as the natives of the Yukon River Basin had been using a 
precisely similar principle for an unknown number of years previ- 
ously, while a similar ''fishing machine," as it is called, had been in 
use prior to this time and is still used by white fishermen on the 
Roanoke River in North Carolina. 

REEF NETS. 

As the name indicates, this device is used around the reefs. Under 
natural conditions the reef is covered with kelp throughout its 
length, the kelp floating at the top of the water. A channel is cut 
through this, and in it is placed a tunnel of rope and netting, which 
flares at the outer end, in deep water, and into which is thatched 
grass, kelp leaves, or any other article resembling submarine growth, 



PACIFIC SA.LMON FISHERIES. 87 

to hide the construction sufficiently to avoid frightening the fish. 
Short leads of kelp are also arranged on the sides so as to draw the 
fish to the tunnel, which is held in place by anchors. On the reef 
itself two boats are anchored parallel to each other and some feet 
apart. An apron of netting is fastened to the rear of the two boats, 
while the other end extends under the small end of the tunnel and is 
kept in place by men in the forward ends of the boats, who have lines 
fastened so the apron can be raised by them. The device can only 
be used with the tide entering the tunnel at the large end. When 
the fish have entered and passed through the tunnel upon the apron, 
the men raise the floating end of the latter and dump them into the 
boats. 

At one time this was a favorite device of the Puget Sound natives 
for catching sockeye salmon. They attribute its origin to one of 
the Hudson Bay Co.'s employees, who, they say, taught them a 
long time ago how to catch salmon in this way. Owing to the large 
number of men required to work them, and the fact that they can 
be worked only at certain stages of tide and in favorable weather, 
these nets gradually have been supplanted by other devices. In 
1909 but five were used, and these were operated off the shores of 
San Juan, Henry, Steuart, and Lummi Islands, and in the vicinity 
of Point, Roberts. Even less are used at present. 

TROLLING. 

Each year the catching of salmon by trolling becomes of increasing 
importance commercially. For some years sportsmen had this ex- 
citing and delightful occupation to themselves, but eventually the 
mild curers created such a persistent and profitable demand for king, 
or chinook, salmon that the fishermen, who had previously restricted 
their operations to the use of nets during the annual spawning runs, 
which last but a small portion of the year, began to follow up the 
fish both before and after the spawning run and soon discovered 
that they were to be found in certain regions throughout nearly 
every month in the year. 

Trolling has several advantages from the fisherman's point of 
view over seine, gill net, and trap fishing. To engage in it, one 
does not require any very expensive gear, a boat, hooks, and lines 
being all that is required. Then, there are no licenses to pay and 
no seasons to observe in many sections, as the fishing is done in 
many instances beyond the jurisdiction of State waters. 

The fishermen comprise all nationalities. While the majority of 
them are professionals, men of all walks ot life are to be found 
engaging in the business, some on account of their health, others 
because of reverses in business or lack of work, while still others 
engage in it from pure love of the outdoor life. 



88 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

The Monterey Bay (Cal.) trollers use 48 cotton line generally. A 
few inches below the main lead an additional line is added, with a 
small sinker on it. This gives two lines and hooks, and as the main 
line has but the one lead, and that above the junction with the branch 
line, it floats somewhat above the latter, which is weighted down 
with a sinker. The main stem is about 20 fathoms in length, while 
the branch lines are about 5 fathoms each. These lines cost about 
$3.50 each. No spoon is used, but bait almost invariably. A few 
fishermen use a spread of stout steel wire, 4 feet long, with 5 or 6 
feet of line on each end of the spread, two lines and hooks. 

On the upper Sacramento River (mainly at Redding and Keswick) 
some fishing is done with hand hnes. A small catch was made here 
in 1908, but none were so caught in 1909. 

Even as early as 1S95 trolling was carried on in the Siuslaw River 
Oreg., for chinook and silver salmon. 

About 1912 the fishermen living along the lower Columbia River 
discovered that salmon could be taken by trolling off the bar. A 
number of them went into the business regularly, while their num- 
bers were greatly swelled by the addition of many of the net fisher- 
men during the regular closed seasons on the river, these not applying 
to trollers. Some idea of the growth of this fishery off the Columbia 
River Bar may be gained when it is stated that in September, 1915, 
about 500 boats were engaged in it. 

At Oregon City and other places on the Willamette River a num- 
ber of chinook salmon are caught by means of trolling each year, 
mainly by sportsmen. A spoon is quite generally employed in place 
of bait. The fishermen claim that the salmon are not feeding at 
this time, as their stomachs are shriveled up. 

For a number of years the Indians living at the reservation on 
Neah Bay, Wash., have annually caught large numbers of silver and 
chinook salmon in the Strait of Juan de Fuca. A large number of 
white fishermen also engage in this fishery at the present time in 
the same waters, while others troll for the same species, but more 
particularly silvers, in parts of Puget Sound proper. The ordinary 
trolling fine, with a spoon instead of bait, is used. 

Many of the trollers use power boats, and in this event four and 
sometimes six hnes are used. One and sometimes two short poles 
are run out from each side of the boat (when two are used on a side, 
one is shorter than the other), the butt being dropped into a chock. 
Two hnes are generally trailed from the stern. At the end of each 
pole is a very short line with a small tin can attached. A few peb- 
bles are in the can, and as the launch moves slowly through the 
water with all her lines set, the troller knows when he has a bite by 
the rattling of the pebbles in the can. Eacn of the lines attached 
to a pole is also connected with the boat by a short fine from the 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 89 

side of the latter to a point on the line about 20 feet from where it 
is attached to the pole. When a fish is hooked, the fisherman merely 
pulls in the line by mean3 of the short piece and then can haul the 
fish in hand over hand. 

The most remarkable trolling region is in southeast Alaska: For 
some years the Indians here had been catching king salmon for 
their own use during the spring months, and about the middle of 
January, 1905, king salmon were noticed in large numbers in the 
vicinity of Ketchikan. Observing the Indians catching these, sev- 
eral white fishermen decided to engage in the pursuit, shipping 
the product fresh to Puget Sound ports. They met with such 
success that 271,644 pounds, valued at $15,600, were shipped. The 
next year several of the mild-cure dealers established plants in 
this region, thus furnishing a convenient and profitable market for 
the catch, and as a result the fishery has grown until in 1915 
2,170,400 pounds of king salmon and 54,400 pounds of coho salmon 
were caught and marketed. The length of the fishing season has 
also lengthened until now the business is prosecuted vigorously 
during about seven months in the year, and in a desultory manner 
for two or three months more, only the severe winter weather pre- 
venting operations the rest of the year. 

In southeast Alaska the fishermen generally use either the Hen- 
dryx Seattle trout-bait spoon no. 5 or the Hendryx Puget Sound 
no. 8. The former comes in nickel or brass or nickel and brass, the 
full nickel preferred. The Siwash hook no. 9/0, known as the Vic- 
toria hook in British Columbia, is in quite general use. As a rule, 
but one hook is used, and this hangs from a ring attached to a swivel 
just above the spoon, while the point of the hook comes a little below 
the bottom of the spoon. Occasionally double or treble hooks are 
used. Some fishermen use bait, and when this is done the herring, 
the bait almost universally employed, is so hooked through the body 
as, when placed in the water, to stretch out almost straight and face 
forward as in life. 

There are a large number of power-boat trollers in this region. 
These trollers generally use one pole on a side and one at the stern. 
The rowboat trollers use but one line, which is attached to a thwart 
in the boat, handy to their reach when rowing, and trailing out from 
the stern of the boat. 

The trollers usually have temporary camps where they congregate 
while the fish are to be found in that section, moving on to some more 
favorable spot when the fish begin to get scarce. 

Reports from the trollers of southeast Alaska prove that all species 
of salmon will take the hook at some time or other in the salt waters 
of this region, an examination of their stomachs generally showing 
that, they are either feeding or in a condition to feed. 



90 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

A small commercial fishery is carried on in this region for coho 
salmon, mainly in August and September, in the neighborhood of 
Turnabout Island, in Frederick Sound. A Stewart spoon with two 
hooks on one ring is used, baited with herring in such a way that the 
fish is- straightened out and faced toward the spoon. The sportsmen 
of Ketchikan also fish with rod and reel for this species in the neigh- 
borhood of Gravina Island, using a Hendryx spoon (kidney bait 
no. 6), which is silvery in color on one side and red on the other. 
Although much smaller than the king, the coho salmon is more gamey. 

During the latter part of March the Gulf of Georgia, in British 
Columbia, is invaded by large schools of young coho salmon, locally 
called "bluebacks." They evidently come in from the sea by way 
of the Straits of Fuca, as their presence is at first apparent in the 
lower gulf, especially among the reefs and islands off Gabriola Pass. 
On their arrival these fish are only about a couple of pounds weight, 
but increase in size very rapidly, with correspondingly voracious 
appetites. They are to be found in the gulf throughout the spring 
and summer. By May the fish generally average close to three 
pounds each when dressed, while in July they are between four and 
six pounds in weight. 

A number of fishermen with power and row boats engage in this 
fishery, the fish being either sold to the fresh markets or to the 
canneries. 

Trolling lines and spoon baits of one form or another are used. In 
fishing from power boats the outer lines are attached to fish poles 
15 to 18 feet long, rigged out on either side. Those poles are usually 
hinged at the foot of a short mast and lowered outboard by a halyard 
running through a block at the masthead, with the additional brace 
of a forward guy, which, with the drag of the lines aft, holds them in 
position. It has been customary to use from five to seven lines from 
each launch, the two outer fines leading from the ends cd the poles; 
the next pair are attached to intermediate tips fastened halfway out 
on the main pole ; while inboard lines are attached to smaller upright 
rods on either quarter. 

The outer trolls are brought within reach (the poles being practically 
fixtures) by means of a short piece attached to each fishing line 15 or 
20 feet from the point where it is fastened to the pole and leading 
inboard. 

Recently, however, the Dominion authorities have decreed that a 
troller shall not use more than three lines from a boat when trolling 
for salmon. Should a man be alone in the boat three lines will keep 
him very busy if the fish are biting at all well. 

Spoons are generally used. All shapes are employed, from the 
ordinary Siwash patterns to wobblers; brass or silver wobblers, of 
no. 4 and 5 sizes, are largely used by the fishermen. Spinners of 2 to 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 91 

3 inches long are also popular. Copper, copper and silver, and brass 
spinners of the Siwash and Victoria patterns are very effective ; while 
red beads, feathered hooks, or a piece of silvery salmon skin placed 
on the hook as an additional bait often add to the attraction of a 
spoon. 

Quite generally the fishermen use single hooks on their spoons. 
Various lengths of line are used, but on the average about 60 feet for 
outside lines and 40 for inside are used. As fish can be landed much 
quicker with a short line, the fishermen generally shorten their lines 
to 20 or 30 feet when the fish are bitiag rapidly. Quite heavy lines 
are used from the pole to the sinker; from there extends a length of 
light line, and then a piece of wire, to which the spoon is attached. 
The sinker, which is usually between 2 and 3 pounds in weight when 
fishing from a power boat and about 1 pound when a rowboat is 
employed, is attached to the line about 18 feet from the spoon. 

The best fishing times are in the early morning and evening, 
without regard to tidal conditions. The low slack water is always 
favorable to good fishing. 

These fish are delicate flavored, but do not keep well, it being 
necessary to rush them to market if they are to be sold in a first-class 
condition. 

Considerable numbers of these fish are taken by both American and 
Canadian fishermen on Swiftsure Banks, off Cape Flattery. As 
complaint had been made in 1914 that these fish were immature and 
were unfit for canning because of their appearance after being out of 
the water some hours, H. T. Graves, acting commissioner of agri- 
culture for the State of Washington, which department is concerned 
with the wholesomeness of food products, made a thorough investiga- 
tion of their fitness for food. In a letter to the Pacific Fisherman, 
Seattle, Wash., and published in that journal under date of August, 
1914, he states, among other things, the following: 

The question, therefore, for us to determine was to ascertain their value as a food 
product. The condition of these fish arriving at the various canneries was carefully 
noted; samples were selected for bacteriological analysis. 

The fish when first taken from the water are very soft when compared with the 
other salmon. After they have been out of the water 12 hours the fish easily separates 
from the bony structures, and in the course of ordinary handling in the time which 
elapses between the hour of taking from the water until they are offered for packing 
at Sound canneries, which is anywhere from 12 to 48 hours, they become badly broken 
up and present a rather ugly and distasteful appearance, to say the least. 

We found that many different methods of handling were being experimented with 
by the fishermen and by Puget Sound canneries, but without any noticeable effect. 
While from a physical observation one would imagine these fish as received at the 
Sound canneries to be unwholesome, a bacteriological examination by Dr. E. P. 
Pick, State bacteriologist, indicated that putrefaction was not present, although some 
of the specimens did contain a rather high bacteria count. 



92 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

BOW AND ARROW. 

On the Tanana River, a tributary of the Yukon River, in Alaska, 
the Indians hunt salmon in birch-bark canoes with bow and arrow. 
As the canoe is paddled along and the Indian sees the dorsal fin of 
the salmon cutting the surface of the muddy water he shoots it. The 
tip of the arrow fits into a socket, and when struck the tip, which 
when loose is attached to the stock by a long string, comes out of the 
socket and the arrow floats, easily locating the fish for the fisherman. 

SPEAR AND GAFF. 

Spears of varying shapes and styles have been in use by the In- 
dians from time immemorial and are still employed on many rivers 
in which salmon run. With the exception of the Chilkoot and Chil- 
kat Rivers of Alaska, practically all of the catch secured in this 
manner is consumed by the fishermen and their families. In the 
Chilkoot River the Indians have built numerous racks in the stream 
and on the banks, upon which they stand and hook the fish out with 
a gaff attached to a pole. The catch is sold to the cannery located on 
Chilkoot Inlet. 

SPORT FISHING FOR SALMON. 

The number of sportsmen who improve the opportunity presented 
by the appearance of feeding springs and cohos is increasing yearly, 
and in time this promises to far excel the sport salmon fishing of the 
Atlantic coast. 

On Puget Sound and lower British Columbia waters the anglers gen- 
erally use ordinary trout fishing rods and tackle, with preferably a short 
trolling tip on the rod when out for coho. Small spinners of silver or 
copper, of about an inch in length, or else the small double Tacoma 
spoons, are very good. A strong gut leader or trace of fine piano 
wire is frequently used, as the fish's teeth would cut through an 
ordinary line. Where iron wire is used the salt water rusts it rapidly, 
and unless the precaution is taken to dry off the wire and oil it after 
using it can not be used for more than a couple of days. Sinkers 
of an ounce or two in weight are generally employed with fine line. 

Many of the small spoons on the market have very cheap hooks, 
and these are apt to straighten out or break with the strain of a large 
fish. Hooks of the best steel will, however, stand up to this strain. 

One of the favorite spots for anglers is at the falls on the Willamette 
River at Oregon City, Oreg. When the spring run of salmon appears 
in April, hundreds of anglers, many of them from far distant points, 
appear to participate in the sport during this month and in May. 
Many noted sportsmen have fished for salmon at this spot. Among 
them was Rudyard Kipling, and his experiences were woven into a 
short story. 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 93 

The fishing ground is spread over a mile's length of the river, from 
Clackamas rapids to the deadline at the falls. It is not an uncommon 
sight to see 500 boats with from one to six fishermen and fisher- 
women dotting the river on favorable days during the season. 

Two methods of fishing are followed. The most popular is to 
anchor at the head of the Clackamas rapids or in swift water near 
the falls and allow the rush of water to spin the trolling hook. In 
the longer lengths of quieter water the sportsmen troll in slow motor 
boats or rowboats. 

An Inexperienced boatman is apt to find fishing in the rapids or 
near the falls somewhat dangerous, as the swift water may overturn 
his craft and carry him to his death before help can reach him. 

There is a fishway in the dam, so that the fish can pass up this and 
into the river above the dam. No fishing is allowed closer than 100 
feet of the mouth of this ladder. Up to 1915 there was a second 
deadline, 600 feet from the falls, beyond which no commercial fisher- 
man could operate nets, but the Oregon Legislature in that year 
closed the Willamette to all net fishermen from the Clackamas rapids 
to the falls. 

The salmon in the spring run on the Willamette will average about 
25 pounds each, but examples weighing 50 pounds and over are not 
uncommon. 

In 1914 the Salmon Club of Oregon was formed of anglers who 
desired to encourage the use of light tackle in the taking of large game 
fish, in place of the extremely heavy tackle heretofore used The 
following rules were adopted: 

The rods used may be made of any material except solid bamboo cane. They must 
not be less than 5 feet in length and weigh not over 6 ounces. 

The line must not be heavier than the standard nine-thread linen line. 

Any style of reel or spoon may be used and the wire leader must not exceed 3 feet 
in length. 

The angler must reel in his fish, bring it to gaff unaided, and must do the gafhng 
himself. If a rod is broken at any time during the struggle with the fish it will dis- 
qualify the catch. 

As a reward of merit the club awards bronze buttons to all anglers 
taking, on light tackle, salmon weighing 20 pounds or over; for a fish 
weighing over 30 pounds a silver button is given, and for any salmon 
over 40 pounds the lucky angler receives a gold button. Numerous 
additional prizes are also given by public-spirited citizens. 

The season for light tackle on the Willamette River and all other 
inland streams of Oregon has been fixed by the club from January 
1 to July 1. 

In 1915 the first angler to win a gold button on the Willamette 
River did so on April 18, when he took a 42^-pound salmon. On 
the same day this same angler also won a silver button for a 32£- 
pound fish and a bronze button for a 26-pound fish. 



94 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

DANGERS TO THE INDUSTRY. 

Man is undoubtedly the greatest present menace to the perpetua- 
tion of the great salmon fisheries of the Pacific coast. When the 
enormous number of fishermen engaged and the immense quantity 
of gear employed are considered, one sometimes wonders how any 
of the fish, in certain streams at least, escape. High water or low 
water, either of which will prevent certain forms of apparatus from 
fishing to any extent while such conditions prevail, storms which 
impede fishing, and the hundred and one small things which in 
the aggregate are of considerable importance, however, all aid in 
assisting the salmon in dodging the apparatus and reaching the 
spawning beds in safety, while, unless the stream is completely 
blocked by a tight barricade, an indeterminate number of salmon 
will escape all the pitfalls man and animals may set for them. 

One very essential fact in connection with the annual runs of 
spawning salmon should not be lost sight of, and that is all salmon 
die. after spawning once, and if more are allowed to reach the 
spawning beds than are necessary for the perpetuation of the race 
the excess are an economic waste. An excessive number of spawn- 
ers on the beds is also harmful, in that the late comers stir up the 
gravel in which many of the eggs deposited by the early spawners 
have been sheltered, causing them to float up and become easy prey 
for the predaceous fishes and birds. 

In some sections an almost idolatrous faith in the efficacy of arti- 
ficial culture of fish for replenishing the ravages of man and animals 
is manifested, and nothing has done more harm than the prevalence 
of such an idea. 

While it is an exceedingly difficult thing to prove, the consensus of 
opinion is that artificial culture does considerable good, yet the very 
fact that this can not be conclusively proven ought to be a warning 
to all concerned not to put blind faith in it alone. 

When salmon are stripped by man, the eggs fertilized and retained 
in hatcheries until the young are born, and then planted as soon as 
the yolk sac has been absorbed, it is manifest that the only saving 
over the natural method is in reducing the loss in the egg stage. 
We know that many eggs, after being deposited naturally on the 
spawning beds, are devoured by other fishes, while sudden freshets 
and occasional droughts also claim their toll of eggs. It is highly 
probable, although we have no positive data on this point, that these 
losses far exceed those experienced in artificial salmon culture, and 
whatever this difference is it represents the extent to which salmon 
hatcheries should be credited as preservers of the industry, when the 
fry are planted immediately after the yolk sac has been absorbed. 
Many hatcheries, however, now hold the young fish until they reach 
the fingerling or yearling stage before planting them, thus greatly 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 95 

reducing the dangers to which the fish are subject during this stage 
of their career, and thus adding materially to the value of the 
method. 

, In the opinion of the author, the best way in which to conserve the 
fisheries of the coast is by enacting and enforcing laws under which 
a certain proportion of the runs will be enabled to reach the spawning 
beds and perform the final and most important function of their 
fives unmolested. If this is done, there can be no question of the 
perpetuation of the industry, and if it is then supplemented by the 
work of hatcheries, which would reduce the loss in the egg and early 
fry stages, assurance on this point would be made doubly sure. 

If unrestricted fishing is to prevail, however, with a dependence 
upon hatcheries alone to repair the ravages of man, the industry will 
suffer seriously, for, from the very nature of things, less and less fish 
will annually escape through the fishing zone, resulting in a continu- 
ally lessening quantity of eggs being obtained at the hatcheries, and 
finally the latter will have to close down from sheer lack of material 
upon which to work. 

Should eggs be brought to the hatchery from other streams, it 
would merely be " robbing Peter to pay Paul," and in the end the 
same result would follow in those streams. 

Fortunately these matters are becoming increasingly plain to the 
people of the various States, Provinces, and Territories concerned, 
and, while a few selfish persons in each are seeking solely their own 
enrichment by any means possible, the greater number of those 
interested in fishing operations want to see the industry perpetuated 
and are willing to do almost anything that will work to this end. 

Next to the fishing operations of man, the gravest danger to the 
salmon fisheries of the Pacific coast lies in the pollution of the rivers 
which the salmon ascend for spawning purposes. The salmon, both 
old and young, require pure cold water, and the immense runs which 
have annually ascended the streams for many years are doubtless 
due to the fact that such conditions have prevailed in them. The 
large increase in the population of the coast States within recent 
years, with the resulting increase of mills and factories, has greatly 
increased the amount of sewage from cities and towns and the waste 
from the manufacturing plants. Many of the latter have also con- 
structed dams without adequate fishways, and these also wreak great 
havoc to the industry by cutting the fish off from the upper reaches 
of the rivers upon which constructed. 

The emptying of sewage into streams ought to be made a crime. 
It is an exceedingly crude method of dealing with it, and, instead of 
disposing of the filth, merely transfers it from one place to another, 
making the water unfit for use at points farther downstream and 
spreading diseases and death amongst, not only the finny, but also 
human, users of it. 



96 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

Ill the present condition of sanitary science it is a comparatively 
easy matter to dispose of this filth by modern septic devices, and a 
number of cities are now disposing of their sewage in this manner. 

The irrigation ditch, a comparatively new product on this coast, 
while of great benefit in developing the arid lands in certain sections, 
as at present operated is a considerable menace to the salmon fisheries. 
But few ditches have screens at their head, and as a result many 
thousands of young salmon slowly making their way to their ocean 
home pass into and down these to an early doom. Every owner of 
such a ditch should be compelled to place at its head a screen with 
fine enough mesh to prevent absolutely the passage through the 
same of even the tiniest baby salmon. 

Next to man and his methods the trout is undoubtedly one of the 
greatest enemies of the salmon. The Dolly Yarden follow the salmon 
from the sea to the spawning beds, and when the eggs are extruded 
devour countless thousands of them. Many and many a time the 
writer has seen on the spawning beds female red salmon swimming 
around with a cloud of trout spread out behind like a fan, following 
her every movement, eagerly waiting for the moment when the eggs 
shall appear. 

In the summer, when the young are heading for the sea, the trout 
are lying in wait for them and again take their toll of countless 
thousands. 

Much is said by certain people of the ravages amongst the salmon 
of certain animals, as the seal, sea lion, bear, eagle, kingfisher, crane, 
duck, loon, and hawk. While in the aggregate the ravages of these 
animals are considerable, they are barely a drop in the bucket as 
compared with the direct or indirect ravages of man and his 
agencies. 



IV. FISHERMEN, OTHER EMPLOYEES, ETC 

In the early days canning was a haphazard business, and workmen 
came and went as common laborers do in the wheat fields of the West. 
As the business increased in importance and the need of skilled labor 
became imperative, men were put to certain work and kept at it from 
season to season, with the result that in a few years a corps of highly 
skilled laborers had been evolved, and this had much to do with the 
rapid extension of the industry. 

For many years Chinese formed the greater part of the cannery 
employees, the superintendent, foreman, clerks, machinists, and 
watchmen alone being white. No other laborers have ever been 
found to do the work as well or with as little trouble as the Chinese. 
In times of heavy runs, when the cannery would have to operate 
almost night and day in order to take advantage of what might be 
the last run for the season of the sometimes erratic salmon, the 
Chinese were always willing, even eager, to do their utmost to fill 
the cans, and, if fed with the especial food they insisted upon having 
and due regard was had to certain racial susceptibilities, the can- 
nery man could almost invariably depend upon the Chinese doing 
their full duty. 

The Chinese-exclusion law cut off the supply of Chinese, and as 
the years went by and their ranks became decimated by death, dis- 
ease, and the return of many to China, the contractors were com- 
pelled to fill up the rapidly depleting crews with Japanese, Filipinos, 
Mexicans, Porto Ricans, etc., with the result that to-day in many 
canneries special quarters have to be provided for certain of the 
races — more particularly the Chinese and Japanese — in order to pre- 
vent racial hatred from engendering brawls and disturbances. 

In Alaska the Japanese now compose about one-half of the cannery 
employees. While a few cannery men express themselves as well 
pleased with this class of labor, the majority find it troublesome. 

In Alaska and at a few places in the States Indians are employed 
in the canneries. In Alaska more would be employed if they could be 
secured. They make fair workpeople but are rather unreliable about 
remaining through the season. 

The supplying of this kind of labor is done largely through the 
contract system. In the large cities along the coast are labor 
agencies, mainly owned by Chinese, which make a specialty of fur- 
nishing labor for this work. In the agreement between the canning 
company and the contractor the company guarantees to pack a cer- 
62425°— 17 7 97 



98 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

tain number of cases during the coming season and the latter agrees 
to do all the work from the time the fish are delivered on the wharf 
until they are ready to ship at the end of the season for a certain 
fixed sum per case. Should the cannery pack more than the guar- 
anteed number, which it usually does if possible, the excess has to be 
paid for at the rate per case already agreed upon, while if the pack 
for any reason should fall below the contract amount, the company 
must pay for the shortage the same as though they had been packed. 
The company transports the Chinese to the field of work and carries 
them to the home port at the end of the season. It provides them 
with a bunk house and furnishes fuel, water, and salt. The con- 
tractor sends along with each crew a "boss," who has charge of the 
crew, and furnishes their food, the company transporting this free. 

White men do the greater part of the fishing for salmon, many na- 
tionalities being represented, but Scandinavians and Italians pre- 
dominate almost everywhere. A number of Greeks are to be found 
fishing on the Sacramento, while Slavonians do most of the purse 
seining on Puget Sound. The native-born American is not often 
found actually engaged in fishing, but frequently is the owner of the 
gear or has a responsible position in the packing plants. 

A number of Indians participate in the fisheries of Alaska, and a 
few fish in Washington. The only Chinese engaged in fishing are in 
Monterey Bay. A number of Japanese also fish in this bay, which is 
the only place in American territory where they fish for salmon. 
A considerable number of Japanese engage in fishing in Canadian 
waters. 

At many places on the coast, particularly in Alaska, fishing is a 
hazardous occupation. In Alaska most of it is done in the bays, 
sounds, and straits, where storms are frequent, and the annual loss 
of life is heavy. The records of the Alaska Fishermen's Union 
show for its members the following losses of life by drowning: 1905, 
10 men; 1906, 5 men; 1907, 10 men; 1908, 17 men; and 1909, 17 men. 

The fishermen early saw the advantages of organization, and 
nearly every river now has a union, which is subordinate to the gen- 
eral organization. One of the most typical of these is the Alaska 
Fishermen's Union, which has active jurisdiction over all sections of 
Alaska, except a portion of southeast Alaska. This organization 
enters into contracts with the salmon canneries and salteries, by 
which the rates of wages, duties, etc., of the fishermen are fixed in 
advance for a period of three years-. As a result of this mutual agree- 
ment upon terms but little trouble is experienced with the fishermen, 
who generally conform scrupulously to the terms of the contract, 
and strikes and bickerings, which were very common a few years ago, 
are now almost entirely absent. 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 99 

FISHERIES OF BOUNDARY WATERS. 

Waters which form the boundaries between States or between 
nations, and in which fishing is carried on by the citizens of both, 
have almost always proved bones of contention, and the Pacific coast 
has been no exception to the rule. 

The Columbia River, which forms the boundary between Oregon 
and Washington, affords a typical example of the evils which can 
result from a division of responsibility between two States. For 
many years each State enacted laws regulating the fisheries of the 
river with very slight regard usually to laws already in force in the 
other State. As a result of this the fishermen transferred their 
residence for license purposes from State to State as the laws of one 
or the other best suited their particular purposes. 

The fishermen and packers also were in apparently irreconcilable 
conflict as to the proper means to be taken to conserve the fisheries, 
and each session of the legislatures saw strong lobbies present to 
work for certain selfish ends, while the few earnest men who had the 
real welfare of the fisheries of the river at heart had difficulty in 
making the slightest headway against the influence of these lobbies. 

To further complicate the matter, in 1894 Oregon claimed that, 
under the provisions of the enabling act admitting it as a State, it 
had jurisdiction to the Washington shore, and proceeded to arrest 
Washington men who were fishing in what was the open season 
according to Washington law but the closed season under Oregon law.. 

In June, 1908, the voters of the State of Oregon had presented for 
their consideration two bills radically affecting the waters of Columbia 
River. One closed the river east of the mouth of the Sandy River 
against all fishing of any kind except with hook and line, and was 
originated by gill-net fishermen of the lower river for the purpose of 
eliminating fish wheels in the upper waters. This bill was the first 
presented to the people, and when it appeared the upriver men 
retaliated by presenting a bill affecting the lower river to such an 
extent that it practically prohibited the net fishermen from operating. 

Very much to the surprise of all concerned both bills were passed 
and became laws on July 1, to take effect, as provided, on August 25 
and September 10, respectively. The Oregon master fish warden 
proceeded to enforce both laws, arresting all violators on both sides 
of the river, irrespective of whether or not they were operating under 
a Washington or Oregon license, and incidentally did the fisheries a 
great service by bringing prominently before the public the anoma- 
lous condition of affairs which was occasioned by the archaic system 
under which the fisheries of the Columbia were governed. The State 
of Washington appealed to the United States courts, which, after 
argument, issued an injunction preventing the warden from enforc- 
ing the laws so far as the Washington fishermen were concerned. 



100 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

In the meantime the attention of the General Government had 
been drawn to the apparently irreconcilable conflict between the two 
States, and fearing that in the m§lee the interests of the fisheries 
would be lost sight of, President Roosevelt, in a message to Con- 
gress, after reciting briefly the lack of harmony in jurisdiction by the 
States, recommended that the General Government take over the 
control of the fisheries of the Columbia, as well as other interstate 
rivers. 

This had the effect of bringing matters to a head, and negotiations 
were soon in progress looking to the preparation of a treaty between 
the two States by which uniform laws would be adopted, and thus 
each State have concurrent jurisdiction to the opposite shore of the 
river. The legislatures each appointed a committee of eight mem- 
bers to confer and frame joint legislation. The two committees met 
in Seattle, Wash., early in 1909, and agreed upon the following 
recommendations : 

First. A spring closed season from March 1 to May 1. 

Second. A fall closed season from August 25 to September 10. 

Third. A Sunday closed season from 8 p.m. Saturday of each week to 6 p. m. the 
Sunday following between the 1st day of May and the 25th day of August. 

Fourth. We suggest the mutual recognition by each State of the licenses issued to 
floating gear by the other State. 

Fifth. That the State of Oregon repeal chapter 89 of the session laws of Oregon 
for the year 1907, relative to the operation of purse seines and other like gear on the 
Columbia River. 

Sixth. We recommend the enactment of similar laws in both States carrying an 
appropriation of at least $2,500 in each State and providing for the destruction of 
seals and sea lions and the granting of a bounty on the same, to be |2.50 for seals and 
$5 for sea lions. 

Seventh. We recommend the repeal of both the fish bills passed under the provi- 
sions of the initiative and referendum in June, 1907, by the people of the State of 
Oregon, said bills being designated on the ballot as 318, 319 and 332, 333. 

The recommendations were enacted into law by both States, and at 
the same time the State of Washington in its bill also prohibited 
fishing for salmon within 3 miles of the mouth of the Columbia 
between March 1 and May 1 and between August 25 and September 
10, or salmon fishing on tributaries of the Columbia, except the Snake, 
between June 1 and September 15; and also prohibited fishing for 
salmon by any means save by hook and line in the Kalama, Lewis, 
Wind, Little White Salmon, Wenatchee, Methow, and Spokane 
Eivers and in the Columbia River 1 mile below the mouth of any of 
the rivers named. The agreement was subjected to a rather severe 
strain, however, when it was discovered that the Oregon Legislature 
had failed to provide the same closed periods for the tributaries that 
were enacted for the Columbia, thus leaving the Willamette, Clacka- 
mas, Lewis and Clark, and Youngs Rivers and Spikanon Creek open 
to fishing for 15 days in March and 15 days in April, while the 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 101 

Columbia was closed. The cry of bad faith was at once raised by 
the Washington fishermen, and for a short time it appeared that the 
agreement would be broken at the very beginning. The Oregon 
Board of Fish Commissioners took the matter up, however, and by 
order closed these streams to all fishing during the times of closed 
season on the Columbia, and thus restored peace once more. 

This agreement continued in force until 1915, when the legislature 
of each State prepared for a thorough revision of its fishery code. In 
order to make this revision more effective, committees from both 
legislatures were appointed and held joint meetings in Portland, 
where they mutually agreed upon laws covering the fisheries of the 
Columbia River, and in order to make this agreement more binding 
the following chapter was inserted in the codes finally adopted: 

All laws and regulations now existing, or which may be necessary for regulating, 
protecting, or preserving fish in the waters of the Columbia River, over which the 
States of Oregon and Washington have concurrent jurisdiction, or any other waters 
within either of said States, which would affect said concurrent jurisdiction, shall be 
made, changed, altered, and amended in whole or in part only with the mutual 
consent and approbation of both States. 

As such an agreement between two States requires the approval 
of Congress, a bill ratifying same was introduced in Congress on 
December 16, 1915. This compact was not acted on by the 64th 
Congress. 

The conditions which prevail in Puget Sound adjacent to the 
boundary between Washington and British Columbia have also been 
the cause of serious anxiety to those interested in the perpetuation 
of the salmon fisheries. The great schools of sockeye salmon which 
are on their way from the ocean to the spawning beds in the Fraser 
River pass through this section, and it is here that the greater part of 
the fishing is done. The Province of British Columbia and the State 
of Washington are vitally interested in the preservation of these 
fish, but, unfortunately, they seem to be unable to agree upon any 
definite policy with regard to their conservation, although it would 
appear to the unprejudiced observer that it ought to be possible to 
find some common ground upon which they could agree. 

This condition of affairs on Puget Sound and similar conditions in 
other , boundary waters led the General Government to take up the 
matter, and on April 11, 1908, a convention was concluded between 
this country and Great Britain for the protection, and preservation 
of the food fishes in international boundary waters of the United 
States and Canada. Both Governments appointed international 
commissioners — Dr. David Starr Jordan for the United States and 
S. T. Bastedo (who was succeeded later by Prof. Edward Ernest 
Prince) for Canada — whose duty it was to investigate conditions pre- 
vailing in these waters and to recommend a system of uniform and 
common international regulations. After an exhaustive investiga- 



102 PACIFIC SALMON FISHEEIES. 

tion the commissioners submitted recommendations, which included 
the following affecting the boundary waters dividing the State of 
Washington and the Province of British Columbia, these waters 
being denned as the Strait of Juan de Fuca, and those parts of Wash- 
ington Sound, the Gulf of Georgia, and Puget Sound lying between 
the parallels of 48° 10' and 49° 20': 

GENERAL REGULATIONS. 

S. Disposition of prohibited catch. — In case any fish is unintentionally captured 
contrary to the prohibitions or restrictions contained in any of the following regula- 
tions, such fish shall, if possible, be immediately returned alive and uninjured to the 
water. 

4. Dynamite, poisonous substances, etc. — No person shall place or use quicklime, 
dynamite, explosive, or poisonous substances, or electric device in treaty waters for 
the purpose of capturing or killing fish. 

5. Pollution of waters. — No person shall place or pass, or allow to pass, into treaty 
waters any substance offensive to fishes, injurious to fish life, or destructive to fish 
fry or to the food of fish fry, unless permitted so to do under any law passed by the 
legislative authority having jurisdiction. 

No person shall deposit dead fish, fish offal, or gurry in treaty waters, or on ice formed 
thereon, except in gurry grounds established by the duly constituted authorities. 

6. Capture of fishes for propagation or ''or scientific purposes. — Nothing contained in 
these regulations shall prohibit or interfere with the taking of any fishes at any time 
for propagation or hatchery purposes, and obtaining at any time or by any method 
specimens of fishes for scientific purposes under authority granted for Canadian treaty 
waters by the duly constituted authorities in Canada and for United States treaty 
waters by the duly constituted authorities in the United States. 

12. Capture of immature salmon prohibited. — No salmon, or steelhead of less than 3 
pounds in weight shall be fished for, killed, or captured in treaty waters. 

13. Salmon weirs, etc., above tidal limits prohibited. — No salmon and no steelhead 
shall be fished for, killed, or captured by means of a net of any sort, any weir or any 
fish wheel, above tidal limits in any river in treaty waters. 

14. Close season for sturgeon. — During the term of four years next following the date 
of the promulgation of these regulations no sturgeon shall be fished for, killed, or 
captured in treaty waters. 

15. Capture of fish for fertilizer or oil prohibited. — Fishes useful for human food shall 
not be fished for, killed, or captured in treaty waters for use in the manufacture of 
fertilizer, or of oil other than oil for food or medicinal purposes. 

16. Naked hooks and spears prohibited. — No spear, grappling hook, or naked hook, 
and no artificial bait with more than three hooks, or more than one burr of three hooks 
attached thereto, shall be used for the capture of fish in treaty waters. This regula- 
tion shall not prohibit the use of a gaff in hook-and-line fishing. 

17. Torching prohibited. — No torch, flambeau, or other artificial light shall be used 
as a lure for fish in treaty waters. 

The following regulations relate specifically to the waters named: 

STRAIT OF JTJAN DE FTJCA AND ADJACENT WATERS. 

The following regulations (62 to 66, inclusive) shall apply to the Strait of Juan de 
Fuca, those parts of Washington Sound, the Gulf of Georgia, and Puget Sound lying 
between the parallels of 48° W and 49° 20 7 north latitude: 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 103 

62. Close season for salmon. — From August 25 to September 15 in each year, both 
days inclusive, no salmon or steelhead shall be fished for, killed, or captured for com- 
mercial purposes in these treaty waters; provided, however, that in the waters to the 
westward of a line drawn southward from Gonzales Point to the shore of the State of 
Washington silver salmon, or coho salmon, may be tished for, killed, or captured from 
September 1 to September 15 in each year, both days inclusive. 

63. Weekly close season for salmon and steelhead.— From 6 o'clock Saturday morning 
to 6 o'clock on the Monday morning next succeeding, no salmon or steelhead shall be 
fished for, killed, or captured in these treaty waters. 

It is, however, provided that in the waters to the westward of a line drawn south- 
ward from Gonzales Point to the shore of the State of Washington the weekly close 
season shall begin 12 hours earlier, and shall end 12 hours earlier. 

64. Construction of pound nets. — All pound nets or other stationary appliances for 
the capture of salmon or steelhead shall be so constructed that no fish whatever shall 
be taken during the weekly close season. The erection or addition to the pound net 
of a jigger is prohibited. 

65. Location of pound nets. — All pound nets shall be limited to a length of 2,500 
feet, with an end passageway of at least 600 feet between one pound net and the next 
in a linear series, such distance being measured in continuation of the line of direc- 
tion of the leader of such net, and a lateral passageway of at least 2,400 feet between 
one pound net and the next. 

On and after January 1, 1911, the mesh in pound nets shall be 4 inches in extension 
in the leader and not less than 3 inches in other parts of the net. 

66. Nets other than pound nets. — No purse net shall be used within 3 miles of the 
mouth of any river and no seine within I mile of the mouth of any river in these treaty 
waters. 

No gill net of more than 900 feet in length or of a greater depth than 60 meshes shall 
be used in these treaty waters. 

The effort to enact these regulations into law by our Congress met 
with decided objections not only on the part of the Puget Sound 
operators, but also from operators in other waters affected, with the 
result that the bill is now virtually dead. 



V. THE SALMON FISHERIES OF SIBERIA. 

As on the Alaska coast, the aborigines of Siberia must have learned 
early of the excellent food qualities of the salmon which each year 
frequented the rivers of that country for spawning purposes, and 
not only ate them fresh but also dried large quantities for winter use 
of themselves and their dogs. 

Owing to the inaccessibility of the Siberian coast, due mainly to 
the lack of transportation facilities for many years, and the decided 
objection of the Russian Government to travelers roaming over the 
country, partly because of the presence of political and criminal 
convicts, and partly because of a fear that they might learn too 
much of its resources, there has been but little written, especially 
with regard to its fishery resources, about this remote section of the 
Russian Empire, and what little has been published is usually filled 
with inaccuracies, due, doubtless, in many instances, to the fact that 
the writer generally had to get most of his information at second and 
third hand and was also unfamiliar with fishery subjects. 

Most of the data given below were obtained directly from persons 
living in Siberia or Japan, most of whom are engaged in the fishing 
industry of Siberia, or from Americans who have on various occa- 
sions visited the country in order to view its fishing possibilities at 
first hand. 

SPECIES OF SALMON. 

All five species of salmon are to be found along the Siberian coast. 
Although we have very little authentic data relating to their move- 
ments, these are doubtless similar to the runs on the Alaska coast, 
where climatic and other conditions are very similar. Nearly all 
streams from the Arctic Ocean to north China seem to have runs of 
one or more species. The steelhead does not appear to be an inhab- 
itant of the Asian coast. 

The fishing carried on by the Russians has usually been along the 
rivers of the mainland, principally in the Amur and on Sakhalin 
Island. 

From very early times Japanese fishermen have frequented the 
Siberian coast and Sakhalin Island, the southern portion of the latter 
being owned by Japan, being drawn here mainly by the rich stores 
of salmon which could be secured easily and quickly and were so 
necessary to eke out the vast quantity needed to supply such a fish- 
eating nation as Japan. 
104 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 105 

The exhaustion of the fishery resources of many of the European 
waters belonging to Russia has forced some of her more enterprising 
fishermen to seek for new supplies in her Siberian waters, and as 
these resources become better known, and means of transportation 
are increased and improved, there will doubtless be a tremendous 
impetus given to their development. 

FISHING DISTRICTS OF SIBERIA. 

The Amur fishing district is subdivided into four districts, as fol- 
lows: Nikolaievsk, Chnirahsky, Pronga, and Sakhalin. The first 
named consists of 22 fishing stations belonging to the municipality 
of Nikolaievsk and 35 to the Department of Domains. The shore line 
is about 230 miles. Next in importance is the Chnirahsky district, 
and this includes some very important and valuable fishing plants. 
In the Pronga district are also several good fishing plants. The 
Sakhalin Island district includes all the fisheries of Russian Sakhalin 
Island north of 50° north latitude. 

The fisheries of the Usuri River, a tributary of the Amur, are 
controlled almost entirely by the local peasants, cossacks, and 
natives, who, owing to the inadequate means of transportation, are 
able to market but a small part of their catch otherwise than amongst 
themselves. The same is true also of Lake Hinka. 

The Kamchatka region has had the most important development 
of recent years, and now comprises within its boundaries most of the 
salmon canneries of Siberia. There are about 187 fishing stations 
in this district, the vast majority of which are held by Japanese. 

The Anadir district is said to be 'richer in fish than the southern 
districts of eastern Siberia. The chief commercial fisheries are 
concentrated near the Anadir River. A considerable quantity of 
salmon is frozen in this district for export. 

FISHERY RIGHTS AND REGULATIONS. 

Along the entire seacoast of Siberia, by virtue of the Russo-Japa- 
nese convention of 1907, concluded for 12 years, the Japanese are 
permitted to engage in fishing on equal terms with Russians. In such 
sections there is no restriction with regard to the nationality of the 
laborers employed or the method of preparing the fish, except that 
the manufacture of fish manure from fish of the salmon variety is 
prohibited. On the face of it this convention looks like an equitable 
agreement, but in putting the Japanese on the same footing as the 
Russians it subjected them to a lot of unstated and arbitrary laws, 
by-laws, and local regulations, besides making the tenure exceed- 
ingly short, virtually only one year, as a result of which Japanese 
capital refuses to erect more than the crudest of plants. 



106 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

Fishing rights in the gulfs and bays not included in the Russo- 
Japanese convention, such as Peter the Great Bay, Imperial Har- 
bor, Vanina Bay, Avatchinsk Bay, and others, as well as the rivers 
of Okhotsk and Kamchatka, are granted by the Governor General, 
without public tenders, to persons of good repute, but for one- year 
only, and if they show their ability to establish a successful fishing 
station a lease for 12 years can be secured on the basis of paying a 
royalty of 2± cents per pood (36.112 pounds) of prepared fish. Un- 
der the terms of the lease only Russian subjects can be employed at 
the stations, while all sailing vessels serving the stations must be 
under the Russian flag. 

The regulations governing the river districts vary from those re- 
lating to coast concessions, and also vary from each other, as the 
local authorities in the river districts are authorized to issue tempo- 
rary rules and regulations to cover local conditions. 

On the Aniur " River, within the boundaries of the Nikolaievsk, 
Mariinsk, and Khabarovsk districts, the fishing stations are leased 
by public auction to the highest bidder, some on a long-term basis 
and others for only one year. At stations above the city of Xikola- 
ievsk, within 30 miles of the Amur estuary and farther, no foreign 
labor is allowed. Below the city of Nikolaievsk foreign labor can be 
employed to handle the fish on shore, but the actual fishing can be 
done only by Russian subjects. 

At the present time the chief aim of the Russian authorities is to 
break the monopoly the Japanese have of the fisheries along the 
greater part of the coast. This will be an exceedingly difficult thing 
to do, owing to the proximity o,f the Japanese to the Siberian coast, 
the ease with which they can transport by water the necessary sup- 
plies, etc., for carrying on the fisheries, the vastly greater skill in 
carrying on this work displayed by them over their Russian com- 
petitors, and their unlimited supply of cheap labor, while the Russian 
fisheries are badly hampered as a result of the few Russian subjects 
available for such work and the consequent high wage cost of same. 
Japan also has another big advantage in that she is at present almost 
the sole market for the greater part of the, salmon and other fishes 
taken in Siberia. The very fact of this fish being necessary for 
feeding her people will cause Japan to battle hard to hold her present 
advantage. 

The development of the salmon and other fisheries of Siberia has 
been much hampered by the disinclination of the Russian Govern- 
ment to permit foreigners to acquire fishing concessions except on 
very short tenure. As the Russians themselves are generally un- 
skilled in fishing operations, and are compelled to do the work with 
Russian labor, which is quite scarce, they do but little with their 
concessions. American capital would doubtless be available for de- 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 



107 



veloping Siberia's fisheries were it assured of a sufficiently long 
tenure of lease with some other minor concessions. 

APPARATUS EMPLOYED. 

In the river districts somewhat primitive fishing apparatus is 
employed. Spears, dip nets, and the other simple forms which 
seem to be common to all savage tribes depending upon the water 
for the greater part of their subsistence, are all in use by the natives 
living along the upper reaches. 

Weirs of a primitive type are also used. These have a lead con- 
sisting of willow poles and branches built from the river bank or a 
sand bank out into the stream. At the outer end is attached a net 
compartment with a lead, into which the fish, which have been 
following the lead in the search for an opening, pass. Two men in 
a boat are anchored close by, and as soon as 30 or 40 salmon have 
passed into the compartment, it is hauled up and the fish emptied 
into the boat after which the net is reset. 

Haul seines of varying lengths and depths are used in connection 
with the more important river fishing stations. 

Along the coast the Japanese use a floating trap net somewhat 
similar to the type used in Alaska, also haul seines and a few gill nets. 

ABUNDANCE OF SALMON. 

It is exceedingly difficult to secure even approximate statistics 
of the Siberian catch of salmon, owing to the wide extent of coast, the 
totally inadequate means of transportation preventing close super- 
vision, the presence of so many foreigners who go directly home with 
their catches at the end of the season, and the crude system of control 
in operation by the authorities. 

The following table shows the catch of salmon in the four districts 
for the year 1898: 



Districts. 



Nikolaievsk . 
Chnirahsky . . 

Pronga 

Sakhalin 



Total. 



Spring. 



60,000 

1,067,000 

666,000 



1,793,000 



Summer. 



7,464,896 
873,000 
316,950 
635,000 



9,289,846 



Autumn. 



4,685,480 

2,662,000 

665,500 

748,000 



8,760,980 



In the Anadir district the catch in 1909 was as follows: Cape 
St. Michael, 91,616; above Cape Neuman, 8,234; Anadir River, 
150,746; Anadir River estuary, 9,864; Hanchelar River, 6,121; 
Cape Observation, 270,000; total, 536,581. The catch by natives 
and small Russian fishermen is estimated at about 3,000,000 and 
500,000 fish, respectively. In addition t6 this, 130 barrels of caviar, 



10S 



PACIFIC SAT MON FISHERIES. 



weighing 14 tons, were prepared, and there were 20 tons from Capo 
Observation. 

According to the statistics of the Fisheries Control, the catch of 
salmon in the Amur River in 1910 was as follows: Spring salmon. 
7.701.344; summer salmon, 21,384,549; autumn salmon, 9,546,254; 
in all. 38,632,147. Of this number 34,649,025 fish were marketed 
and the balance consumed locally. Japan bought 23,228,481 fish, 
valued at $473. S00; the balance was valued at $681,045. In addition 
there were 4.760.784 pounds of salmon caviar, valued at an average 
price of SO. 114 per pound, totaling $543,413, which brings the total 
value of the salmon catch and by-products up to SI. 608, 558. During 
the same year, in Peter the Great Bay. 8.263 salmon were caught. 

The number of salmon caught in eastern and western Kamchatka 
and in the bays and rivers in this region not included in the Fishing 
Convention, and at the Russian river stations, in 1011. was as follows: 



Species. 



Western 
Kam- 
chatka. 



Eastern 

Kam- 
chatka. 



River 
stations. 



Bays and 
river 

outlets. 



Total. 



Chavitoh ^kitis^ 

Keta (chum) 

Krasnaia (rod) 

G artrasha (humpback ) 
Kishuu'h (eohoj 

Total 



5,421 

3,082,300 

2,136,800 

39,4*8,500 

327. 200 



7,818 

2,675,000 

747,000 

1,411.000 
179,000 



207 

297,300 

689,000 

1,320,200 

114,200 



590 
890, 790 
236,240 
175,980 



45.000.221 



5,019, SIS 



2, 420, 907 



1,311,370 



14,036 

6.945,390 

3,809,040 

42,355,680 

628,170 



53,752,316 



In the Okhotsk district the catch amounted to 827.274 keta and 
37.700 krasnaia. Of salmon caviar 480 tons were prepared by the 
Japanese and 60 tons by the Russians. 

In 1015 about 50,000 barrels of pickled salmon were prepared on 
the Amur River. In the sections covered by the Fishing Convention 
6.000.000 salmon, mostly keta with a few krasnaia, were dry-salted, 
while 80.000.000 humpback salmon, called "salmon trout" in Japan, 
were so prepared. No lish were frozen for the European market, due 
to the war. A considerable quantity of caviar was prepared, but the 
quantity is unknown. The pack of canned salmon is shown elsewhere. 

FREEZING SALMON. 

As when the Russians owned Alaska, the exploitation of Siberia 
was carried on for many years by trading companies with large powers 
granted by the Government. In 1802 a very enterprising company 
was in charge, judging from the following extract from a letter 
written on February 2. 1803. by the late Eugene G. Blackford, the 
well-known fish dealer of New York, to the late Col. Marshall McDon- 
ald, then United States Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries: 

I have just learned of the arrival in Chicago of 60.000 pounds of frozen salmon. 
They were caught in Petropavlovsk, Kamchatka. These hsh are a new venture 



PACIFIC SALMON FJSHKTiircS. 109 

undertaken by a commercial trading company who control that, country, and those 
Halrnon have boon taken from a rive/ - wlioro none havo been caught before, and my 
information in that they catch fislh' weighing as much as 150 pounds each. The above 
lot of fiHh wdH brought frozen to Tacoroa and then shipped by refrigerator car to Chi- 
cago where they were Hold to Mr. Booth of the Booth Packing Co., Chicago. Mr. Booth 
has declined to pay for them because of their not being in satisfactory condition. 

Nothing further appears to havo been done in this lino until in 1 '.)():',, 
when a Berlin fish merchant outfitted and sent to the Siberian coast 
a refrigerator steamer with a capacity of 2,500 tons. The fish were 
caught mainly in the Amur River and were frozen immediately after 
being brought aboard. In all, 160,000 salmon were obtained, and 
these were in excellent condition when landed at Hamburg, Germany. 

In 1907 the Salmon Steam Fishing Co., a combined British and 
Japanese company, chartered the steamers Zenofna and Zephyrus. 
These vessels were fitted with refrigerating apparatus and cold-stor- 
age chambers and sent to the Kamchatkan Peninsula to get a cargo. 
Both secured good cargoes. 

In 1909 two refrigerating steamers visited the coast and froze salmon 
for the European market. One vessel was outfitted by a British 
company and the other by a German company, J. Lindenberger (Inc.). 
The latter reported that the chum salmon, the principal species frozen, 
were large and very bright. The British steamer left England in 
April and arrived home again late in December. 

CANNING SALMON. 

In 1900 the Kamchatka Commercial & Industrial Co. (Ltd.), was 
organized at St. Petersburg, Russia, by A. T. Prozoraf, president of 
the St. Petersburg Chamber of Commerce, P. M. Grunwalt, H. T. M. 
Court, and A. A. Prozoraf, secretary. A complete canning outfit was 
purchased in the United States, and the first cannery in Siberia estab- 
lished at Pctropavlovsk, Avacha Bay, Kamchatka. 

The San Francisco Trade Journal, under date of December 19, 1902, 
printed the following item relating to the operations of this cannery: 

On December 8 the Russian barkentine Bitte arrived from Pctropavlovsk. Siberia, 
with 10,436 cases canned salmon. This is the first consignment of salmon received 
from them. 

The greater part of the pack comprised dog salmon, although they 
were labeled "pink" salmon, the rest being reds and kings. 

In 1903 the company did not operate, the fishing season being de- 
voted to moving the plant to Ust-Kamchatka, at the mouth of the 
Kamchatka River, where, after being in use altogether for two or 
three years, it was abandoned and left all standing. 

In 1907 two canneries were established in the estuary of the Amur 
River, near Nikolaievsk, but beyond getting out samples they were 
never operated. 



110 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

In 1910 A. G. Denbigh, an Englishman, built a modern cannery 
near the second site of the Kamchatkan Commercial & Industrial Co. 
That year the cannery produced only about 10,000 cases, but each 
year since the equipment of the plant has been enlarged and improved 
until in 1913 the pack amounted to 60,000 cases. Early in 1914 a 
complete one-line plant of American can-packing machinery was 
installed. 

In 1912 Mr. Denbigh built another cannery \\ miles away from the 
above plant. This plant was first operated with German and Nor- 
wegian sanitary machinery, but in 1914 a two-line American sanitary 
can-packing plant was installed, the can-making plant at the first 
plant making all the cans needed at the two canneries. 

In 1915 a number of additions were made to both plants in the line 
of flat fillers, etc., while still more were in contemplation for 1916. 

Mr. Denbigh also operates a hand cannery at Compocowa, on the 
west side of the Kamchatka Peninsula. 

Up to 1912 very few canneries, and these very primitive affairs, 
had been built by the Japanese, owing to the uncertainty of tenure 
referred to previously. The "canneries" were mere sheds or shel- 
ters where the cans — which were brought from Japan, made or half 
made — were filled, closed, and cooked, furnace-heated, vertical retorts 
being used for the latter purpose. If the owner lost his concession 
at the end of the fishing season he simply took his retorts away with 
him and the buildings were left to his successor. 

In 1912 a Tokyo company (Ichigumi & Co.) put up two canneries 
near the Ozernaya River in Kamchatka, while a Japanese from 
Niigata, Japan, also put up a small plant in the same vicinity. Both 
plants were cheaply built and operated with hand-power machinery 
and small vertical retorts. That year the two companies together 
packed about 13,500 cases of salmon. 

The same season Ichigumi & Co. put up another hand-power can- 
nery, and Tsutsumi & Co., of Hakodate, Japan, built two others of 
the same type near the Kamchatka River, on the east coast. 

In 1913 Tsutsumi & Co. built a modern cannery at Ozernaya and 
installed a complete line of American sanitary can-making and can- 
packing machinery. 

The same year Ichigumi & Co. put up two hand-power canneries 
near the Kamchatka River, having succeeded to the concessions for- 
merly held here by Tsutsumi & Co. In 1914 they built a modern 
plant and installed a complete line of American sanitary can-making 
and can-packing machinery. 

The St. Petersburg firm of S. Grooshetsky & Co., which has been 
engaged for a number of years in the freezing of salmon and in the 
preparation of salmon caviar, under the name of the Pacific Ocean 
Sea Industry Association, erected a cannery near Ozernaya in 1914, 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 



Ill 



and installed in it a full line of American sanitary can-making and 
can-packing machinery. This plant will compare favorably with 
most of our Alaska canneries. The buildings are of iron. 

In 1915 a number of extensive improvements in the way of new 
buildings, machinery, etc., were made to the various plants, and 
during the winter of 1915-16 several of the canning firms had repre- 
sentatives in this country selecting much additional machinery for 
use during the 1916 season. 

The following table" shows the detailed pack of canned salmon 
made by the various companies operating in Siberia in 1915: 





Canner- 
ies. 


One-pound flats. 




Name and cannery location. 


Reds. 


Springs. 


Silvers. 


Chums.o 


Hump- 
backs. 


Total. 


A. G. Denbigh, Kamchatka River (2) 


3 
1 

1 

1 
1 
1 

2 


Cases. 
58,000 
6,000 


Cases. 


Cases. 
26,000 


Cases. 

38,000 

23,000 

7,000 

11, 981 


Cases. 


Cases. 
122, 000 


S. Grooshetsky & Co., Bolsheretsk 






29,000 








7,000 


Nichiro Fishing Co. (Ltd.), Kamchatka 


14, 703 

2,200 

6 37, 800 

1,000 


3,334 


2,191 




32, 209 






2,200 








8,800 
4,000 




46,600 


Hand-pack canneries, East and West 






10,000 


15 000 










Total 


10 


119, 703 


3,334 


28, 191 


92, 781 


10, 000 


254, 009 







o Called "Pinks" in Siberia. 



b Includes 10, 80" cases one-half pound flats of 8 dozen each. 



The following table 6 shows the pack ol canned salmon in Siberia 
from 1910, the virtual inception of the industry, to 1915, inclusive: 



Years. 


Springs. 


Reds. 


Silvers. 


"Pinks."o 


Hump- 
backs. 


Total. 


1910 v. 


Cases. 


Coses. 
5,500 
15, 000 
43, 500 

102, 900 
85,000 

119, 703 


Cases. 
2,500 
6,000 

18,000 
7,000 

22,500 

28, 191 


Cases. 
2,000 
4,000 
16, 000 
21,000 
27,000 
92, 781 


Cases. 


Cases. 


1911 






25 000 


1912 






77, 500 
133, 400 
136, 500 


1913 .' 




2,500 
2,000 
10.000 


1914 




1915 


3,334 


254,009 




Total 


3,334 


371,603 


84,191 


162, 781 


14, 500 


636, 409 







a Chum salmon are marketed under a " Pink" label. 

SALTING SALMON. 

By far the greater part of the salmon catch of Siberia is either 
pickled or dry-salted. This was the earliest commercial method 
initiated on the coast and has been followed for a number of years, 
mainly by the Japanese. The coast is dotted with concessions worked 
by Japanese, while there are large numbers in operation along the 
rivers, these being restricted to Russians. An idea of the extent of 

o From Pacific Fisherman Year Book for 191C, p. 44. 
b Idem., p. 39. 



112 PACIFIC SA1 MOH FISHERIES. 

this branch of the industry may be gathered when it is stated that in 
1915 there were 50.000 barrels of pickled salmon prepared in the 

Amur region, while the Japanese dry-salted about 0.000,000 dog 
salmon, including also a few reds, and SO. 000. 000 humpbacks, or 
"salmon trout." as they are called in Japan. 

In pickling salmon the fish are split down the back, the sides being 
held together by the belly. The roe. gills, and viscera are removed 
and the fish are then washed, and after salting are placed in large 
tanks for seven or more days, or until they are thoroughly struck, 
after which they are packed in barrels, flesh side up. except the two 
top layers, which have the skin side up. To about 700 pounds of 
fish ISO pounds of salt are used. 

The dry-salting, next to drying, is the most primitive method 
employed in preserving salmon. The process consists simply in 
splitting the fish up the belly, removing the gills and entrails, and 
then tilling the belly with salt. The fish are then placed in rows on 
matting and covered with salt, and other rows are placed on top of 
them until the pile is from S to 10 feet high, when the entire lot is 
covered with matting and left for about seven days, after which they 
are relaid and again covered with salt. For shipping the fish are 
packed in mats. 

A very odd feature in connection with the operation of most of 
the Japanese plants is that the salt to be used in curing the £sh is 
usually dumped loose onto some level spot, with absolutely no cov- 
ering over it. and exposed to the elements. 

The Japanese consume enormous quantities of these dry-salted 
salmon. During the Kussian-Japanese^war the latter country's fish- 
ermen were cut off from access to their usual fishing grounds, with the 
result that they were forced to look elsewhere for fish. During 1905 
and 1906 large quantities were prepared in Alaska. British Columbia, 
and Washington for this trade, but as soon as the war ended and the 
Japanese got access once more to their old lishing grounds, the Japan- 
ese dutv on salt fish, which had been suspended during and for a short 
period after the war. was reimposed. As a result our fishermen soon 
quit the business, and since then operations on this coast have been 
almost wholly restricted to Japanese operating in British Columbia 
waters. 

At the height of the production on this coast Mr. King, the Amer- 
ican consular agent at Hakodate. Japan, made the following sugges- 
tions to preparers and shippers of dry-salted salmon for the Japanese 
trade: 

The salmon should arrive in Japan by December 1. Most of these fish are used 
among the Japanese for New Years presents. After the new year the price inva- 
riably declines 20 to 30 per cent, and for a month or two the fish are difficult to dis- 
pose of. as the consumers always stock up before the new year. 



PACIFIC SALMON PISHEBIES. 113 

The salmon should weigh not lew than 5 pounds when thoroughly cared. They 
should be free from spots, which are usually found on the salmon if caught in Eresa or 
brackish water. No Japanese would think of giving a salmon with rod and black 
spots to a friend for a Now Year's present, and spotted fish, never realize rnoro than 
half the price obtainable for clean white fish. The salmon should be split up Hie 
belly and should be salted with fine salt. Coarse salt always tears the flesh of the fish 
when being rubbed in. Care should be taken that the salmon are not oversalted. 

Semga salting is a more improved and sanitary method than that 
of straight pickling and is used when the fish are being prepared for 
the European market. Selected fish are cut open along the belly and 
the viscera and gills are carefully removed. In order that the salt 
may penetrate the flesh more thoroughly, the flesh on the inside is 
Scored several times. The fish are then carefully washed and rubbed 
with brushes, after which they are kept on ice for 24 hours. The 
brine is carefully prepared and very strong. When properly struck 
the fish are repacked into barrels. 

"Kolodka" is a very crude and cheap method of salting. The fish 
are half salted and half dried without being cut open, and are sold at 
the place where prepared. 

The natives prepare a great many salmon for the winter use of 
themselves and their dogs, the same as do the Alaskan natives. The 
fish are dried without the use of salt. The product is known as 
"youkala." 

Some salmon bellies are also cut out and salted, although this has 
never attained to prominence. 

Some fresh salmon, as well as salted, are smoked for local con- 
sumption. 

Barrels, or tierces, for packing salmon are made from cedar, larch, 
or fir, with a net capacity of 900 to 1,000 pounds of fish, and are 
bound with wooden and iron hoops. 
62425°— 17 a 



VI. THE SALMON FISHERIES OF JAPAN. 

Outside of Karafuto (that portion of Sakhalin Island, south of 50° 
north latitude, which belongs to Japan) and the Kuril Islands, the 
salmon fisheries of Japan are comparatively small, the principal por- 
tion of the immense catches made by Japanese fishermen being along 
the coasts of Siberia and Karafuto. 

All of the five species of salmon found on the American side are 
to be found in the waters of Sakhalin during the usual spawning 
periods. 

The chum salmon (0. ~keta), which is known in Japan as "sake," and 
when canned as " pink" x salmon, is to be found on Hokkaido Island, 
running up the various streams for spawning purposes from Septem- 
ber to December. 

On the same island is to be found also the masu (0. masou), a 
salmon, according to Dr. Jordan, very similar to the humpback, 
the scales being a little larger, the caudal fin without black spots, 
and the back usually immaculate. It is fairly abundant in the 
streams of Hokkaido, the island formerly known as Yezo, and is 
found nowhere else in the world. The author had an opportunity 
to examine a dry-salted masu (it might be well to state here that in 
Japanese masu means "trout") at the fish house of the Royal Fish 
Co., in Vancouver, British Columbia, in January, 1916. The mana- 
ger, Mr. Erny, had imported the fish from his own country. Both 
in size and general appearance it closely resembled a humpback 
salmon, and when cut open the flesh had the same coloring observ- 
able in our humpback. This species, and the true humpback found 
in more northern waters, especially in Siberia, are dry-salted in 
i mm ense numbers and are generally marketed under the name of 
"white trout" or "salmon trout." 

In Japan the "red trout" seem to be our rainbow and brook 
trouts, which were introduced into Japanese waters some years ago. 
The red salmon (0. nerka) is to be found landlocked in Lake Akan in 
the northern part of the island. It is smaller in size than the sea 
species. This species has been introduced into the waters of Honshu. 

The section of this report devoted to the salmon fisheries of Siberia 
treats quite fully of the activities of the Japanese in that quarter. 

In Sakhalin, or Karafuto, as it is called in Japan, the Japanese 
have had a rather checkered career. At one time this island belonged 
to the Chinese Empire. Early in the nineteenth century the southern 

a Fishes, by David Starr Jordan, p. 296. N. Y., 1907. 
114 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 



115 



portion was occupied by the Japanese. In 1875 she bartered it to 
Russia in exchange for some small islands in the Kuril group. As 
a result of the Russo-Japanese War the southern half, or all that 
portion south of 50° north latitude, was in 1905 ceded to Japan. 

The salmon fisheries of this island are of much importance. For 
many years the Japanese had a virtual monopoly of them, but very 
early in the present century the Russians attempted to restrict con- 
siderably the activities of the Japanese fishermen, and encouraged 
her own subjects to compete with them. Many hundreds of Rus- 
sians and Koreans were encouraged to migrate to the island and 
engage in its fisheries. Despite these handicaps, the operations of 
the Japanese fishermen, according to the statistics shown below, do 
not seem to have suffered. 



Years. 



Salmon.o 



Spring 
salmon. 



Total. 



1897. 
1898. 
1899. 
1900. 
1901. 
1902. 



Koku.b 
8,589 
6,335 
8,379 
7,719 
3,089 



Kokufi 
34,246 
11,228 
22,959 
8,797 
12, 735 



Koku.b 
42,835 
17,563 
31,338 
16,516 
15, 824 
24, 726 



a Species not specified. 



b Koku equals about 5J bushels. 



Considerable fishing is carried on around the island of Yetorofu, 
one of the Kuril group. Here are found red (0. nerka), silver (O. 
Tcisutch), and chum salmon (0. keta), also either the humpback or Dr. 
Jordan's masu. 

CANNING INDUSTRY. 

The salmon canning industry in Japan proper was inaugurated by 
the Hokkaido Colonization Department, a local branch of the Federal 
Government. For some time this department had operated a fishery 
school on Hokkaido Island, at which experimental work in the canning 
of salmon and other fishery products was carried on. This estab- 
lishment canned considerable salmon during the Russo-Japanese War. 

This same department also established a fishery school on Yetorofu 
Island, one of the Kuril group, which was, in 1908, taken over by 
Suhara Kakubei, a fisherman and graduate of the school, and used 
as a salmon cannery. 

Some years earlier, however, about 1892 or 1893, Fujino Shirobei 
started canneries in Shibetsu and Bekkai, Nemuro Province, Hok- 
kaido Island, and a short time later Idzumi Shozo also started a 
plant at Nemuro. For a number of years these three canneries were 
the only producers. The plants were quite primitive, the product 
small, and most of it was consumed by the Japanese Navy. , A 
demand for the product was gradually worked up, however, and as 
a result there are now a number of small canning plants on Hokkaido 



116 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 



Island proper, the Kuril Islands, and Japanese Sakhalin. Most of 
these plants devote the major part of their energies to the packing 
of crab meat, the canning of salmon being in most cases a side issue. 
A few of the plants have been equipped with machinery, but the 
large majority are hand-pack plants, employing but a few persons. 

Most of these plants pack what is called "white trout," which is 
really the humpback or masu salmon. In 1912 there were in Hok- 
kaido and adjacent islands 21 canneries which packed 730 cases (48 
one-pound flat cans each) of red (0. nerka) and 72,770 cases (48 
one-pound cans each) of "white trout," a total of 73,500 cases. 

On the Japanese portion of Sakhalin Island 4 canneries packed 
10,120 cases (48 one-pound cans each) of "white trout" in 1912. 

The pack of canned salmon in Japanese territory in recent years 
has been as follows: 



Years. 



Hokkaido 
and Kurils. 



Karafuto 
(Japanese 
Sakhalin). 



Total. 



1912 

1913 

1914 

1915 (estimated) 



Coses. 
73, 500 
46,000 
50,450 
55,000 



Cases. 
10, 120 



15, 000 
15, 000 



Cases. 
83,620 
■46, 000 
65, 450 
70,000 



The following table shows the quantities and value of salmon and 
trout taken by the Japanese fishermen in certain years : 



Years. 


Salmon. 


Trout. 


Pounds. 


Yen. 


Pounds. 


Yen. 


1902 


5, 722, 475 
9, 286, 267 
26, 438, 017 


454, 662 

892, 879 

1, 594, 230 


923, 025 
4, 500, 008 
44, 038, 383 


121, 499 


1907 


332, 316 


1912 


92S, 513 







FISHERY METHODS. 

In Japanese waters salmon are taken by means of trap nets, haul 
seines, and gill nets. 

The haul seines used along the seashore have a length of about 500 
fathoms. Each is carried by a boat of 9 feet beam with 30 men, and 
the right wing, called the "outing wing," is first paid out as the boat 
heads out from the beach. When the pocket, or bunt, is cast, the 
boat turns its course toward the right and steers gradually landward, 
casting the left wing. When the school is encircled the seine is hauled 
ashore by the seine ropes. 

The floating trap net used for salmon is known as "kaku-ami," or 
square trap net. This consists of a main net and lead. The main net, 
or heart, is 70 fathoms long, 10 fathoms wide, and 10 fathoms deep, 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 117 

and the lead is 120 fathoms long. The latter guides the fish toward 
the main net. When being fished the pot is hauled up by a boat crew 
and the fish transferred to the boat by means of a dip net. 

FISH CULTURE. 

The artificial culture of salmon is carried on in 56 hatcheries, which 
are distributed in Hokkaido and the prefectures of Aomori, Akita, 
Yamagata, Niigata, Toyama, Kyoto, Iwate, and Miyagi. Nine of 
these belong to the government of Hokkaido and other prefectures, 
while the rest are owned by fishing associations, individuals, or corpo- 
rations. The number of young salmon distributed by these hatch- 
eries amounts to over 80,000,000 a year. 

The largest hatchery is the one at Chitose, under the supervision of 
the Hokkaido Fishery Experimental Station. It was established in 
1887, and it is estimated that the fish distributed by it number from 
20,000,000 to 30,000,000 yearly. 

The salmon hatchery of Murakami, Niigata prefecture, dates as far 
back as 1881, when a regulation pertaining to the preservation of 
young salmon in the River Miomote was enacted by the prefecture of 
Niigata. This was first called the ''Murakami Salmon Raising 
Plant," but in 1891 it was turned into a hatchery, and is now distrib- 
uting 2,000,000 young salmon a year. The salmon hatchery of 
Nitta River, Fukushima prefecture, is very similar in its history and 
organization to the above. 

The industry has during the last few years become very popular in 
Yamagata prefecture, where 22 hatcheries are in operation as private 
enterprises. 

In the prefectures of Shiga, Miye, Shizuoka, Nagano, Yamanashi, 
Kanagawa, Akita, Niigata, Hyogo, Miyazaki, and Hokkaido, the masu 
(O. masou) and the landlocked hime-masu (O. nerka) are raised and 
distributed in the lakes and rivers. There are eight hatcheries work- 
ing on these species. The hatchery of Lake Towada, Akita prefec- 
ture, first transplanted hime-masu from Hokkaido in 1902, and it is 
now hatching from 5,000,000 to 10,000,000 eggs a year for the purpose 
of distributing the fish among the different districts. 



VII. METHODS OF PREPARING SALMON, 

CANNING. 
EARLY DATS OF THE INDUSTRY. 

In the salmon industry canning is, and has been almost from 
the time of the discovery of a feasible method of so preserving the 
fish, the principal branch. The first canning of salmon on the 
Pacific coast was on the Sacramento River in 1864, when G. W. 
and William Hume and Andrew S. Hapgood, operating under the 
firm name of Hapgood, Hume & Co., started the work on a scow 
at Washington, Yolo County, Cal. The Hume brothers, who 
came from Maine originally, had been fishing for salmon in the 
Sacramento River for some years before the idea of canning the 
fish had entered their minds, while Mr. Hapgood had previously 
been engaged in canning lobsters in Maine, and was induced by the 
Humes to participate in order that they might have the benefit of 
his knowledge of canning methods. The late R. D. Hume, who 
worked in the original cannery, and later became one of the best- 
known canners on the coast, thus describes the plant and the methods 
employed : a 

Before the arrival of Mr. Hapgood [from Maine] the Hume brothers had purchased 
a large scow, on which they proposed to do the canning of salmon, and had added 
an extension to the cabin 18 by 24 feet in area, to be used as a can-making shop. This 
had a shed on the side next to the river for holding any cans that might be made in 
advance of the packing season. A few days after the arrival of Mr. Hapgood [March 
23, 1864], the tools and machinery were packed and put in position. Mr. Hapgood 
made some stovepipe and two or three sheet-iron fire pots, and in a short time was ready 
for can making. The following list of tools and machinery will show how primitive 
our facilities were as compared with present methods : 1 screw hand press, 1 set cast- 
iron top dies, 1 set cast-iron bottom dies, 1 pair squaring shears, 1 pair rotary shears, 
1 pair bench shears, 1 pair hand shears or snips, 1 pair 24-inch rolls, 1 anvil (weight 
50 pounds), 1 forging hammer, 1 tinner's hammer, 1 set punches for making stovepipe, 
1 rivet set, 1 grooving set, 2 iron slabs grooved on one side to mold strips of solder, 1. 
iron clamp to hold bodies of cans while soldering the seams, 1 triangular piece of cast 
iron about three-eighths of an inch in thickness and 6 inches in length, with a wooden 
handle attached to the apex, also used for holding can bodies in place while being 
seamed. 

The process of canning was as follows: The bodies of the cans were first cut to proper 
Bize by the squaring shears, a line was then scribed with a gage about three-sixteenths 
of an inch from one edge, and they were next formed into cylindrical shape by the rolls. 
They were then taken to the soldering bench and one edge lapped by the other until 

a The first salmon cannery. By R. D. Hume. Pacific Fisherman, vol. it, no. 1, January. 1904, i. 
19-21. 

118 



U. S. B. F.— Doc. 839. 



Plate XIV. 




U. S. B. F.— Doc. 839. 



Plate XV. 




PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 119 

the edge met the line that had been scribed and fastened there by being soldered a 
small part of the length to hold them in place for the further purpose of seaming. 
They were then placed either in the iron clamp, which had a piece of wood attached to 
its under side, and held firmly, the clamp being closed by the operation of a treadle, 
or were slipped on a piece of wood, which was bolted to the bench, while being held 
in place by the triangular hand seamer, which was pressed down on the lap of the seam 
by the left hand of the operator. When this had been done a piece of solder, which 
had been prepared by shaking in a can together with rosin, was placed on the seam 
and melted and rubbed lengthwise of the seam. After cooling the bodies were ready 
for the end or bottom, which operation was brought about by first cutting out circular 
blanks with the rotary shears, and then placing them in the cast-iron die and bringing 
the handle of the screw press around with a swing with force enough to form up the 
end or bottom. In this operation there were many difficulties, as the ends or bottoms 
would many times stick to the upper part of the die and refuse to come off, and finger 
nails were pretty short in those days. To get the ends out of the lower part of the die 
was not so bad, as a wooden plunger operated by a treadle knocked them out, but some- 
times they were in pretty bad shape. When the bottoms or ends were ready they were 
slipped on the bodies and the edge of the bottom rolled about in a pan of powdered 
rosin until the seam was well dusted. A piece of solder similar in size and preparation 
as used, for the side seam was placed in the can. It was then placed on the smooth 
side of the cast-iron slabs, and the operator, with a hot soldering copper shaped to fit 
the circle of the can, melted the solder and by turning the can rapidly soldered the 
full circumference. The output of this can factory was very imperfect, as at least 
one-half of the seams burst, owing to the lack of experience of the manager or want of 
good judgment. 

When the can making was well underway Mr. Hapgood then turned his attention 
to getting the apparatus for canning on board the house-boat. This in the cooking 
department consisted of a kettle made of boiler iron about 36 inches in diameter and 
5 feet in depth, set in a brick furnace and fired from underneath. Alongside was a 
round-bottom, cast-iron pot holding about 60 gallons of water and heated in the same 
manner. These kettles, with a dozen coolers or circular sheet-iron pans with ropes 
attached and with holes cut in the bottoms for drainage, a set of 5-inch blocks and tackle, 
with a sheet-iron fire pot and a scratch awl, completed the bathroom outfit. The 
can filling and soldering room was furnished with a table through the center, where 
cutting the salmon in pieces to suit and the filling of the cans was done. On each side 
of the room there was a bench running the full length, on the end of one of which the 
cans were placed to receive the pickle, which was used at that time instead of the small 
quantity of salt that is placed in the cans during the operations of these later days. 
After the salmon had been cleaned by removing the entrails and washing them out- 
side the covered portion of the scow, they were brought inside and placed on the table, 
and a man with a butcher knife in one hand and a stick in the other, which had a mark 
showing the length of the pieces desired, cut gashes in the side of the salmon as a 
guide and then cut the fish into sections corresponding to the length of the mark on 
the stick. He then proceeded to cut the sections in pieces to suit the cans. Then 
three or four operators placed the salmons in the cans and shoved them along the table 
to where a boy wiped the top edge and passed them along to two others who placed 
tops which fitted inside of the rim. The cans were then taken in wooden trays to 
the bench opposite the starting point, which was fitted with four sheet-iron pots, 
and at the one nearest the entrance to the house on the scow a man put a soldering 
flux on the top edge, which was made by adding zinc to muriatic acid, and then with 
a pointed soldering copper and a stick of solder melted the solder until a small portion 
could be drawn around the groove formed by the edge of the can and the bevel of the 
top. From there the cans were taken to the other parts of the bench, where two men 
finished soldering the head in, and then taken to the third man, who soldered, or, as it 



120 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

was called, buttoned, the end of the seam lap. The cooking department or bathroom, 
as it was called, was separated from the filling and soldering room by a partition. 
The cans were shoved through a hole in the partition. 

At this time the process was a secret. Mr. Hapgood did the cooking and all the 
work done inside, no one but a member of the firm being allowed to go in. This 
privacy was continued until the firm moved to the Columbia River and, the labor 
becoming too arduous for Mr. Hapgood to perform alone, a boy by the name of 
Charlie Taylor was taken in as an assistant. * * * 

But to return to the original proposition: When the filled cans had been soldered 
and entered the bathroom they were put in the coolers and lowered into the cast- 
iron pot, one cooler of cans being cooked at a time. The cooler was lowered into the 
boiling fresh water until the cans were submerged to within 1 inch of the top ends and 
left to cook for one hour; then they were hoisted out and the vent holes in the center 
of the top soldered up, after which they were dumped into the boiler-iron kettle, 
which held a solution of salt and water of density sufficient to produce, when boiling, 
a heat of 228° to 230° F. They were cooked in this solution for one hour and then 
taken out of the kettle with an iron scoop shaped like a dip net, with a wooden handle 
about 6 feet in length. They were dumped into a tank of water on the other side of the 
partition which separated the bathroom from the packing room through an opening 
in the partition, receiving many a bump and bruise in the operation. Then, they 
were washed with soap and rag to remove the dirt and grease, each can being handled 
separately. When this was done they were piled on the floor of the packing room 
and in a few days were painted with a mixture of red lead, turpentine, and linseed 
oil, for at that time buyers would have no canned saLmon, no matter how good the 
quality, unless the cans were painted red. 

When packs of 10,000 to 15,000 cases were made in a season 
only the absolutely essential machinery was used, the rest of the 
work, such as cutting and cleaning the fish and placing them in the 
cans, being done by hand. When larger canneries were constructed, 
especially in Alaska, where labor is expensive and difficult to obtain, 
the greater part of the workmen having to be brought up from the 
States, machinery to do as much as possible of the work' became 
absolutely essential. The inventive genius of the country came to 
the rescue and one by one machines for cutting, sliming, and 
cleaning the fish, filling the cans, putting the tops on, and washing 
them were invented and put into use, while automatic weighing 
machines were produced and extensive improvements and alterations 
were made in the machines previously in use. There are to-day 
many large manufacturing establishments which devote all or the 
greater part of their facilities to furnishing machinery and supplies 
to this giant branch of the salmon industry. 

When salmon canning was in its infancy a pack of from 150 to 200 
cases was considered a good day's work. Now it is not an uncommon 
occurrence for a cannery to turn out from 2,500 to 4,000 cases in one 
day, and there are a number which have even greater capacity. 

During the height of the salmon run, a cannery is an exceedingly 
busy and interesting place, and a description of the methods used at 
the present time will show the giant strides the industry has made 
since the days of Hapgood, Hume & Co. 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 121 

HANDLING THE SALMON. 

At convenient spots near the fishing grounds large scows and 
lighters are anchored and the fishing crews deliver their catches 
aboard these, the tallyman on each scow keeping a record and giving 
the crew a receipt. Men fishing near the cannery deliver their catch 
alongside. Steamers and launches are used to tow out empty scows 
and bring in those filled. In the old days the fish were pitched by 
hand into bins on the wharves, but this laborious method has been 
superseded by the use of an elevator, which extends from a short dis- 
tance above the top of the wharf to the water's edge, provision being 
made for raising or lowering the lower end according to the stage of 
the tide. This elevator is slanting, and is made of an endless chain 
operating in a shallow trough. About every 2 feet there is attached 
to the chain a crosspiece of wood. . At the top of the elevator are 
chutes which deliver the fish at various convenient spots on the 
cutting-room floor. 

At a few places tracks have been run down to the low-water stage 
and the steamers, launches, and scows come alongside. Small cars 
are run down to the vessels, to be filled by men pitching the fish 
from the boats, and the cars when filled are run up to the cutting 
room and dumped upon the floor. At other places men armed with 
pews (single-tined forks) pitch the fish up to the wharf, where other 
men pitch them to the cutters. 

If the salmon have been in the scows from 20 to 24 hours they 
are used as soon as possible after being delivered at the cannery 
otherwise that length of time is usually allowed to elapse, the can- 
nerymen claiming that if not allowed to shrink the fish will be in such 
condition that when packed much juice will be formed, so that in 
"blowing," after cooking in the old-style method, light-weight cans 
will be produced. 

Before dressing the fish a stream of water is kept playing over them 
in order to remove the dirt and slime, after which men with pews 
separate the different species into piles convenient to the dressing 
tables. 

DRESSING. 

A number of the small canneries still use the old hand method of 
dressing the fish, and in such places the selection of the butcherinc 
or dressing gangs is of prime importance. Two men constitute a 
"butcher's gang," and the number of these gangs is dependent upon 
the output of the plant. Boys place the fish, with the head out, upon 
the cutting tables. One man cuts off the heads, and is followed by 
another who removes the fins, tails, and viscera. The offal is thrown 
into a chute, whence it passes into the water under the cannery 



122 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

or into a scow moored underneath, while the dressed fish is trans- 
ferred to a tank of water, to be scaled, washed, and scraped. It is 
then passed to another tank of water, where it receives a second 
washing, scraping, and final brushing with a whisklike broom, which 
removes any offal, blood, and scales that were overlooked in the first 
washing, after which it is removed to large bins on either side of the 
cutting machine. 

The most useful cannery inventions in recent years have been of 
machines for doing the work of the dressing gangs. Several have 
been invented and work more or less satisfactory. The one commonly 
known as the "Iron Chink," now in general use in canneries where 
such machines are employed, was first used in 1903 at Fairhaven (now 
Bellingham), Wash. It removes the head, tail, and fins and opens 
and thoroughly cleans the fish ready to cut into pieces for the cans. 
By the use of these machines the dressing gang is almost entirely done 
away with, dispensing with 15 to 20 men. This same machine is now 
so arranged that the fish after dressing are also "slimed"; i. e., the 
thick mucus covering the skin removed. 

CUTTING. 

The usual method of cutting the salmon is by a machine. This is 
generally a large wooden cylindrical carrier, elliptical hi shape, thus 
having a larger carrying capacity. Ledges or rests on the outside 
the length of the carrier are wide enough to hold the fish, and are 
slit in cross section through the ledges and outer casing to receive 
the gang knives. The latter are circular, fixed on an axle at the 
proper distances apart, and revolve at the highest point reached by 
the carrier and independently of the latter. The carrier and gang 
knives are set in motion, each revolving on its own shaft. As a rest 
on the carrier comes to a horizontal position, men stationed at the 
fish bins lay a fish on each ledge as it passes. Thence it is conveyed 
to the revolving gang knives and, after being divided, passes through 
on the downward course, sliding off the rest into the filling chute. 
The knives in these machines are so arranged as to cut the fish 
transversely in sections the exact length of the cans to be filled. 

The rotary cutter shunts the tail pieces to one side, and these are 
carried by means of a chute to baskets. The tail pieces are canned 
separately. As the tail portion is much smaller, with less meat, it 
can not be placed in the cans with the middle and head sections 
without detracting from then value, but if packed under a disthict 
and Separate label, as is now done, there is no reason why the tails 
should not supply the demand for a cheap grade of fish. 

In some of the smaller canneries, especially in those packing flat 
cans, the gang knives are worked by hand. In this case the knives 
are not circular, but elongated or semicircular in shape, tapering at 



U. S. B. F.— Doc. 839. 



Plate XVI. 




U. S. B. F.— Doc. 839. 



Plate XVII. 




PACIFIC SALMON FISHEKIES. 128 

the outer ends. They are mounted on an axle having a large iron 
lever at one end, and when this lever is raised the ends of the gang 
knives are thrown up and back. The fish is then placed in position 
under them and the lever pulled forward, the knives, with a scimitar- 
like movement, dividing the fish. 

The original method of cutting was by means of a long knife 
wielded by a Chinaman who stood at a regular butcher's block. 
Although his strokes were incredibly quick, the rotary cutting ma- 
chine is a vast improvement over the old way. 

SALTING. 

Every can of salmon is seasoned with one-fourth of an ounce of 
salt, which, to insure uniformity, is added by mechanical means. A 
table is used, in the top of which are holes equal distances apart. 
On the underside of the top is a sheet-iron plate, with an equal 
number of holes, which slides in a groove at the sides, and is worked 
either by a hand or foot lever. Just below is an open space large 
enough to accommodate a tray holding 36 or 48 cans. A workman 
stands in front of the table and slides a tray of cans into the open 
space. He then throws a quantity of salt upon the table and im- 
mediately scrapes this off with a thin piece of wood, each hole being 
filled in the operation, and the salt being prevented from falling 
through by the iron plate underneath. The lever is then pressed, the 
iron plate moves forward until the holes in it are directly under the 
table top, when the salt drops through into the cans. This opera- 
tion can be repeated four or five times in a minute. Some canneries 
now use a small Salter attached to the filling machine and this 
deposits the required amount of salt in the can as it is passing by on 
its way to be filled. 

FILLING THE CANS. 

Most canneries now use filling machines, although a few, more 
particularly those packing flat and odd-sized cans, still fill by hand. 

The filling machine consists of a chute with a belt to which are 
attached wire racks about 4 inches apart, set at an angle to prevent 
the salt from spilling out, into which the salted cans are fed from the 
floor above and pass into the machine. At the same time the divided 
sections of salmon pass down another chute into the mouth of what 
looks like a hand coffee mill. They pass through here down a smaller 
chute and are forced by two dogs into a receptacle through which 
the plunger, or filler, passes. Here the plunger comes opposite the 
open mouth of the empty can, which when it reaches this point is 
caught by a clasp or hook and held in front of the plunger, which is 
immediately thrust forward through a chamber filled with salmon, 
cutting the fish longitudinally and at the same time filling the can. 



124 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

The next movement forces the can out upon a table. When running 
at full speed, one of these machines will fill about 80 cans a minute. 

On being released by the clamp the cans roll upon a long table 
and are picked up by a man stationed here, who strikes each one 
upon a square piece of lead set in the table, in order to settle the 
contents down into the can and for the purpose of detecting any 
deficiency in weight. If not quite full the cans are pushed to the 
other side of the table, where a woman or man adds the quantity of 
fish needed, a supply of small pieces being kept at hand for this 
purpose. Generally the cans overrun in weight, frequently as much 
as an ounce. Occasionally a can is weighed in order to see that 
the machine is in perfect adjustment. In many canneries weighing 
machines are arranged in the "line" and these throw out the short 
weight cans. 

In the hand method the fillers stand on each side of a long table 
with a trough running down the middle from end to end. This is 
filled with the cut pieces of salmon, and the fillers, usually women 
and children, put into the cans large pieces at first and then smaller 
pieces to occupy the vacant spaces. 

WASHING THE CANS. 

In the old style method the cans are put upon an endless belt by a 
workman and pass from the filling-machine table to the washing 
machine. This is a rotating apparatus, consisting of an iron frame- 
work holding 10 rests or stands on which the cans sit. Immediately 
overhead are small perpendicular shafts with an iron cap, the diam- 
eter of a can, fixed to the end of each. Each can as it reaches the 
machine is caught by one of the washers and the cap brought down 
over the top, a tight-fitting flange preventing water from getting 
inside. Revolving rapidly as it goes, with a stream of water against 
it of sufficient force to remove the dirt and grease, the can is carried 
until the machine has revolved ISO degrees, when it is released and 
passes out on a belt. A more modern method is to use jets of steam 
for washing, while one of the latest devices is to clean the cans by a 
cold-air blast which strikes directly on the top edge. A set of brushes 
against which the cans revolve is used in a few canneries. 

After being washed the cans continue on an endless belt and pass 
two children whose duty is to put a small piece of scrap tin on the 
top of each. These pieces are called "chips/ 1 are from 1^ to 2 inches, 
and are scraps from the sheet tin used in making the tops of the cans. 
The shape is of no particular importance so long as the pieces are 
long enough to cover the hole in the top of the can, or the cap as it is 
called. 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 125 

CAPPING. 

The endless belt delivers the can to the capping or topping machine. 
On reaching this the can passes under a cap holding a top, the latter 
being fed in through a separate aperture, and the cap immediately 
falls with just sufficient force to put the top on the can without 
injuring either. The can is then forced out from under the capper 
by the rotation of the machine, and the next capper is brought 
around to receive another can. As the cans revolve they are carried 
under a crimper, situated directly opposite the capper, which presses 
the edge firmly around the body. While one can is being topped 
another is being crimped, after which it rolls out upon a belt on its 
side, and is taken through the acid trough. Before the tops are 
sealed the edges must be treated with a solution of muriatic acid, 
which is in a glass receptacle and is applied just before the cans are 
rolled through the acid trough on the endless belt. 

SOLDERING. 

For many years the tops and also all other parts of a can were 
soldered by hand, a long, tedious, and expensive process, which even- 
tually gave way to the soldering machine. This is composed of an 
endless chain about 6 feet long, revolving around two shafts at either 
end of an iron trough. In the bottom of the trough is the solder, 
which is kept at molten heat b}^ a row of oil blast jets underneath. 
Between the lower part of the chain and trough is just enough room 
for the cans to pass without jamming, and they are forced along the 
trough by a chain in contact with their sides. They enter the trough 
at an angle, their bottoms slightly inclined, which causes the top 
rim to be submerged in solder, thus distributing it evenly all around 
the edge. 

In passing through the trough the cans make about half a dozen 
revolutions, which cause the tops to become very hot, and it is to 
prevent them from being blown off by the pressure of the steam 
which quickly generates that the center hole in the top is made. The 
"chip" previously mentioned prevents the hole from being choked 
with salmon. 

A soldering machine having, instead of the endless chain to give 
motion to the cans, a metal spiral running the length of the machine 
and revolving on an axle through the center, is used in some can- 
neries. Each loop grasps a can and follows it to the end, thus giving 
the cans the proper motion and preventing them from rolling side 
by side and lapping the solder over the ends, as is frequently the case 
with the chain machines. 

A few. canneries use a revolving cooler, which has a disk upon 
which the cans rest. This disk is filled with running water, and 



126 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

after it makes two revolutions the cans are forced into an inclined 
trough under a stream of water. The usual method, however, is 
for the cans on leaving the soldering machine to pass under sev- 
eral jets of water to set the solder and at the end of the belt to be 
transferred by workmen to coolers or crates, which are made of flat 
strap iron, square shaped, and holding about 96 cans. The cooler 
having been filled, it is placed upon a square truck and rolled aside, 
where the vent holes are stopped with a drop of solder. 

TESTING. 

The testing tank is a square wooden tank filled with water heated 
almost to the boiling point by steam pipes arranged in a coil at the 
bottom. The coolers are hoisted into the test tank by a block and 
tackle attached to an overhead track, which permits them to be 
swung to any place desired. 

This test is for the purpose of detecting leaks due to imperfect 
soldering and is conducted by two workmen skilled in this operation. 
The slightest leak is detected by the appearance of small bubbles 
issuing from the cans. The spots where the bubbles appear are 
marked with a small iron tool held in the hand, and the cans are 
taken out and placed in small wooden trays, in which they are carried 
to the bench men, whose duty it is to mend them. Cans that have 
been mended are again tested as before. The bench men are located 
in front of a long bench on which are numerous fire pots, supplied 
with oil and air led through small tubes, in which the soldering irons 
are kept heated, the heat and air being regulated by connecting 
valves. Kerosene oil and gasoline are the fuels generally used now. 

COOKING. 

The salmon are invariably cooked in rectangular retorts which rest 
in a bed and have a track running the long way. In front of each is 
a turntable for the purpose of receiving trucks coming from any direc- 
tion. Four trucks, each holding 6 coolers of cans, piled one upon 
another, are run into the retort, which is then closed and steam 
turned on, entering at the bottom. The amount of pressure is from 
6 to 12 pounds, the heat 250° F. In most establishments the first 
cooking is continued about 60 minutes. 

After the first cooking the coolers are taken out and placed on a 
long table called a "venting table," where the cans are pricked with 
a wooden-headed hammer fitted with a small brad, to allow the steam 
and superfluous water to escape. After the venting has been done the 
holes are soldered up, the coolers again loaded on a truck and rolled 
into the second retort, where they are subjected to the same pressure 
of steam and heat as in the first cooking and for a period of about 60 
minutes. 



U. S. B. F.— Doc. 839. 



Plate XVIII. 




U. S. B. F.— Doc. 839. 



Plate XIX. 




PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 127 

In some canneries the retorts for first cooking are made of heavy 
plank, well bolted to resist the steam pressure. 

In the early days much secrecy and mystery was thrown about the 
cooking, and the work was carried on in a separate room, known as 
the "bathroom," under lock and key. The first cooking was done in 
common tubs. The early retorts were made of wood. Later, round 
iron kettles were substituted, nearly one-half consisting of cover, and 
round crates were used for holding the cans. 

For many years cannery men believed that the double cooking of 
salmon was absolutely necessary, but in 1898 F. A. Seufert, at his 
cannery on the Columbia River, at Seuferts, Oreg., a short distance 
above The Dalles, discarded this idea, and has since Used a one- 
cooking method. By the new process the cans are tested for leaks 
after the center hole in the top is soldered up, as before, and are left 
in the retort 70 minutes at 245° F. and 12 pounds steam pressure. 
According to its originator, this method saves more than one-half 
the labor in the bathroom, saves nearly one-half the labor in washing 
the cans after cooking, and also better retains the color of the fish. 

SANITARY CANS. 

A comparatively recent improvement in the salmon-canning 
business, and one which accomplishes the same purpose as the single 
cooking in retorts, is that of "sanitary cans," so called. These cans 
are now used by the majority of the salmon canneries. In order to 
use these cans a quite radical, but economical, change in macninery 
is necessary. As the cans leave the filling machine they pass to the 
clinching machine, which attaches the top of the can loosely to the 
body in such a way that it allows the gas in the can to escape, yet 
prevents the fish from coming in direct contact with the steam of 
the exhaust box. In this way the condensed steam which accumu- 
lates in the exhaust box is kept from entering the can, thus keeping 
water out of the can. This overcomes the difficulty caused by the 
bleaching of the fish. 

The cans then pass into a steam exhauster, consisting in one type 
of a box about 30 feet in length, in which are three endless-chain belts 
running side by side. Under and over each belt are steam coils, and 
under each of the lower coils are single pipes, which through small 
holes throw jets of five steam upon the coils, creating an intense 
heat. The cans pass along the first belt, are then transferred to the 
second belt, on which they return to the entrance of the box, whence 
they pass to the third belt, and continuing along this to the end 
pass out to the topper and crimper, the whole operation occupying 
from 5 to 15 minutes' time. One style of exhauster has 10 ovals 
formed by the pipe, and the cans pass along these from side to 
side of the exhauster until discharged at the far end. Upright ex- 



128 , PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

hausters, in which the cans travel along a spiral, are also in use. 
By this means the contents of the can are heated and the greater 
part of the air exhausted, which is the object of the first cooking in 
the retort under the method formerly in general use. 

A recent invention, which the inventor claims will do away with 
the steam exhaust box, and thus save a large amount of valuable 
floor space in the canning "line," is the power vacuum pump, known 
as vacuum exhausting machine, by means of which air is exhausted 
from the cans, accomplishing the same purpose as the steam exhaust 
box. Some of these machines have been in active use for several 
seasons, with most satisfactory results. 

Leaving the exhauster the cans pass to the double seamer, which 
fastens the cover on tightly with a double seam or crimp. It should 
be stated that no solder is used in attaching the top on the can, the 
curled flanges of the cover being coated around the outer edge with 
cement or other sealing fluid to take its place. Solder, however, is 
used in joining the side seam of the can, this being done when the can 
is manufactured. The cans then leave the machine on an endless 
conveyer and pass to the men who transfer them to the coolers, and 
these are immediately placed upon the trucks and run into the retort 
for the one cooking they are to receive. The time they are to remain 
here is somewhat variable, 70 to 125 minutes with a temperature of 
242° F. being the common period. 

By the use of these cans the soldering machine is done away with. 
It also does away with the first cooking and the subsequent venting 
and soldering, a saving both in labor and time consumed. 

REPAIRING CANS. 

Imperfect cans which are repaired before the first cooking are 
naturally in the same condition as if there had been no defects. If 
the leaks are discovered after cooking and are repaired at once and 
the contents recooked, they are still very good, the only difficulty 
being that by blowing or venting them a second time they lose weight. 
The above goods usually go in with the regular pack of their kind 
and are not classed as regular "do-overs." 

When, however, a cannery is running at full capacity, defective 
cans can not always be repaired and recooked at once and are some- 
times set aside for days. Decomposition follows, of course, as with 
any other meat that is exposed to the air, and the fish becomes unfit 
for food. When recooked the meat becomes mushy and the blowing 
or venting makes the cans very light, a defect which is frequently 
corrected by adding salt water. This, the "do-over," is the lowest 
class of goods. In the old days, and even yet to some extent, such 
cans are sold without labels to brokers, or else are given some indefi- 
nite label, and sold in the lumber, mining, or negro districts, or 



U. S. B. F— Doc. 839. 



Plate XX. 




U. S. B. F.— Doc. 839. 



Plate XXI. 




FIG. 1.— SALMON ON THE FLOOR OF THE CANNERY DRESS HOUSE. 




FIG. 2.— SALMON CAN-LABELING MACHINE". 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 129 

shipped to foreign countries with less fastidious tastes in the matter 
of salmon. In 1910 one of the leading companies of Alaska adopted 
the policy of throwing overboard all "do-overs." 

On coming from the second retort the coolers are lowered into a 
bath of lye, or, as in some canneries, the cans are run through such a 
bath on an endless belt, which, with the aid of a slight rinsing and a 
few rubs with a brush over the top, removes from the can all the 
grease and other material. The belt then passes them into another 
bath where the lye is washed off in hot fresh water. The cans then 
go to the cooling room, where a stream of water is played upon them, 
or, during rainy weather are placed out of doors upon the wharf, and 
there allowed to cool. 

The top and bottom of the cans contract in cooling, and for several 
hours a sharp popping noise is heard. Here, as in nearly every proc- 
ess through which they pass, the cans are again tested, this time by 
tapping the tops with a small piece of iron about 6 inches long, or, 
sometimes, a 12-penny nail. The sound conveys to the ear of the 
tester an unmistakable meaning as to the condition of the can, and 
the faulty cans that escape notice during the other tests are almost 
invariably found in this one. 

LACQUERING. 

An almost universal custom in the salmon-canning industry, but 
one that is not common in the canning of vegetables, fruits, etc., is 
that of lacquering the cans. This idea of protecting the can on the 
outside has been followed from the very beginning, for two reasons: 
(1) That the English market which, at that time especially, absorbed 
the greater part of these goods, insisted on their shipments being 
finished in this way, and (2) from the fact, as these canners speedily 
found out, that if they did not protect their cans in some way enor- 
mous losses through rust would ensue. 

The first experiment of this nature was to paint the cans by hand 
with red paint, treating each singly. Next a composition of logwood 
extract and alcohol was tried, which, however, did not produce satis- 
factory results for a very plain reason — the can was dyed instead of 
being lacquered. The next attempt was to varnish the cans with a 
japan varnish reduced with alcohol, but this was found to dry too 
slowly for speedy handling. After extended experimentation the 
quick-drying brown lacquer of the present time was evolved, which 
carries asphaltum in the form of an asphalt varnish as its base, this 
being supplanted in some cases by gilsonite. This lacquer can be pro- 
cured in either a heavy or light body, is generally reduced with ben- 
zine or gasoline, and is applied according to the requirements of the 
market, which in some localities demands a heavy coating and in 
62425°— 17 9 



130 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

others a much lighter finish, the latter giving a rich golden brown 
color. Some experiments have also been made in using brighter col- 
ored lacquers for this work. Several of these, made to give a bright 
golden, copper, or other color, are extremely attractive in appearance, 
while at the same time protecting the tin against rust quite as well 
as the brown. 

The industry soon outgrew the hand method of lacquering, and the 
process, which for a number of years was universal in the trade and 
is still used by some canneries, succeeded it. For this there are a 
number of rectangular box vats about 40 by 80 inches and 18 inches in 
depth/ the number varying with the capacity of the cannery. These 
are usually lined with galvanized metal and provided with a grid- 
iron-shaped iron frame, hung from a windlass or other tackle for 
lifting or lowering from top to bottom of the vat. The cans are 
loaded on this gridiron, being placed in an inclined position to allow 
the draining of the lacquer, and are lowered in the vat sufficiently to 
submerge them in the lacquer with which the vat is charged to a 
depth of 7 to 10 inches. The loaded gridiron is then raised to the 
top of the vat and the cans allowed to drain and dry before piling. 
This method, while being more effective in regard to the volume of 
work, was still of necessity a very slow and tedious operation. In 
damp or rainy weather, especially when it is not possible to open 
warehouse doors and windows, the gas arising from a number of 
these vats makes effective drying almost impossible. 

Another principal objection to this method of lacquering, which 
applied also to all earlier attempts, was the impossibility of obtaining 
an even coat of lacquer when the can was allowed to dry in any 
stationary position. There was also a large waste by evaporation. 

Notwithstanding repeated efforts at invention, however, it was not 
until 1901 that an effective machine for handling this difficult work 
was put on the market. The apparatus now in use by a number of 
canneries receives the cans on a revolving wheel fitted with rests for 
holding them while passing through the lacquer bath. From here 
they roll upon an endless chain which revolves the cans as they pass 
through a long box in which a hot blast dries them before they reach 
the end of the machine. The rotating or rolling motion given to the 
can after the lacquer bath, preventing the lacquer from draining to 
and consequently accumulating on any part of its surface, also has 
the effect of distributing the lacquer evenly and results in a clean 
and neatly finished can. The air blast f acilitates the work of drying 
to such an extent that it requires only about two minutes after being 
deposited on the drying bed of the machine for the cans to be ready 
for handling, while the quantity of cans which can be handled in a 
day is vastly greater than by the old method. 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 131 

A few flat and oval cans are not lacquered, but are protected from 
rust by wrapping in tissue paper, over which the label is placed. 

LABELING. 

While machines have been made for this purpose, and many of them 
are in use, the work is frequently done by hand. A number of men or 
women seat themselves about 4 feet apart in front of the pile of cans. 
Each man has in front of him a package of several hundred labels, 
and by bunching them on a slant so that successive margins protrude 
beyond each preceding, he can apply paste to the entire number with 
one stroke of the brush. A can is placed on the label, is quickly rolled, 
and the label is on much quicker than one can tell it. Each man 
places to his right the cans he labels, forming a pile of length, and 
width equal to his unlabeled pile, and when the entire lot has been 
labeled it has been shifted only about 4 feet. Cans of fancy brands 
of salmon put up on the Columbia River and in the Puget Sound 
region are wrapped in colored tissue paper before the label is put on. 
Cartons similar to those used by the sardine packers would make good 
containers for fancy brands and would be much cheaper than the 
present method. 

Several attempts have been made to popularize salmon packed in 
glass and porcelain jars, and while these have met with some favor, 
it was not sufficient to warrant a continuance of the practice for any 
length of time. But few are being so packed at the present time. 

BRANDS. 

A very important feature of the canning industry is the selection 
of appropriate brands or labels for the various grades of salmon. 
Each company has a number of these, which it has acquired either 
by designing them or by absorbing another company which owned 
them. A well-known brand has a value in itself and sometimes is 
a very important asset. A company will sometimes market a con- 
siderable part of its product in one section, and here, where the 
consumer has become familiar with the brand and pleased with the 
contents of the can, he will ask for and accept no other, despite the 
fact that the latter might be, and probably is, the equal of the 
product he has been using. 

For many years but few salmon canners appreciated the value of a 
can label, and it has taken some bitter experiences to drive home to 
the rest that a properly designed label placed upon good goods and 
the owner protected in its use by the law, has real value, just as much 
as boats, nets, buildings, machinery, or the thousand and one material 
things required to carry on the business. 

A free trade definition of a label would be that it is an artistic 
representation or intellectual production, stamped directly upon an 



132 PACIFIC SALMON FISHEEIES. 

article of manufacture, or upon a slip or piece of paper or other 
material, to be attached in any manner to manufactured articles, to 
bottles, boxes, and packages containing them, to indicate the contents 
of the package, the name of the manufacturer, or the place of manu- 
facture, the quality and quantity of the goods, directions for use, etc. 

Labels are subject to the copyright law and should be registered 
before use or publication. If not registered, there is no protection 
in law against infringement. The continued use of a label, however, 
will give the person so using a certain proprietary right in it, which 
can be enforced in a court of equity and may be defended by injunc- 
tions, which will generally be granted. Such procedings are expen- 
sive, annoying to a busy man, and at best will protect one only after 
at least a certain amount of damage has been done, and it is far safer 
to avoid this by registering the label at the time of issue, which will 
give one the further advantage in that a description of the character 
and quality of the article labeled can be set forth, which will, to a 
certain extent at least, be protected with the label. 

The commercial value of a label and name is represented by the 
more or less general demand for the goods protected by it. In the 
canned-salmon industry, as in that of other food-packing industries, 
certain labels, through the good quality of the goods marketed under 
them and the publicity created for them, have become of very con- 
siderable value to the owners. A case in point is the label Royal 
Crown, owned by the late R. D. Hume. This was one of the earliest 
brands marketed in England, and some years later a certain Liver- 
pool firm of salmon handlers paid Mr. Hume the sum of $10,000 for 
the exclusive right to its use in England. 

In designing a label there are several things which should be borne 
in mind. It should bear an easily remembered name and design; a 
name difficult of pronunciation should be avoided at all costs. For 
many years glaring red labels have been popular, but the success met 
With by those using more subdued and artistic designs and coloring 
indicates that the public appreciate them more than they do the 
older and coarser types. The design should be as simple as possible, 
as experience has demonstrated that a simple form — so simple that 
it can be fully understood by a mere glance— will gain by regular 
repetition, while a more complicated design will lose in this process. 

A good many now in the business still remember the small label 
that was used on salmon cans before 1870. Labels about 3 by 5 
inches in size, printed in one color, on white or colored newspaper, 
served merely the purpose of distinguishing cans, telling contents 
and manufacturer, and were without commercial value. About the 
year 1870 a few canners commenced to import from the East and 
Europe full-sized labels, i. e., labels that went all around the can. 



PACIFIC SALMON" FISHERIES. 133 

These were called by some "Pennington" labels, as a firm of that 
name supplied quite a number of them. 

For some years they were used for the best grades only. They 
were printed in four and five colors, the design showing invariably 
a number of panels of different shapes and sizes. The lettering was 
not always plain and sometimes even intentionally irregular and 
puzzling. The colors were placed side by side, in boldest contrast, 
without any attempt to harmonize them. 

It was soon discovered that the highly colored panels, while strik- 
ing, lost all effect when massed on the retailer's shelves, and the 
different brands looked so much alike that the individual designs 
could not well be remembered by the customer, the only really dis- 
tinctive feature being the name, and that was generally printed so 
small and indistinct that it could not readily be seen at a distance. 

To remedy these defects, the designers soon reduced the number of 
panels and subdivisions, increasing meanwhile the size of the remain- 
ing ones and filling them with distinctive designs, still colored as 
simply as before, with no attempt at blending of colors. The back- 
ground,, at first perfectly plain, commenced to show patterns more or 
less complicated, and at times quite pretentious, so as to take away 
from the design proper. 

Gradually the panel design disappeared. In place of it some showed 
one continuous picture on the label, which was very unsatisfactory 
and soon disappeared, as only a fraction of the picture could be seen 
at one time. Others had two subdivisions, one showing the name of 
the brand with its illustrations, occasionally used as a trade-mark 
the other showing the article packed in the can, both named and 
illustrated. Unfortunately, these subdivisions were so large that 
the roundness of the can prevented one from seeing the picture as a 
whole, but this was soon remedied by making the subdivisions nar- 
rower and filling in between with directions, weight of contents, etc. 

From this point on the general plan of labels underwent few 
changes except that the work, both of the artist and pressman, 
improved wonderfully, some of the labels now designed and printed 
being real works of art. 

Up to a few years ago one of the most serious evils in the trade 
was the use of misleading and lying brands. The high-grade product 
would almost invariably be correctly and fully branded, but " chums" 
and "pinks" were usually branded as "Fresh salmon," "Choice 
salmon," etc., which would deceive all persons but those well ac- 
quainted with the industry. "Do-overs" and very poor fish were 
usually marketed under a brand which bore the name of a fictitious 
company or of no company at all. 

The passage of State laws of varying degrees of efficiency govern- 
ing the branding of salmon helped slightly to remedy this condition 



134 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

of affairs, but it was not until the pure food and drugs act, approved 
June 30, 1906, was put into force by the Government that any radical 
improvement was noticeable. At the present time but few mislead- 
ing brands are in use. 

BOXING OR CASING. 

A case of salmon generally contains 48 one-pound cans or their 
equivalent, i. e., 24 two-pound cans or 96 half-poUnd cans. Some 
canneries pack their half-pound cans in cases of 48. These cases are 
usually made of wood and cost from 9 to 1 1 cents each knocked down. 

CAN MAKING. 

Some of the canneries in the coast States purchase their cans ready-, 
made, but the usual method is to purchase the sheet tin and make 
up the cans in the canneries. This is especially necessary in Alaska, 
as it would be impossible to find room on the cannery ships for such 
a bulk as they would make in addition to the other supplies necessary. 
Furthermore, the making of cans provides work for a large part of 
the crew, otherwise unemployed while the rest are getting ready the 
other necessary paraphernalia. The work is done by machinery 
and occupies several weeks' time. 

CANNING SMOKED SALMON. 

A number of ventures in the line of canning smoked salmon have 
been made on this coast, but most of the pioneers were not content 
or able to invest the amount of capital needed and wait the time 
required to create a demand for such products, and soon quit. 

One of the leading British Columbia packers, H. Bell-Irving & Co., 
some years ago put up in cans some pink salmon which had been 
treated to an artificial smoke in a vat, and these are said to have 
made a favorable impression in Australia. Another canner operat- 
ing on the Fraser River smoked pink salmon, and then, cutting them 
to the proper length, packed them dry in half-pound cans. 

In 1908 the Columbia Canning Co. put up at its cannery on Chilkoot 
Inlet, Alaska, some smoked salmon which had been shaved into thin 
strips like dried beef. These, called "Flaxamo," were packed in oil 
and were very good, especially in making sandwiches. 

In 1915 two companies began in Seattle the smoking, slicing, and 
canning of coho and king salmon. These were put up in oblong flat 
cans of various sizes, similar to sardine cans, 2\, 4^, and 1\ ounces, 
respectively, while for a special trade a 7^-pound can was also packed. 
These fish were cut quite thin, about 40 to 50 slices to the pound, and 
were packed in hermetically sealed cans with cottonseed oil. The fish 
were all hard smoked before slicing and canning. 

The same companies are also putting up kippered salmon in cans. 



U. S. B. F.— Doc. 839. 



Plate XXII. 




U. S. B. F.— Doc. 839. 



Plate XXII 




FIG. 1.— AN INDIAN SALMON DRYING RACK, BERING SEA, ALASKA. 




FIG. 2.— THE BARONOVICH SALMON SALTERY; THE OLDEST SALTERY IN ALASKA. 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 135 

Salmon loaf, made by mixing salmon with flour and various other 
ingredients, thus producing a paste, is also being canned by several 
packers. 

A straight salmon paste, made solely from the flesh of the salmon, 
is being manufactured by one of the leading packers. 

HOME CANNING. 

At a number of places along the coast it has become the custom for 
the thrifty housewives to do a little home canning of salmon for winter 
use when the fish are abundant and cheap, and they find canning 
salmon as easy as canning vegetables and fruit. The fish is dressed, 
skinned, and the backbone removed. It is then cut into transverse 
strips of a size to fit either a pint or a quart glass jar, whichever is to 
be used. The jars are then filled with the pieces, salted to taste, the 
rubber ring put on, after which the can cover is put on loosely so that 
the steam may escape. Strips of thin wood are placed at the bottom 
of a kettle or wash boiler and the cans set down on them. Enough 
cold water is then poured into the kettle to bring it up to within an 
inch or two of the top of the cans. The kettle is then put on the stove 
and, after it comes to a boil, note is made of the time and the cans are 
cooked from one and one-half to three hours. There seems to be a 
great variation in the time of cooking on the part of the operators. 
Some even cook only one hour, but these generally use a preservaline. 
About two hours seems to be the best time, as the bones are then quite 
soft. At the end of the cooking period the tops are tightened, the 
kettle removed from the stove, and the water and cans allowed to 
cool in the kettle. 

MILD CURING. 

The beginning of the business of mild-curing salmon, or "sweet 
pickling," as it is sometimes called, is of comparatively recent date. 

In 1889 a German dealer came to the Columbia River and tried to 
interest some of the cannery men in the business. J. O. Hanthorn, 
M. J. Kinney, and J. W. Cook were persuaded to prepare some, and 
the plant of the Northwest Cold Storage Co., at Portland, was used to 
keep the fish at a low temperature during repacking and preparation 
for shipment. These fish were shipped to Germany, but the shippers 
received no financial returns, word coming back that the fish were not 
satisfactory. 

Owing to this lack of success from the first effort, no further attempt 
was made until 1894, when Mueller & Loring, of Chicago, put up a car- 
load of mild-cured salmon at Kalama, Wash., and shipped it to Ger- 
many. In 1896 Charles Ruckles and Wallace Bros., of Kalama, 
packed several carloads for the German market. It was not until 
1898 that the business was permanently established on the Columbia, 



136 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

the Trescott Packing Co. and S. Schmidt & Sons putting up plants at 
Warrenton and Astoria, respectively. 

In 1900 the Trescott Packing Co. began packing the spring and fall 
runs, and the Sacramento River Packers' Association packed the fall 
run on the Sacramento River, the business being carried on here every 
year since. 

In 1901 the Sacramento River Packers' Association began at Monte- 
rey the mild curing of the spring salmon that were taken with hook 
and line in the open ocean. 

S. Ellmore & Co. started the industry in 1902 at Tillamook, and the 
business began on Puget Sound in 1901, when the San Juan Fishing & 
Packing Co. and the Seattle Fish Co. took it up. The Pacific Cold 
Storage Co. began the next year at Anacortes. 

Prior to 1906 several of the Alaska cannery men put up each season 
a few tierces of mild-cured salmon, but it was not until this time that 
the industry really began as such. In that year J. Iindenberger (Inc.) 
started packing at Ketchikan, Alaska. The following year several 
other plants were started, and in 1910 almost all of the king salmon 
taken in southeast Alaska were mild cured. 

In mild curing the fish are split down the middle, the head, tail, and 
all fins except the pectorals removed, and the backbone cut out. 
The fish is then in two halves. Each of these halves, or sections, is 
then scored on the outside eight or nine times with the knife. They 
are then thrown into a cleaning vat, and here the inner side of each 
section is carefully scraped clear of blood and membrane with a 
knife, while the outside is thoroughly cleaned with a scrubbing 
brush. The sections are then laid carefully inner side up in another 
vat partly filled with clear, cold, running water, or into a tierce 
partly filled with fresh water and cracked ice, in which they remain 
for an hour. Formerly the fish were put into brine, but it has been 
found that ice water answers the purpose much better. After being 
thoroughly cooled, the sections are salted down in the tierces, each 
one being laid with its tail toward the center. Usually about 50 
whole fish are required to fill a tierce. The pickle is made to a 
strength of 90° and should be strained before putting in the tierces. 
The tierces are then put in a cold storage chamber with a tempera- 
ture of 35 to 38° F. They are held here from 14 to 21 days, care 
being taken to keep them full of pickle, which can be added through 
the hole in the head. The fish shrinks about 30 per cent during 
curing. After curing fish are taken from the tierces, the salt and 
slime are carefully removed and the fish repacked in the tierces 
without salt. When full of fish ice cold pickle with strength of 90° 
is added, the tierces tested to see if they are air-tight, and then taken 
back to the cold storage to await shipment. 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 137 

In the early days of the industry different preparations, which 
included salicylic and boracic acids, were used to help preserve the 
fish. This caused much complaint from the Germans, and finally 
their Government subjected our product to a rigid inspection, with 
most salutary results, as now it is one of the purest and best products 
put up on this coast, the use of acids being done away with entirely. 

The king salmon is almost invariably the species mild cured, being 
the only one large enough to answer the requirements of the trade. 
In 1907 a Ketchikan, Alaska, packer put up a quantity of coho, dog, 
and humpback salmon, but he found so much difficulty in disposing 
of the product that he abandoned further efforts in this fine. A few 
cohos are put up each year. 

The principal consumers of the mild-cured salmon are the smokers, 
who take them from the tierce, wash and soak them for a few 
minutes, and then have a practically fresh fish to smoke, and not, 
as in the days when hard-pickled salmon were used, one that had lost 
most of its oil and flavor through the excessive amount of salt needed 
to preserve it. 

The greater part of the product put up on this coast goes to 
Europe, Germany being the principal consumer, but considerable 
quantities are sold in Norway, Sweden, and other countries, while 
the smokers of the cities east of the Rocky Mountains use large 
quantities every year. 

In Germany, the principal market .for mild-cured salmon, nearly 
all of the fish are smoked. One of the most popular ways of using 
the smoked salmon is in the making of sandwiches, and probably 
the greater portion of these are used in the beer halls and the auto- 
matic restaurants in that country. 

PICKLING. 

The earliest method of preserving salmon on the coast was by 
pickling. At times this industry attained to large proportions, but 
during the last 10 years it has been declining, largely because the 
canners are able to pay more for the raw fish than the salters. All 
species of salmon are pickled, but the most popular is the red salmon. 

In dressing salmon for pickling the heads are removed, the fish 
split along the belly, the cut ending with a downward curve on the 
tail. The viscera and two-thirds of the backbone are removed, and 
the blood, gurry, and black stomach membrane scraped away. The 
fish are then thoroughly scrubbed and washed in cold water. They 
are next placed in pickling butts with about 15 pounds of salt to 
every 100 pounds of fish. The fish remain here about one week, when 
they are removed, rubbed clean with a scrub brush, and repacked in 
market barrels, one sack of salt being used to every three barrels of 
200 pounds each. About 40 to 52 red salmon, 25 to 35 coho salmon, 



138 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

70 to SO humpback salmon, 10 to 14 king salmon, and 25 to 30 dog 
salmon are required in packing a barrel of pickled salmon. 

A few salteries also pack "bellies." This product is merely the 
belly of the fish, which is the fattest portion , and as most of the 
packers threw away the rest of the fish, thus causing a very large 
waste of choice food, this method has come under the ban of the law 
in some of the cOast States and in Alaska. As a result, but few 
"bellies" are packed now, and most of these only when some economic 
use is made of the remainder. Humpback salmon furnish the major 
part of the "belly" pack. 

DRY SALTING. 

During the progress of the Russian- Japanese War the preparation 
of dry-salted dog salmon became an important industry, but as soon 
as the Japanese fishermen resumed their former occupations the 
demand fell off so much that the industry was virtually abandoned 
in the United States, although a number of Japanese continue it in 
British Columbia. The fish, after being dressed, were packed in 
boxes, in salt, these boxes holding about 560 pounds of fish, and were 
shipped in this condition to Japan. 

At a number of places in Alaska the bellies of red and coho salmon 
are cut out and salted, after which the backs are dried in the sun and, 
thus cured, are used for fox food at the numerous fox ranches. This 
product is called "ukalu." 

SMOKING. 

The smoking of salmon is virtually a continuation of the pickling, 
as the fish must be pickled before being smoked, the main purpose of 
the pickling being to preserve them until the time arrives for smoking, 
which may be weeks or months after the fish are caught. For smok- 
ing them the salmon are taken out of the barrel and soaked until as 
much as possible of the salt is removed. They are then put into the 
smokehouses and subjected to the heat and smoke of a fairly hot fire 
for about two days in order that they may be thoroughly dried and 
hardened. Exposure to a smoldering fire (alder wood is a favorite 
fuel) for about three days completes the process. 

For shipment smoked salmon are packed in wooden boxes, oil 
paper being placed between the fish. 

A variation of the smoking process is known as "kippering." 
With this method the salmon are dried in a hot fire for about 20 
hours and then smoked over another hot fire for about 24 hours. 
The "buckling" process is also similar to this. 

Dog and king salmon are often cut into steaks and kippered. As 
the sale of white-meated king salmon is somewhat hampered by the 
whiteness, the smokers use a coloring preparation, known in the 



U. S. B. F.-Doc. 83 



Plate XXIV. 




U. S. B. F.— Doc. 839. 



Plate XXV. 




PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIBS. 139 

trade as Zanzibar carmine. This gives the outside of the fish a deep- 
colored red gloss, but leaves the inside its natural white color. The 
steaks, averaging 1 pound each, are wrapped in paper and packed 
in baskets holding 10 pounds each. 

A smoked product, known locally as "beleke," is put up at Kodiak, 
Alaska, from red and coho salmons. Steelhead trout are the best 
for this purpose but are not often utilized owing to their scarcity 
in this region. In preparing "beleke" only the backs of the fish 
are used, the belly part being cut out and pickled separately. The 
backs are divided into three grades, according to size, viz, "small," 
" medium," and " large." They are first put into a brine, the " large" 
being put in first, followed by the "medium" and "small" at in- 
tervals of one hour each, so that all will be cured at about the same 
time. The coho backs, being the largest, are kept in the brine from 
19 to 20 hours, while the red salmon backs, which are smaller, re- 
main in the brine only about 16 hours. After being thoroughly 
salted the backs are removed from the brine and rinsed in fresh 
water, then hung in the air for about 24 hours to dry and to allow 
a thin skin to form on the outside. They are then hung in the smoke- 
house, in the presence of a little fire of cottonwood or alder. On dry 
days the gable windows are thrown open and the wind allowed to 
pass through while the smoking is going on. The smoking must be 
done slowly, two weeks being devoted to it. 

There is a good demand for this product locally, the fish selling 
for from 15 to 20 cents a pair, but little effort has been made to 
extend its sale outside of central Alaska. 

FREEZING. 

The process of preserving fish by freezing was first introduced in 
1888. Previous to this the comparatively ancient method of packing 
with ice, or in rare instances letting the fish freeze naturally during 
the winter months, was followed. Packing with ice is in quite general 
use to-day for shipments of fish which are to be preserved for short 
periods of time. Cooling with ice never results in a temperature 
lower than 32° F., which, of course, does not freeze the fish. 

The freezing of salmon and steelhead trout began on the Sacra- 
mento and Columbia Rivers in the late eighties. It was taken up 
in a small way on Puget Sound in 1892. That year Wallace Bros, 
and Ainsworth & Dunn froze a small lot, the work being done for them 
by the Seattle Ice Co. (now the Ice Delivery Co.), and the venture was 
so successful that the next year nearly all of the wholesale dealers on 
the Sound took up the business. The Crescent Creamery, of Tacoma, 
also engaged in the business for the fish dealers for a year or 
two shortly thereafter. In 1902 the British Columbia Packers' 
Association bought a large cold-storage plant at New Westminster, 



140 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

British Columbia, at that time the only large and modern plant 
in the province, and began the active freezing of fish. Since then 
a number of excellent plants have been built and operated. In 
Alaska the preparing of frozen salmon began in 1902. The San Juan 
Fishing & Packing Co., soon to be succeeded by the Pacific Cold 
Storage Co., put up a cannery and cold-storage plant at Taku Harbor, 
in southeast Alaska, in 1901, though it did not operate the cold- 
storage portion until 1902. This is the only plant which was operated 
in Alaska until the New England Fish Co. erected in 1909 a large 
plant at Ketchikan for the freezing of halibut primarily, but con- 
siderable quantities of salmon have been frozen also. 

In 1911 the schooner Metha Nelson was fitted up as a floating 
freezer by the Alaska Packers Association and sent to Kodiak Island. 
As the vessel arrived in San Francisco shortly before the State's closed 
season on salmon began, and it was a difficult matter to dispose of 
the catch before then, the business was abandoned. 

In 1912 J. Lindenberger (Inc.) opened a freezing plant at Craig, 
on Fish Egg Island, Alaska, while the ship William H. Smith was out- 
fitted as a floating cannery and freezer by the Weiding & Independent 
Fisheries Co., at Saginaw Bay, Alaska. The latter operated only one 
season. 

The year 1913 saw quite a development in the industry. The Co- 
lumbia & Northern Fishing & Packing Co., at Wrangell, the Juneau 
Cold Storage Co., at Juneau, the Booth Fisheries Co., at Sitka, and 
the floating cold-storage ship Glory of the Seas, by the Glacier Fish 
Co., at Idaho Inlet, were all started this year. 

In 1914 the Ketchikan Cold Storage Co. opened a freezer for the 
general commercial freezing of fish. 

The freezing of salmon is almost invariably carried on in connec- 
tion with other methods of handling and preserving, and the purpose 
is usually to secure the fish when numerous and cheap, freeze them, 
and then hold them until the runs are over and the fish are once 
more in good demand at high prices. The business proved so profita- 
ble, however, that the dealers began to look for wider markets for 
their product. Europe, more especially Germany, was prospected 
and a profitable market soon developed, with the result that to-day 
frozen Pacific salmon can be secured in nearly every town of any 
size in western Europe, while large quantities are marketed all over 
our own country. 

There are four important features in packing and using frozen 
salmon: (1) To get fresh fish; (2) to keep them cold (about 15° 
above zero) after they are frozen; (3) to keep a coat of ice on them; 
and (4) to allow them to thaw slowly in cold water before cooking. 

In selecting salmon for freezing, only the finest and freshest of 
each species are used. The current belief that freezing destroys the 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 141 

flavor of the fish is erroneous, the flavor depending entirely upon 
the condition before freezing, and the quicker they are frozen after 
being caught the better will the natural flavor of the fish be pre- 
served. Frozen salmon are just as wholesome as fresh, and their 
chemical constituents are almost identical. The danger lies in the 
temptation to freeze the fish after decomposition has set in, but, for- 
tunately, this is now very rarely practiced in the salmon industry. 

The coho, or silver, and the chum, or keta, salmon are the choicest 
of the salmons for freezing. The other species except the red, or 
sockeye, which is too oily and rarely frozen, are also frozen in vary- 
ing quantities. The steelhead trout, which is ranked by the Pacific 
coast dealers among the salmon, is considered the choicest fish of 
all for freezing. 

Some of the most modern plants in the country are on this coast. 
These have numerous freezers, generally, in which a temperature of 
from 25° to 30° F. below zero can be maintained if desired, although 
a temperature of more than 10° below zero is rarely ever required. 
All freezing is by direct expansion and each freezer is piped with 
about 2 feet of lj-inch pipe per cubic foot of freezing space. The 
bunkers in the freezers are in pairs, generally nine pipes wide, spaced 
10 inches apart. This leaves about a 3£-foot passage through the 
center of each freezer opposite the swing doors. The salmon are laid 
on pans, which are placed on the tiers of pipes. 

After freezing, the salmon are passed through openings in the 
rear of the freezers into the glazing room, which has a temperature 
of about 20° F., where they are dipped into water, and when removed 
are covered with a thin glaze of ice, which may be thickened by 
repeated dippings. This is an extra precaution to exclude the air 
from the fish. 

After being thoroughly frozen and glazed, each fish is covered first 
with a parchment, like rolls of butter, and then with a piece of 
heavy brown paper. They are then packed in boxes holding about 
250 pounds each, placed in the cold-storage cars and shipped. 

UTILIZING SALMON EGGS. 

Every year immense quantities of salmon roe are thrown away in 
the fisheries of the west coast, though there is but little doubt that, 
if properly prepared, a market could in time be found for this now 
waste part of the fish. In France there is a good market for a 
product known as "rogue," which is the spawn of cod, haddock, 
hake, and pollock salted in casks, and which is used as bait in the 
sardine fisheries. Salmon spawn is the choicest and most successful 
bait used on this coast, and if properly prepared would undoubtedly 
answer the purpose as well as the regular "rogue" if not better, owing 
to its oiliness and attractive color. The roes should be soaked for 



142 PACIFIC SALMON" FISHERIES. 

some days in old brine and then packed in strong casks holding about 
25 gallons each. It might also prove to be a good bait for tolling 
mackerel on the Atlantic coast. 

In 1910 a considerable quantity of salmon roe was prepared in 
Siberia and sold in competition with caviar, which is prepared from 
sturgeon eggs. The product met with favor in Europe and now large 
quantities are prepared each season. 

In this country Miss Ida Tuholski, of San Francisco, who had been en- 
gaged in the preparation of sturgeon caviar for some years, put up 
a number of sample lots of salmon caviar which were fully the equal 
of the best sturgeon caviar. Capital has been chary, however, about 
engaging in the business, although undoubtedly it will be an impor- 
tant industry some day. 

For making caviar the eggs should be as fresh as possible, and in 
order to make sure of this the salmon, all species, except the sockeye and 
coho, are utilized in Siberia ; the chum eggs make thebest caviar. They 
are taken alive, if possible, shortly after coming from the water, killed 
and bled, the belly opened up and the roe taken out. This work can 
best be done on work and living scows anchored close to the fishing 
camps. The roe is placed upon a stand, the top of which is formed 
of a small-meshed galvanized-iron wire screen. On the underside is 
arranged a zinc-lined trough. The operator gently rubs the mass of 
eggs back and forth over the screen, the mesh of which is just large 
enough to let the eggs drop through, and, as they are separated from 
the membrane by the rubbing, they fall through into the trough and 
are thence drawn off into tubs by means of a sliding door at the end 
of the trough. 

After all the roe has been separated the tub is removed and a cer- 
tain proportion of salt (the sturgeon caviar makers employ the best 
Luneburg, Germany, salt in this work, while some of the Siberian 
makers of salmon caviar use no. 2 Berkshire salt from England) is 
added to the roe, after which the mass is mixed with the hands. 
The most delicate part of the whole operation is in the manner of 
mixing. No direct rule can be given for doing this portion of the 
work, as the condition of the roe regulates the time consumed and 
the manner of handling. It requires practical experience to become 
proficient, but this should be an easy matter for one used to handling 
salted products. The sturgeon caviar makers use about 11 pounds 
of salt in preparing a keg of caviar. 

After the salt has been added the mass of eggs first dries up, but 
in a few minutes the strength of the salt draws from the eggs their 
watery constituents and a copious brine is formed, which can be 
poured off when the tub becomes too full. In Siberia the caviar 
makers put the eggs into a brine solution of 19 to 22 per cent Baume 
strength immediately after they come from the trough. The salted 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 143 

eggs are then poured into very fine-meshed sieves which hold about 
10 pounds each. In the caviar house are arranged long, sloping 
boards with narrow strips nailed on each side. On these the sieves 
are placed and left here from 8 to 20 hours in order to thoroughly 
drain. 

The Siberian caviar makers hasten the operation by putting the 
eggs into a brine solution as noted above, leave them there for from 
25 to 45 minutes, then place them in bags and subject them to heavy 
pressure, after which they are packed. While this method occupies 
less time, it is not thought the resulting product is as good as that 
prepared by the slower method outlined above. 

The eggs are then transferred to small casks (holding about 135 
pounds). The sturgeon caviar makers use oak or pine casks, but 
some of the Siberian makers say that oak casks turn the salmon caviar 
black. The casks are steamed before use in order to prevent any 
possible leakage. It is especially necessary that the kegs or barrels 
used be air-tight, as otherwise the product will spoil. Barrels such 
as used in packing salt salmon are rarely ever tight enough to hold 
caviar. The casks are covered and allowed to stand until the gas 
escapes and the eggs settle. The vacant space caused by the settling 
is then filled, the cask headed up and put in a cool place until ready for 
shipment. 

The Siberian salmon caviar makers use a small quantity of "pre- 
servaline" in each keg for the purpose of aiding in preserving them 
as cold storage facilities are quite primitive as yet in that country, 
and it is the addition of this powder which forms the mysterious part 
to the uninitiated. No preservative would be needed in Alaska, 
however, as the kegs could be shipped in cold storage along with the 
mild-cured salmon. 

Several establishments are putting up these eggs in jars and her- 
metically sealed cans for use as bait in sport fishing. 

MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTS. 

A few years ago a company on the Columbia River put up what 
was known as "fish pudding." In preparing this the salmon was 
ground fine, mixed with milk and eggs, and then packed in tin cans. 
The preparation was soon abandoned. 

In 1903 one of the Point Roberts canneries packed a new product 
which was called "salmon paste." For this the fish was ground up, 
cooked, seasoned with spices, etc., and made into fish balls, a very 
palatable dish when warmed over. 

In 1905 a Seattle concern began the manufacture of wienerwurst 
sausages from halibut and salmon. 

The Indians in the Bristol Bay region of Alaska occasionally dress 
the skins of salmon and make of them leather for the tops of boots, 
also bags and other small articles. 



144 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

A product, which was first made in Norway, is prepared by means 
of an invention which quickly dries and pulverizes the flesh of fresh 
fish. The resulting powder, called "fish flour," is easy to transport 
from one place to another and has great nutritive value. It is 
probable that the tailpieces of the fish, which are at present thrown 
away, and the cheaper grades of salmon might be prepared in this 
way and thus furnish another market for salmon. 
MEAL, FERTILIZER, AND OIL. 

As early as 1888 there was a small plant at Astoria, Oreg., where 
the refuse of the canneries was utilized for the manufacture of oil and 
fertilizer. In that year 8,000 gallons of oil (chiefly from salmon 
heads), and 90 tons of fertilizer were prepared. The oil was worth 
22| cents per gallon and the fertilizer had a market value of $20" 
per ton. Most of the refuse was dumped into the river, however. 
In 1898 a similar plant was established in the Puget Sound district 
of Washington. At present the plants of the Robinson Fisheries Co. 
and Marani Products Co., at Anacortes; the Pacific American Fish- 
eries at Eliza Island, near Bellingham; the Pacific Products Co. at 
Port Townsend, and the Japanese- American Fertilizer Co. on Lummi 
Island, all on Puget Sound, operate quite largely on the offal from 
the Sound salmon canneries. 

In 1882 the Alaska Oil & Guano Co. established a fertilizer plant at 
Killisnoo, Alaska, for the extraction of oil and fertilizer from herring, 
and has operated the plant continuously ever since. In some years 
large quantities of whole salmon have been handled at this plant, 
and the resulting product was found to sell as well as that from 
herring. 

In Alaska the Fish Canners By-Products (Ltd.), in 1914 built a 
large plant at Ward Cove, near Ketchikan, where salmon offal is 
used in the preparation of fertilizer, meal, and oil. The company is 
now experimenting in the preparation of various chemical products 
from the raw material. 

Probably the most serious evil in the salmon industry to-day is the 
enormous wastage which annually occurs. Over one-fourth of the 
total weight of each fish handled at the various packing plants is 
thrown away. With the exception of the tailpiece, winch is dis- 
carded at some canneries owing to the excessive amount of bone 
which would be in the product if canned, this waste material could 
not be utilized as food, comprising as it does the head, viscera, fins, 
and tail. When not conveniently near the very few fertilizer plants 
at present in operation this product is either allowed to pass through 
chutes into the water under the cannery, or is dumped into scows and 
towed to the ocean or the deeper waters of the sounds, and there 
thrown overboard. This procedure is not only exceedingly wasteful, 
but is also far from beneficial to the waters where deposited. 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 145 

The great desideratum in the salmon fisheries of the Pacific coast 
at the present time is the invention of a small odorless fertilizer 
plant, costing not more than $2,500 or $3,000, which can be installed 
at the various salmon canneries and salteries. The offal from the 
cannery could there be utilized and the product obtained would 
doubtless net a fair return on such an investment, while at the same 
time the present (in the aggregate) enormous waste would be stopped, 
and the waters adjacent to the canneries rendered far more agreeable 
to the fishes as well as to the people on shore. It is absolutely essen- 
tial that the plant shall be odorless, as the smell of the ordinary fer- 
tilizer establishment would be very offensive to persons visiting the 
cannery and would not enhance the demand for canned salmon. At 
the present time the cheapest plant available costs about $10,000, and 
very few canneries can afford to invest this sum of money in the dis- 
posal of their own offal alone. 

A recent issue (1915) of Fertilizers, of London, England, has the 
following to say upon this subject: 

Investigations conducted at the Agricultural Experiment Station at Harleshausen 
(Germany) go to show that, provided it is of good quality, fish meal forms a suitable 
supplementary feeding stuff for farm animals, especially for pigs. Unfortunately, 
however, it is made in cases from inferior products, such as decomposing fish and 
herring meal containing excessive quantities of salt, or it may be adulterated with 
bone meal and carcass meal. Fish meals made from low-grade material may have a 
harmful effect on the health of the animals to which they are fed. The German report 
goes on to say that fish meal is commonly produced partly from fish offal and partly 
from whole fish condemned as unfit for human consumption, or which is unsalable 
owing to an excessive supply. Purchasers are warned that great care is necessary in 
buying fish meal, as, apart from the varied nature of the raw material from which it ia 
made, the methods of preparation may produce wide differences in its composition. 
From the analyses of a large number of different samples of fish meal the proportion of 
different constituents was found to vary between the following limits: 

Water 5.90 to 18.91 per cent; crude protein, 38.83 to 58.96 per cent; digestible pro- 
tein, 30.43 to 54.52 per cent; fat, 1.55 to 14.03 per cent; phosphate of lime, 7.80 to 
36.16 per cent; salt, 0.70 to 20.10 per cent; ash, 20.53 to 45.07 per cent; sand, 0.10 to 
6.05 per cent. 

Its richness in protein renders fish meal especially suitable for combination with 
foods, such as roots and potatoes, which possess a low percentage of that constituent. 
If fed in too large quantities or containing too high a percentage of oil the meal is liable 
to give a fishy taste to the meat product. It has been commonly accepted that high- 
grade fish meal should not contain more than 2 to 3 per cent of fat, but when the pro- 
portion of meal used in the ration is not too high it is considered (says the report) that 
there is no objection to using meals containing up to 4 per cent. Among the mineral 
constituents contained in fish meal are phosphate of lime and salt, both of which are 
indispensable in the feeding of animals. In the case of salt, however, an excessive 
amount is valueless, and may even cause illness. For this reason the proportion of 
salt contained in fish meal should not exceed 3 per cent. The quantity of fish meal 
which may be fed with advantage to the different kinds of farm stock varies according 
to the class of stock and to the quality of the meal. It is suggested that the following 
amounts may be given daily if the meal is of good quality: Cattle, 2 pounds for every 

62425°— 17 1Q 



146 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

1,000 pounds live weight; pigs, one-fourth to one-half pound per head according to 
weight; and sheep, one-tenth to one-fifth pound for every 100 pounds live weight. 

A great impetus has been given to the industry during the last two 
years, owing to the big demand which has come from the farmers 
and poultrymen for fish meal or scrap, which, after it has been mixed 
with other ingredients, can be fed to cattle, hogs, and poultry. Ex- 
periments carried out at various agricultural experiment stations, 
both here and in Europe, show conclusively that this class of food in- 
creases the appetite of the animal, and consequently the weight, 
while it does not affect the flavor of the flesh of the animals. 
SHIPPING SALMON DIRECT TO CONSUMER. 

An important new feature in the salmon industry is the shipping 
of individual salmon direct to consumers by express, or, for certain 
short distances, by parcel post, for a certain fixed sum, which in- 
cludes the fish itself and the cost of delivering same to the buyer. 

This business began in Tacoma, Wash., in 1914, and those who 
originated it advertised throughout the country that they would 
ship a fresh salmon to any express office in the United States (except 
Southern Express), express prepaid, for $1.25, weight 7 to 8 pounds. 
In 1915 the cost, delivered east of the Mississippi River, was raised 
to $1.50 each, the old rate of $1.25 still being in force for shipments 
west of the Mississippi River. The number of shippers has in- 
creased very much, and the business is now carried on from a num- 
ber of places in Washington, Oregon, and California. 

In shipping an individual fish, it is packed in a box containing 20 
pounds of cracked ice. These boxes are collected by the express 
companies and are generally sent out in their own regular cars 
attached to trains leaving in the evening. About every 15 to 20 
hours the box is opened and from 5 to 7 pounds, depending upon 
the weather, of cracked ice added to the box to make up the loss 
through melting. 

As the Post Office Department will not accept packages in which 
ice is used for preserving fish, the use of the parcel post for ship- 
ments of individual fish is limited to the first postal zone (up to 50 
miles from the initial point), except in winter, when the postmasters 
are authorized, in their discretion, to accept shipments for the 
second zone (50 to 100 miles from the initial point). In making 
fresh fish shipments by parcel post, frozen fish are generally used. 

Most of the orders come from the Middle West, where fresh fish are 
not abundant, but orders are received from all sections of the country. 

The success met with in shipping fresh salmon led to a considerable 
expansion of the industry, with the result that now one can obtain 
not only a fresh salmon, but also may purchase salt, smoked, and 
kippered salmon, salt codfish, and fresh halibut, smelt, crabs, and 
other sea food in its season. 



VIII. NUTRITIVE QUALITIES OF SALMON- 

More and more attention is being paid by the consuming public 
to the nutritive qualities of the food products offered them, and this 
is especially true as regards fishery products. 

The proper. functions of food are two-fold, first, to furnish protein 
for building and repairing the body, and second, to supply energy 
for heat and muscular work. Foods which supply an abundance of 
both at a reasonable price are of the greatest importance from an 
economical standpoint. 

Despite the great prominence of the salmon industry, but little 
time has been devoted to it by the chemist. 

Prof. W. O. Atwater was the first American investigator to devote 
any portion of his energies to the analysis of Pacific salmon. In 
Farmers Bulletin No. 142, United States Department of Agricul- 
ture, he gives the following analysis of canned Pacific coast salmon: 
Water, 63.5 per cent; protein, 21.8 per cent; fat, 12.1 per cent; ash, 
2.6 per cent; fuel value per pound, 915 calories. a 

C. F. Langworthy, in "Fish as food" (Farmers Bulletin No. 85, 
United States Department of Agriculture), gives the following 
analyses of fresh and canned Pacific coast salmon: 

Fresh salmon, California (sections): Refuse (bone, skin, etc.), 5.2 
per cent; water, 60.3 per cent; protein, 16.5 per cent; fat, 17 per 
cent; mineral matter, 1 per cent; total nutrients, 34.5 per cent; fuel 
value per pound, 1,025 calories. 

Canned salmon — refuse (bone, skin, etc.), 3.9 per cent; salt, 1 per 
cent; water, 59.3 per cent; protein, 19.3 per cent; fat, 15.3 per cent; 
mineral, 1.2 per cent; total nutrients, 35.8 per cent; fuel value per 
pound, 1,005 calories. 

Dr. Harvey W. Wiley gives the following as the composition of a 
Pacific coast salmon (species not given): 6 

Fresh — Water, 63.61 per cent; protein, ]7.46 per cent; fat, 17.87 per cent; ash, 1.06 
per cent. Dry — Protein, 52.31 per cent; fat, 49.05 per cent; ash, 2.92 per cent. 

On page 137 of the same work Dr. Wiley gives the following as 
the mean of three samples of Pacific coast canned salmon: 

Composition of canned salmon. — Mean of three samples. Water-free substance: 
Protein, 53.52 per cent; fat, 40.52 per cent; ash, 6.24 per cent. 

a The unit used to show the fuel value is the "calorie, " and is the amount of heat which would raise the 
temperature of about 1 pound of water 4" Fahrenheit. 
6 Foods and their adulteration, etc. By Harvey W. Wiley, p. 135. (8 vo., Phila. , 1907.) 

147 



148 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 



Prof. Knisely, a of the Oregon State Agricultural College at Cor- 
vallis, Oreg., analyzed canned salmon packed at the Funter Bay 
(Alaska) cannery of the Thlinket Packing Co., with the following 
results: 



Species. 



Moisture. 


Protein. 


Fat. 


Per cent. 
64.74 
68.22 
69.43 
67.08 


Per cent. 
24.19 
26.56 
24.00 
25.06 


Per cent. 
9.11 
3.61 
4.86 
6.59 



Ash. 



Sockeye, or red 

Coho, or medium red 
Hum pback, or pink. 
Keta, or chum 



Per cent. 
2.06 
1.66 
1.68 
1.26 



H. M. Loomis, chief of the Seattle food and drug • inspection labo- 
ratory, Bureau of Chemistry, United States Department of Agricul- 
ture, reports as follows on analyses of both canned and fresh Pacific 
salmon made at this laboratory. 6 

Canned Salmon (1911 Pack). 

[Each sample is average of two or more cans. All samples, except no. 2, are old form 1-pound tall cans. 

No. 2 is i-pound flat cans.] 



Samples. 



Water. 



Ethyl 

ether 

extracts 



Protein 

(Nx6.25), 



Total 
ash. 



NaC1.6 



Ammoniacal ni- 
trogen. 



Richard- 
son 
method. 



Alcohol 

vapor 

method. 



No. 1. Puget Sound sockeye . 

No. 2. Puget Sound sockeye 

No. 3. Alaska medium red 

No. 4. Alaska chum 

No. 5. Alaska pink or humpback 
No. 6. Alaska red 



Per ct. 
62.44 
61.84 
69.97 
73.48 
74.12 
70.88 



Per cent. 
15.17 
13.74 
7.81 
2.88 
4.75 
5.26 



Per cent. 
20.25 
21.77 
20.40 
21.33 
19.75 
21.79 



Per ct. 
2.50 
2.73 
2.58 
2.57 
1.98 
2.35 



Per cent. 

0.79 

1.10 

1.09 

.83 

.50 

.64 



Per cent. 
0.0403 
.0437 
. 04965 
.0563 
.0404 
.0455 



Per cent. 
0. 0348 
.0410 



a Represents the fat. 6 Represents the salt. 

Analyses op Fresh Salmon, Edible Portions. 





Water. 


Ethyl 

ether 

extract. 


Protein 
(Nx6.25). 


Total 
ash. 


NaCl. 


Ammoniacal ni- 
trogen. 


Samples. 


Richard- 
son 
method. 


Alcohol 

vapor 

method. 


Puget Sound sockeye salmon (caught 
May 7 1912) 


Per ct. 
67.48 

67.89 


Per cent. 
8.86 

9.39 


Per cent. 
22.24 

21.80 


Per ct. 
1.36 

1.35 


Per cent. 


Per cent. 
0. 0121 

.0135 


Per cent. 
0.0205 


Puget Sound steelhead or salmon 




.0218 









o Pacific Fisherman, vol. VI, no. 1, January, 1908, p. 21. 

6 Eighth International Congress of Applied Chemistry, vol. xvin, p. 239-245. 



IX. THE SALMON OUTPUT IN 1915. 

STATISTICS OF THE CATCH. 

The following tables show, by sections and species, and also by- 
waters for Alaska, Washington, Oregon, and California, the catch of 
salmon and steelhead trout in American territory on the Pacific coast 
in 1915, and show their value to the fisherman. Part of these data 
were obtained from the various State fish commissions and from the 
United States Bureau of Fisheries. 

Catch op Salmon in 1915, a by States and Species. 



Species. 



Coho, or silver 

Chum, or keta 

Humpback, or pink 

King, spring, or chinook. . 
Sockeye, red, or blueback. 
Steelhead trout 



Total. 



Alaska. 



Pounds. Value 



7,989,504 
38,556,064 

123,585,576 
13,440,834 

129,394,055 



312,966,033 



$133, 159 
225, 123 
624,941 
362, 184 
2,729,577 



4,074,984 



Washington. 



Pounds. Value 



10,720,401 
14,180,872 
29,644,561 
19,884,530 
5, 1S7, 130 
2,023,979 



81,641,473 



$382, 148 
264,592 
222,331 
902,575 
532,384 
121, 635 



2,425,655 



Oregon. 



Pounds. Value 



4,596,252 
2,079,911 



23,539,866 

265,466 

2,341,858 



32,823,353 



$150,456 
32,499 



1,382,148 
13,274 
140,511 



1,718,888 



Species. 



California. 



Pounds. Value 



Total. 



Pounds. Value 



Coho, or silver 

Chum, or keta 

Humpback, or pink 

King, spring, or chinook. . 
Sockeye, red, or blueback. 
Steelhead trout 



296,719 



$14,836 



8,212,506 
"~33, 206 



410,625 
"'i,'992' 



23, 602, 876 
54,816,847 

153,230,137 
65,077,736 

134, 846, 651 
4,399,043 



$6S0,599 
522,214 
847,272 
3,057,532 
3,275,235 
264, 138 



Total. 



8,542,431 



427,453 



435,973,290 



8,646,980 



o The published report of the Dominion of Canada for 1915 does not show the catch by species; the 
salmon as landed is reported at 136,939,400 pounds, valued at $5,743,893. 

Catch op Salmon in Alaska Waters in 1915, by Apparatus and Species. 



Apparatus and species. 


Southeast Alaska. 


Central Alaska. 


Western Alaska. 


Total. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Seines: 


1,404,228 

17,279,232 

46, 170, 204 

251,592 

4,652,170 


$23,404 

86,396 

230,851 

5,718 

139,565 


349,494 

1,534,216 

2,879,772 

20,658 

7,755,465 


$5,825 

11,507 

21,598 

469 

155, 109 






1,753,722 

18,814,936 

49,049,976 

389, 796 

16, 536, 795 


$29,229 


Chum, or keta 

Humpback, or pink. . 

King, or spring 

Red, or sockeye 


1,488 


$19 


97,922 

252,449 


117,546 
6, 129, 160 


2,671 
122,583 


8,858 
417, 257 


Total 


69,757,426 


485,934 


12,539,605194 H08 


6,248,194 


125,273 


88,545,225 


805, 715 











149 



150 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

Catch op Salmon in Alaska Waters in 1915, by Apparatus and Species — Contd. 



Apparatus and species. 


Southeast Alaska. 


Central Alaska. 


Western Alaska. 


Total. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Gill nets: 

Coho, or silver 

Chum, or keta 

Humpback, or pink. . 

King, or spring 

Red, or sockeye 


1,285,860 

388, 944 

391, 200 

1,707,882 

2,418,410 


$21,431 

1,945 

1,956 

38, 815 

72,552 


430,314 

816 

4,536 

832, 194 

5,388,525 


$7,172 

6 

21 

18, 913 

107, 771 


595,350 
4,316,728 

148,000 
3,101,428 
72, 809, 100 


$9,923 

37, 771 

555 

70,487 

1,456,182 


2,311,524 

4,706,488 

543, 736 

5,641,504 

80,616,035 


$38, 526 

39,722 

2,532 

128, 215 

1,636,505 


Total 


6, 192, 296 


136, 699 


6,656,385 


133, 883 


80,970,606 


1,574,918 


93, 819, 287 


1,845,500 




Traps: 

Coho, or silver 

Chum, or keta 

Humpback, or pink. . 


2, 355, 792 

11,335,912 

73, 234, 128 

503, 866 

7,099,035 


39,263 
56,680 

366, 171 
11,451 

212,971 


956, 172 
2,051,608 

757, 736 
1,254,594 
17,215,560 


15,936 
16,387 
3,789 
28, 513 
344,311 


144,300 
1, 647, 120 


2,405 
14,412 


3,456,264 
15,034,640 
73,991,864 

2,373,580 
29,284,675 


57,604 

87, 479 
369 960 


King, or spring 

Red, or sockeye 


615, 120 
4,970,080 


13, 980 
99,402 


53,944 
656, 684 


Total 


94,528,733 


688,536 


22,235,670 


408, 936 


7, 376, 620 


130, 199 


124,141,023 


1,225 671 






Lines: 

Coho, or silver 


467, 994 
4,990,766 


7,800 
170, 140 










467,994 
4,990,706 


7,800 


King, or spring 










170, 140 














Total 


5,458,760 


177,940 










5,458,760 


177,940 












Dip nets: 

King, or spring 






45, 188 
956, 550 


1,027 
19, 131 






45, 188 
956,550 


1,027 
19, 131 


Red, or sockeye 






















Total 






1,001,738 


20, 158 






1,001,738 


20, 158 












Total: 

Coho, or silver 

Chum, or keta 

Humpback, or pink. . 

King, or spring 

Red, or sockeye 


5,513,874 
29,004,088 
119, 795, 532 

7,454,106 
14,169,615 


91,898 
145,021 

598,978 
226, 124 
425,088 


1, 735, 980 
3, 586, 640 
3,642,044 
2, 152, 034 
31,316,100 


28, 933 
27,900 
25,408 
48,922 
626,322 


739, 650 
5,965,336 

148, 000 

3,834,094 

83,908,340 


12,328 

52,202 

555 

87, 138 

1, 678, 167 


7,989,504 
38,556,064 

123,585,576 
13,440,834 

129,394,055 


133, 159 
225, 123 
624,941 
362, 184 
2,729,577 


Grand total 


175,937,215 


1,487,109 


42,433,398 


757,485 


94,595,420 


1,830,390 


312,966,033 


4,074,984 



Catch of Salmon in Washington Waters in 1915, by Apparatus 


and Species. 


Apparatus and species. 


Puget Sound. 


Grays Harbor. 


Willapa Harbor. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Drag seines: 

Coho, or silver 


40, 770 
64, 864 
9,084 
15,488 
730 


$1,699 

1,216 

68 

704 

44 


27, 708 
272 


$1, 154 
5 






Chum, or keta 






Humpback, or pink 






King, or spring .' 


29, 590 


1,345 






Steelhead trout 
















Total 


130,936 


3,731 


57,570 


2,504 












Purse seines: 

Coho, or silver 


3,106,365 
10,247,648 
17, 444, 812 
224,510 
1,223,465 
113, 975 


76, 466 
192, 140 
130, 836 

10, 205 

210, 112 

6,839 










Chum, or keta 










Humpback, or pink 




















Sockeye, red, or blueback 










Steelhead trout 




















Total 


32, 360, 775 


626,598 




















Gill nets: 

Coho, or silver 


683, 214 
774, 416 
143, 932 
510, 114 
99, 250 
16, 450 


28, 467 
14,520 

1,080 
23, 187 

8,933 
987 


504, 420 
425,592 


9,478 
6,684 


22,590 
13, 688 


$941 


Chum, or keta 


257 


Humpback, or pink 




King, or spring 


340, 940 

1, 448, 815 

11, 780 


14, 216 
86, 935 

707 


139, 788 


6 354 


Sockeye, red, or blueback 




Steelhead trout 


110 


7 






Total 


2,227,376 


77, 174 


2, 731, 547 


118, 020 


176, 176 


7,559 





PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 



151 



Catch of Salmon in Washington Waters in 1915, by Apparatus and Species— 

Continued. 



Apparatus and species. 



Trap nets: 

Coho, or silver 

Chum, orketa 

Humpback, or pink 

King, or spring 

Sockeye, red, or blueback. 
Steelhead trout 



Total 

Reef nets: 

Coho, or silver 

Chum, or keta 

Humpback, or pink 

King, or spring 

Sockeye, red, or blueback. 
Steelhead trout 



Total 

Set nets: 

Coho, or silver 

Chum, orketa 

Humpback, or pink 

King, or spring 

Sockeye, red, or blueback. 
Steelhead trout 



Total. 



Bag nets: 

Coho, or silver 

Humpback, or pink. 



Total . 



Lines: 

Coho, or silver . . . 
King, or Chinook. 



Total 

Grand total: 

Coho, or silver 

Chum, or keta 

Humpback, or pink 

King, or spring 

Sockeye, red, or blueback. 
Steelhead trout 



Total. 



Puget Sound. 



Pounds. Value. 



3,825,648 
1, 422, 112 
11,630,852 
5,221,106 
2,091,650 
144, 230 



24,335,598 



22,584 
8,944 

92, 952 
5,016 
6,790 
2,500 



138, 786 



411,372 
170, 840 
152, 120 
131, 186 
16,865 
6,480 



3,600 
2,100 



5,700 



$159, 402 

26,665 

87,224 

237, 323 

197,249 

8,654 



716,517 

941 

168 
697 
228 
611 
150 



2,795 



17, 140 
3,203 
1,141 
5,963 
1,518 



29,354 



Grays Harbor. 



Pounds. Value 



272,640 
145,056 



405, 196 
"i2,"650 



835,542 



121, 170 
124,336 



158,664 

250 

1,730 



150 
16 



480,000 
3,080,000 



3,560,000 



8,573,553 
12,688,824 
29,475,852 
9, 187, 420 
3,438,020 
284,365 



63, 648, 034 



166 



20,000 
140, 000 



160,000 



304, 265 
237,912 
221,062 
417,610 
418,423 
17,063 



1,616,335 



406, 150 



$11,360 
2,720 



18,418 



759 



33,257 



5,049 
2,331 



7,212 
23 
104 



14,719 



925,938 
695, 256 



934,396 

1,449,065 

26, 160 



4,030,809 



Willapa Harbor. 



Pounds. Value 



150, 258 

93, 744 

1,593 

350, 812 



596,407 



35,856 
100, 768 



104, 786 

4,145 

30 



245,585 



$6,261 

1,758 

16 

15,946 



23,981 



1,464 
1,889 



4,763 

373 

2 



8,491 



27,041 
11, 740 



41, 191 

86,958 
1,570 



168,500 



208, 704 
208,200 

1,593 
595,386 

4,145 
140 



1,018,168 



8,666 

3,904 

16 

27,063 

373 

9 



40,031 



Apparatus and species. 



Columbia River. 



Pounds. Value 



Total. 



Pounds. Value 



Drag seines: 

Coho, or silver 

Chum, orketa 

Humpback, or pink 

King, or spring 

Sockeye, red, or blueback. 
Steelhead trout , 

Total 

Purse seines: 

Coho, or silver 

Chum, orketa 

Humpback, or pink 

King, or spring 

Sockeye, red, or blueback 
Steelhead trout 

Total 



40,338 

5,224 

148 

1,017,456 

60,820 

236,390 



$1,681 

98 

1 

46,248 

5,474 

14,363 



108,816 
70, 360 
9,232 
1,062,534 
60,820 
237, 120 



$4,534 

1,319 

69 

48,297 
5,474 

14,407 



1,360,376 



67,865 



1,548,882 



74,100 



82,524 
139,584 
141,400 

58,600 

3,895 

174,480 



3,436 
2,617 
1,061 
2,664 
350 
10,469 



3,188,889 

10,387,232 

17,586,212 

283, 110 

1,227,360 

288,455 



79,902 
194,757 
131,897 

12,869 
210,462 

17,308 



600,483 



20,597 



32,961,258 



647, 195 



152 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 



Catch op Salmon in Washington Waters in 1915, by Apparatus and Species — 

Continued. 



Apparatus and species. 



Columbia River. 



Pounds. Value 



Total. 



Pounds. Value 



Gill nets: 

Coho, or silver 

Chum, or keta 

Humpback, or pink 

King, or spring 

Soekeye, red, or blueback. 
Steelhead trout 



Total. 



Trap nets: 

Coho, or silver 

Chum, or keta 

Humpback, or pink 

King, or spring 

Soekeye, red, or blueback . 
Steelhead trout 



Total. 



Reel nets: 

Coho, or silver 

Chum, or keta 

Humpback, or pink 

King, or spring 

Soekeye, red, or blueback . 
Steelhead trout 



Total. 



Set nets: 

Coho, or silver 

Chum, or keta 

Humpback, or pink 

King, or spring 

Soekeye, red, or blueback. 
Steelhead trout 



Total. 



Bag nets: 

Coho, or silver 

Humpback, or pink. 



Total. 



Wheels: 

King, or Chinook 

Soekeye, red, or blueback. 
Steelhead trout 



Total. 



Lines: 

Coho, or silver. . 
King, or spring. 



Total. 



Grand total: 

Coho, or silver 

Chum, or keta 

Humpback, or pink 

King, Chinook, or spring. . 
Soekeye, red, or blueback. 
Steelhead trout 



Total. 



74,724 

231, 960 

4,996 

3,474,402 

24,065 

368,892 



$3, 114 

4,349 

37 

157,941 

2,166 

22, 134 



1,284,948 
1,445,656 

148,928 
4,465,244 
1,572,130 

397,232 



4,179,039 



189,741 



9,314,138 



722, 844 
207,992 
18,840 
4,008,224 
89, 945 
891,202 



30, 118 

3,900 

141 

182, 192 

8,095 

53,476 



4,971,390 
1,868,904 
11,651,285 
9,985,338 
2,181,595 
1,048,082 



5,939,047 



277, 922 



31,706,594 



22,584 
8,944 

92,952 
5,016 
6,790 
2,500 



138,786 



1,776 
3,832 
1,732 

40,216 
9,870 

11,790 



77 
72 
13 

1,828 
888 
717 



570, 174 
399,776 
153, 852 
434,852 
31, 130 
20,030 



69,216 



3,595 



1,609,814 



3,600 
2,100 



128,436 
107,305 
30,560 



5,838 
9,657 
1,834 



128,436 
107, 305 
30,560 



266, 301 



17,329 



266, 301 



90,000 
440,000 



3,750 
20,000 



570,000 
3,520,000 



1,012,206 
588,592 
167, 116 

9,167,334 
295,900 

1,713,314 

12,944,462 



23,750 



42,176 

11,036 

1,253 

416,711 
26,630 

102,993 

600,799 



4,090,000 



10,720,401 
14.180,872 
291644,561 
19,884,530 
5, 187, 130 
2,023,979 

81, 641, 473 



pacific Salmon fisheries. 153 

Catch op Salmon in Oregon in 1915, by Waters and Species. 



Species. 


Columbia River. 


Coastal streams. 


Total. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Blueback 


264,770 

1,561,337 

20,515.436 

2,493,650 

2,279,202 


$13,239 

24,396 

1,230,926 

87, 278 

136, 752 


696 

518,574 

3,024,430 

2, 102, 602 

62,656 


$35 

8,103 

151,222 

63,178 

3,759 


265,466 

2,079,911 

23,539,866 

4,596,252 

2,341,858 


$13,274 


Chum 


32,499 




1,382,148 
150, 456 


Silverside 




140, 511 






Total 


27,114,395 


1,492,591 


5, 708, 958 


226,297 


32,823,353 


1,718,888 







Catch of Salmon in California in 1915, by Waters and Species. 



Location. 


Chinook. 


Silvers. 


Steelhead. 


Total. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Eel, Mad, Klamath, and 
Smith Rivers 


1,649,189 

56,247 

3,471,624 
3,035,446 


$82,460 

2,S12 

173,581 
151,772 


286,719 


$14,336 


33,206 


$1,992 


1,969,114 

56,247 

3,471,624 
3,045,446 


$98, 788 


Fort Bragg, Mendocino 
County 


2,812 


San Francisco Bay and tribu- 
taries 










173,581 


Monterey Bay 


10,000 


500 






152, 272 










Total... 


8,212,506 


410,625 


296,719 


14,836 


33,206 


1,992 


8,542,431 


427, 453 







PACK OF CANNED SALMON IN 1915. 

The following table shows by sections, species, and styles of can 
the pack of Pacific coast (exclusive of Siberia and Japan) canned sal- 
mon in 1915: 



Species, grades, and sizes. 


Alaska. 


Puget 
Sound. 


Queets 
River. 


Sole- 
duck 
River. 


Qui- 
nault 
River. 


Grays 
Harbor. 


Wil- 

lapa 

Harbor. 


Colum- 
bia 
River. 


Coho, or silver: 


Cases. 
4,201 
2,338 

120, 031 


Cases. 
38,196 
28,765 

113, 822 


Cases. 


Cases. 


Cases. 
126 
409 
853 


Cases. 
2,848 
4,328 
6,860 


Cases. 
4,008 


Cases. 
12 757 






20 
1,300 


3,381 
17, 198 






Total 


126,570 


180, 783 




1,320 


1,388 


14,036 


4,008 


33 336 






Chinook, or king, red: 
Fancy— 




4,540 
6,692 
15,260 












168,383 
161 171 


1-pound flat 














1-pound tall 














17 650 
















1 807 


Standard— 

4-pound flat 


4,111 
3,735 

77,848 








127 
22 
71 


458 
630 
685 


492 
2,656 


22,429 


1-pound flat 








14 819 


1-pound tall 






388 


30'227 










Total 


85,694 


26,492 




388 


220 


1,773 


3,148 


416 486 






Chinook, or king, white: 




1,038 






155 

88 
681 


169 

777 
1,500 












26 

800 










936 




















1,974 




826 


924 


2,446 















154 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 



Species, grades, and sizes. 


Alaska. 


Puget 
Sound. 


Queets 
River. 


Sole- 
duck 
River. 


Qui- 
nault 
River. 


Grays 
Harbor. 


Wil- 

lapa 

Harbor. 


Colum- 
bia 
River. 


Chum, or keta: 


Cases. 


Cases. 
1,368 

1,878 
408,528 


Cases. 


Cases. 


Cases. 


Cases. 


Cases. 


Cases. 
4,026 




317 

484, 091 




12 

180 


8 
1,985 


37 

22,700 


5,686 


9,278 




73,226 






Total 


4S4, 408 


411, 774 




192 


1,993 


22, 737 


5,686 


86, 530 






Humpback, or pink: 


4,321 

3,508 
1, 862, 544 


26, 919 

11, 680 

545, 050 










































Total 
















1, 870, 373 


583,649 






























Sockeye, or red: 


1,529 

53, 965 

111,698 

1, 755, 104 


















55,411 

8,476 
697 


344 
200 
968 




19, 532 

3,085 

355 






4,709 
















750 










Total 


1,922,296 


64,584 


1,512 




22, 972 






5,459 








Steelhead trout: 














6,836 
















8,935 
















10, 952 






1 











Total 






1. . 






26 723 






1 












4, 489, 341 


1,269,256 


1,512 


2,726 


27, 497 


40,992 1 12.842 


568,534 









Species, grades, and sizes. 


Neha- 

lem 

River. 


Tilla- 
mook 
Bay. 


Nes- 
tugga 
River. 


Siletz 
River. 


Alsea 
Bay 
and 

River. 


Sius- 

law 

River. 


Ump- 

qua 

River. 


Coos 

Bay 

and 

River. 


Co- 
quille 
River. 


Coho, or silver: 


Cases. 
200 


Cases. 


Cases. 
1,900 


Cases. 
1,525 


Cases. 

1,640 

213 

1,600 


Cases. 
346 


Cases. 
949 


Cases. 

1,050 

2,000 

450 


Cases. 
1 366 








1,400 


4,949 


2,100 


1,000 


1,409 


3,039 


3,765 






Total 


1,600 


4,949 


4,000 


2,525 


3,453 


1,755 


3,988 


3,500 


5,131 






Chinook, or king, red: 
Standard — 


















1,795 




200 
600 


250 
5,425 


190 
1,481 


103 
1,400 


155 
1,209 




76 
1,030 










484 
























Total 


800 


5,675 


1,671 


1,503 


1,364 




1,106 




2,279 






Chum, or keta: 1-pound tall. . 


500 


10,599 


460 


650 


50 








5,131 












2,900 


21,223 


6,131 


4,678 


4,867 


1,755 


5,094 


3,500 


12,541 





PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 



155 



Species, grades, and sizes. 


Rogue 
River. 


Smith 
River. 


Kla- 
math 
River. 


Sacra- 
mento 
River. 


Monte- 
rey 
Bay. 


British 
Colum- 
bia. 


Total. 


Coho, or silver: 


Cases. 


Cases. 
788 

290 


Cases. 


Cases. 


Cases. 


Cases. 
67,683 
15,521 
63, 752 


Cases. 
135,575 




515 


2,500 






59, 990 








347, 826 
















515 


1,078 


2,500 






146, 956 


543, 391 


Chinook, or king, red: 
Fancy — 


1,643 
17,451 












174,566 














185,314 














32, 910 
















1,807 


Standard— 




1,295 






750 
100 
100 


35,310 

1,327 

14, 492 

206 

399 


66,275 






10, 400 


5.679 
500 


38, 178 






660 


137, 775 






206 














1,880 
















19, 094 


1,955 


10, 400 


6,179 


950 


51, 734 


638,911 


Chinook, or king, white: 












289 

524 

5,557 


1,651 














1,415 














9,474 




























6,370 


12,540 


Chum, or keta: 














5,394 














2,739 
79, 261 


14,269 














1,093,047 




























82,000 


1, 112, 710 


Humpback, or pink: 












76, 072 
26,290 
264, 990 


107, 312 














41,478 














2,672,584 




























367, 352 


2, 821, 374 
















Sockeye, or red: 












3,737 
1,579 


3,737 














1,579 














1,529 














335, 705 
44,225 
90, 796 


469,666 














167,684 














1,848,670 
















Total 












476, 042 


2,492,865 
















Steelhead trout: 












978 

273 

1,676 


7,814 














9,208 














12, 628 




























2,927 


29,650 


















19,609 


3,033 


12,900 


6,179 


950 


1, 133, 381 


7,651,441 







X. STATISTICAL DATA FOR OTHER YEARS. 

CANNING INDUSTRY OF PACIFIC COAST FROM 1864 TO 1915. 

From the beginning of the canning of salmon on this coast it has 
been the most important branch of the industry, and the following 
table shows in condensed form the number of cases packed in each 
year on the Pacific coast of North America from the beginning of the 
industry in 1864 to 1915. 

As British Columbia is a province of the Dominion of Canada it 
does not come strictly within the scope of this report, but in order to 
show the pack of canned salmon on the North American shores of 
the Pacific Ocean, which would be incomplete without that of the 
province, it has been included also. 

Pack op Canned Salmon on the Pacific Coast, by Years and Waters. 



Years. 



1866.. 
1867.. 
1868.. 
1869.. 
1870.. 
1871.. 
1872.. 
1873.. 
1874.. 
1875.. 
1876.. 
1877.. 
1878.. 
1879.. 
1880.. 
1881.. 
1882.. 
1883.. 
1884.. 
1885.. 
1886.. 
1887.. 
1888.. 
1889., 
1890., 
1891.. 
1892.. 
1893.. 
1894. 
1895. 
1896. 
1897. 
1898. 
1899. 
1900. 
1901. 
1902. 
1903. 
1904. 
1905. 
1906. 
1907. 
1908. 
1909. 
1910. 
1911. 
1912. 
1913. 
1914. 
1915. 



Total 17,185,556 



Puget 
Sound. 



Cases. 



5,500 

238 

1,300 

5,100 

8,500 

7,900 

1,500 

5,500 

12,000 

17,000 

22, 000 

21, 975 

11,674 

8,000 

20, 529 

26, 426 

89, 774 

95,400' 

179,968 

195, 664 

494,026 

400, 200 

919,611 

469, 450 

1,380,590 

581,659 

478, 488 

291,488 

1,018,641 

430, 602 

698, 080 

448, 765 

1, 632, 949 

567, 883 

1,551,028 

416,125 

2,583,463 

817, 354 

1,269,206 



Coastal 
streams of 
Washing- 
ton. 



Cases. 



18,431 
19, 914 
13, 124 
21,459 
31,735 



104,663 



Grays 
Harbor. 



Cases. 



5,420 



37,000 



500 
16, 500 
22,000 
21,400 
11,449 
21,274 
13, 300 
12, 100 
24, 240 
30, 800 
41, 500 
31,500 



27, 559 
22, 050 
22,000 
14, 000 
14, 000 
19, 787 
51,130 
75,941 
47, 287 
19,895 
32,434 
40, 992 



676,058 



Willapa 
Harbor. 



Cases. 



22,500 



8,000 
14,500 
16, 195 
15, 100 
22,600 
24, 941 
29,600 
21,420 
21,314 
26,300 
34,000 
39, 492 

5,890 
26,400 
14, 950 
14, 440 
13,382 
20, 457 
12,024 
14, 508 
25,497 
28, 148 
12,050 
16,837 
12, 842 



513,387 



Columbia 
River. 



Cases. 
4,000 
18, 000 
28,000 
100, 000 
150, 000 
200, 000 
250, 000 
250, 000 
350, 000 
375, 000 
450, 000 
380, 000 
460, 000 
480,000 
530,000 
550, 000 
541,300 
629,400 
620, 000 
553, 800 
448, 500 
356,000 
372, 477 
309,885 
435, 774 
398, 953 
487,338 
415, 876 
490, 100 

634. 696 

481. 697 
552, 721 
487, 944 
332, 774 
358, 772 
390, 183 
317,143 
339, 577 
395, 104 
397, 273 
394, 898 
324,171 
253,341 
274,087 
391,415 
543,331 
285,666 
266,479 
454,621 
558,534 



19,068,830 



Coastal 

streams of 

Oregon. 



Cases. 



7,804 
16, 634 
8,571 
7,772 
12,320 
19, 186 
16, 156 
12,376 
9,370 
49, 147 
73,996 
92, 863 
98,800 
47,009 
24,500 
83,600 
52, 778 
54,815 
77, 878 
87,360 
60, 158 
75, 679 
82,041 
12,237 
58, 618 
44,236 
54, 861 
98, 874 
89, 055 

107, 332 
79, 712 
52, 478 
58, 169 

103, 617 

138, 152 
84,074 
38,492 

106,617 
80,499 



2,277,776 



Smith 
River, Cal. 



Cases. 



4,277 
"7," 500 



5,500 
1,550 



2,347 



2,000 
2,000 
2,250 



3,000 
3,033 



33,457 



156 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 157 

Pack of Canned Salmon on the Pacific Coast, by Years and Waters — Con. 



Years. 


Klamath 
River, Cal. 


Eel River, 
Cal. 


Sacramento 
River. 


Alaska. 


British 
Columbia. 


Total. 


1864 


Cases. 


Cases. 


Cases. 
2,000 
2,000 


Cases. 


Cases. 


Cases.a 
2 000 


1865 . 










2 000 


1866 










4 000 


1867 












18,000 
28,000 
100, 000 
150, 000 


1868 












1869 












1870 












1871 . 












200,000 
250,000 


1872 












1873 












250,000 
352, 500 


1874 . 






2,500 

3,000 
10, 000 
21, 500 
34,017 
13,855 
62, 000 
181,200 
200,000 
123, 000 
81,450 
90,000 
39,300 
36,500 
68,075 
57,300 
25,065 
10,353 

2,281 
23,336 
28,463 
25,185 
13,387 
38, 543 
29,731 
32, 580 
39,304 
17,500 
14,043 

8,200 
14,407 

2,780 






1875 










378,000 


1876 








7,247 
58,3S7 
89, 946 
61,093 
61, 849 
169, 576 
240, 461 
163, 438 
123, 706 
108, 517 

152. 964 
204, 083 
184,040 
417,211 
411,257 
314,511 
248, 721 
610, 202 
492, 232 
587,692 
617, 782 

1, 027, 183 
492, 551 
765, 519 
606, 540 

1,247,212 
627, 161 
473,847 
465, 894 

1, 167, 822 
629,460 
547,459 
566,303 
993,060 
760, 830 

948. 965 
996, 576 

1,353,901 
1,111,039 
1,133,381 


467,247 
481 691 


1877 




8,500 
10, 500 




1878 




8,159 

12, 530 

6,539 

8,977 

21, 745 

48, 337 

64,886 

83,415 

142,065 

206,677 

412,115 

719, 196 

682, 591 

801,400 

474, 717 

643, 654 

686,440 

626,530 

966, 707 

909, 078 

965, 097 

1, 078, 146 

1, 548, 139 

2, 016, 804 

2,536,824 

2, 246, 210 

1,953,756 

1,894,516 

2, 219, 044 

2, 169, 873 

2, 606, 973 

2,395,477 

2,413,054 

2,823,817 

4,054,641 

3,739,185 

4,056,653 

4, 489, 016 


629, 191 

577,349 

687,010 

930,573 

1,030,592 

981,831 

907,918 

857, 042 

848,976 

899, 256 

1,217,792 

1,614,066 

1,609,696 

1,578,746 

1,354,083 

1,876,915 

1,887,150 

2,169,848 

2,408,812 

3,124,609 

2,484,722 

3,257,825 

3,091,542 

5,1S6,407 

4, 194, 558 

3, 607, 073 

3,276,882 

4,607,087 

3 817 776 


1879 




1880 




6,250 


1881 




1882 






1883 




15, 000 
8, 200 
5,750 

12,500 


1884 




1885 




1886 




1887 




1888 


4,400 




1889 




1890 






1891 






1892 


i,047 
1,600 
1,700 
1,600 




1893 




1894 




1895 




1896 




1897 






1898 






1899 


1,600 




1900 




1901 






1902 


2,500 




1903 




1904 


3,400 




1905 




1906 






1907 








3, 522' 506 
3,962,317 
5,393,670 
4,316,453 
6,145,308 
5,961,431 
8,033,915 
6,648,325 
7,639,267 


1908...- 








1909 


5,633 
8,016 
7,604 
18,000 
6,376 
11,000 
12,900 






1910 


6,000 
8,400 
11,000 




1911 


4,142 


1912 


1913 


950 
17,315 
b 7, 129 


1914 




1915. 








Total 


86,329 


50,650 


1,382,391 


52,732,983 


21,239,618 


115,021,957 





« Reduced to a common basis of forty-eight 1-pound cans to the case. 
b Includes 950 cases packed at Monterey. 

CANNING INDUSTRY, BY SPECIES AND WATERS. 

The tables which follow show separately, by waters and as far as 
possible by species, the salmon canned on the Pacific coast from the 
beginning of the industry until 1915. It is only within recent years 
that the published statistics have shown the pack of the different spe- 
cies separately. In the early years of canning the chinoo/k, or quinnat, 
salmon was used exclusively, the other species not being utilized 
until the chinook had begun to decrease in abundance, or a demand 
had arisen for a cheaper product. There is a very great difference 



158 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 



in the selling value of the highest and lowest grades, and it is neces- 
sary to have complete statistical data now in order intelligently to 
comprehend the trend of the industry. While every effort has been 
made to make these tables complete, there are, unfortunately, some 
gaps which it was found impossible to fill. Such ellipses indicate 
that either the canneries did not operate or that no data were 
available for such periods. 

Trade names of each species as known in each district, follow: 



Districts. 



Alaska. 



British Columbia. 

Puget Sound 

Columbia River . . 
Outside rivers — 



Red. 



Sockeye 

do 

Blueback . . 
Quinault... 



King. 



Spring 

Tyee, spring. 

Chinook 

Quinnat 



Coho 

Medium red. 
Silver. 

Coho 

do 

Silverside . . . 
do 



Pink. 



Humpback 

do 

None packed.. 
do 



Chum. 
Keta. 

Chum. 
D.o. 
Do. 
Do. 



Although there are only five species of salmon found on the Pacific 
coast, each bears several common names which are in general use in 
one or more of the many fishing districts. 

Pack of Canned Salmon on Puget Sound in Specified Years. 





Can- 
neries 
oper- 
ated. 


Chinook. 


Sockeye. 


Medium red, or silver. 


Years. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 




4 
2 
1 
2 
2 
3 
3 
7 
11 
12 
18 
19 
19 










5,000 

238 

1,300 


























$5,690 














1881 




























1883 














1884 














1888 














1889 


240 
1,000 

382 

86 

1,200 


$1,200 

5,000 

2,101 

473 

6,480 






7,180 

3,000 

5,869 

7,206 

11,812 

22,418 

50, 865 

82,640 

91,900 

98, 600 

111,387 

128, 200 


37,400 


1890 






15,000 


1891 


5,538 

2,954 

47,852 

41, 781 

65, 143 

72, 979 

312, 048 

252,000 

499, 646 

229, 800 

1, 220, 000 

372, 301 

167, 211 

109, 264 

825, 453 

178, 748 

93,122 

170, 951 

1,097,904 

248, 014 

127, 769 

184,680 

1, 673, 099 

339, 787 

64,584 


$24, 921 

11, 816 

103, 371 

188, 014 

273, 108 

350, 299 

1,248,192 

1,058,400 

2,368,334 

1, 149, 000 


19, 368 


1892 


24,500 


1893 


. 59, 060 


1894 


89, 672 


1895 


• i, 542 
13, 495 
9,500 
11, 200 
24,364 
22, 350 


7,325 
67, 475 
39, 045 
50, 624 
103, 180 
134, 100 


154,218 


1896 


264,448 


1897 


282, 133 


1898 


335, 240 


1899 


418, 176 


1900 


512, 800 


1901 




1902 


21 
22 
13 
24 
16 
14 
11 
24 
15 
21 
21 
32 
22 
40 


30, 049 

14,500 

14,441 

1,804 

8,139 

1,814 

95, 210 

13, 019 

10,064 

21,823 

20, 252 

1,234 

27, 140 

28,466 


150, 245 

72, 500 

69,352 

9,922 

48, 834 

16,326 

666, 470 

72, 604 

60, 324 

172, 582 

101, 706 

5,247 

179, 532 

145, 555 


2, 047, 655 
1, 003, 260 

653, 871 
4,952,718 
1,251,236 

698, 416 
1, 196, 657 
6, 183, 300 
1, 673, 095 
1, 168, 145 
1, 660, 173 
10,871,178 
2, 751, 832 

676, 769 


85, 817 
103, 450 
118, 127 

79, 335 

94, 497 
119, 472 
128,922 
143, 133 
162, 755 
256, 123 
149, 727 

61,019 
158,933 
180, 783 


429, 085 


1903 


413, 800 


1904 


447, 851 


1905 


337, 174 


1906 


472,485 


1907 


476, 288 


1908 


644,922 


1909 


630, 446 


1910 


895, 153 


1911 


1.711,178 


1912 


761, 200 


1913 


235, 372 


1914 

1915 


715,995 
902,335 







PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 159 

Pack of Canned Salmon on Puget Sound in Specified Years — Continued. 



Years. 


Can- 
neries 
oper- 
ated. 


Chum. 


Pink. 


Total. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


1877 


1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 






500 




5,500 

238 

1.300 

5.100 

8, 500 

7,900 

1.500 

5,500 

12, 000 

17, 000 

22, 000 

21.975 

11,674 

8,000 

20, 529 

26, 426 

89, 774 

95, 400 

179, 968 

195, 664 

494, 026 

400, 200 

919, 611 

469, 450 

1,380,590 

581,659 

478,488 

291,488 

1,018,641 

430,602 

698, 080 

448, 765 

1, 632, 949 

567, 883 

1,551,028 

416, 125 

2,583,463 

817, 354 

1,269,206 






















85,690 


1880 










1881 










1882 






i 










. 




1884 






i 




1885 






1 




1886 








i 




1887 








1 




1888 


4 

2 

1 

2 

2 

3 

3 

7 

11 

12 

18 

19 

19 






1 • 


126, 356 


1889 


1,145 
4,000 
3,093 
16, 180 
11,380 
22, 152 
38,785 
26, 550 
23,310 
38,400 
31,481 
89, 100 


S3, 435 
12, 000 
10, 825 
56, 630 
31,295 
60, 918 
94,741 
73, 013 
64, 103 

105, 600 
86, 427 

245, 025 


2,809 


17, 584 


49, 619 


1890 


32,000 


1891 


5,647 


15, 246 


72, 461 


1892 


93,419 


1893 


17, 530 
9,049 
23, 633 


47, 331 
24,432 
62, 556 


247; 537 


1894 


363, 036 


1895 


591,948 


1896 


755, 235 


1897 


57, 268 


171, 804 


1, 805, 277 


1898 


1,549,864 


1899 


252, 733 


734, 241 


3,710,358 


1900 . 


1,940,925 


1901 








1902 


21 

22 
13 
24 
16 
14 
11 
24 
15 
21 
21 
32 
22 
40 


93,492 
12, 001 
49, 656 
41,057 

149, 218 
50, 219 
47, 607 
53, 688 

146, 942 
98,321 
60,760 
56, 225 

290, 477 

411,724 


467, 460 
30, 002 
124,254 
102, 643 
708, 781 
150, 847 
142, 821 
128,916 
514,297 
391, 123 
154, 193 
124, 970 
903, 675 
1, 155, 474 






3,094,445 


1903 


181, 326 


407, 984 


1.927,546 


1904 


1, 295, 328 


1905 


70, 992 


212,976 


5,615,433 


1906 


2,481,336 


1907 


433,423 

6,075 

370,993 

108 

1,046,992 

700 

791, 886 

1,017 

583, 649 


1,300,269. 

18, 225 

902, 342 

388 

4,302,344 

2,185 

2, 092, 401 

4,615 

1,795,285 


2,642,146 


1908 


2,669,095 


1909 


7, 917, 608 


1910 


3,143,256 


1911 


7,745,372 


1912 


2, 679, 457 


1913 


13, 329, 168 


1914 


4, 555, 649 


1915 


4,675,418 







Pack op Canned Salmon on Queets River in Specified Years. 



Years. 


Canneries 
operated. 


Chinook. 


Sockeye. 


Silverside. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


1912 


1 

1 
1 
1 


750 
1,082 
1,175 


$4, 500 
7,574 
5,875 


200 

220 

200 

1,512 


$2, 080 
1,848 
2,134 
9,072 


2,500 
1,680 
1,800 


$11,500 


1913 


5,712 


1914 


6,966 


1915 













Years. 


Canneries 
operated. 


Chum. 


StJA 


Total. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


1912 


1 
1 
1 
1 


1,000 

670 

1,020 


$2, 400 
1,461 

2,887 






4,450 
4,252 
4,695 
1,512 


$20 480 


1913 


600 
500 


$3,300 
2,750 


19, 895 


1914 


20,612 


1915 


9,072 













160 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

Canned Salmon Pack on Soleduck River in Specified Years. 



Years. 


Canneries 
operated. 


Chinook, or black. 


Sockeye. 


Silverside. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


1912 


1 
1 
1 
1 


414 
206 
237 
388 


$2, 484 
1,442 
1,185 
1,940 


15 


$156 


940 
1,040 
1,439 
1,320 


$4,324 


1913 


3,536 
5,574 
6,072 


1914 






1915 















Years. 


Canneries 
operated. 


Pink." 


Chum. 


Total. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


1912 


1 
1 
1 
1 


103 


$268 


76 
28 
103 
192 


$182 
61 
291 
538 


1,548 
1,274 
1,968 
2,726 


$7, 414 


1913 


5,039 


1914 


189 

826 


567 
2,478 


7,617 


1915 


11,028 







a These are virtually all light-colored chinooks. 
Pack op Canned Salmon on Quinault River in Specified Years. 



Years. 


Canneries 
operated. 


Chinook. 


Sockeye. 


Silverside. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


1911a 


1 

2 
1 
2 
2 


5,000 


$35,000 


2,031 
4,500 
6 22,397 
12, 074 
22, 972 


$16,000 
40,500 
188, 135 
120,740 
239,989 


6,000 
3,916 
7,106 
1,623 
1,388 


$42,000 


1912 


18,014 


1913 






24,160 


1914 


51 
1,144 


255 
6,864 


6,281 


1915 


6,807 






Years. 


Canneries 
operated. 


Chum. 


Total. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


1911 a 


1 

2 
1 
2 
2 


5,400 
5,500 


$27,000 
13,200 


18,431 
13, 916 
7,598 
14, 796 
27,497 


$120,000 


1912 


71,714 


1913 


212^295 


1914 


1,048 
1,993 


2,966 
5,580 


130,242 


1915 


259,240 





o Previous to this date the fish were transported to the Aberdeen and Hoquiam canneries and prepared 
there. 
6 The greater portion of these were brought to Aberdeen and canned. 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHEItfES. 161 

Pack of Canned Salmon on Grays Harbor in Specified Years. 



Years. 



Can- 
neries 
oper- 
ated. 



Chinook. 



Cases. Value. 



Silverside. 



Cases. 



Value. 



Chum. 



Cases. Value 



Total. 



Value. 



1878. 
1879. 
1885. 
1886. 
1888. 
1891. 
1892. 
1893. 
1894. 
1895. 
1896. 
1897. 
1898. 
1899. 
1900. 
1901. 
1902. 
1904. 
1905. 
1906. 
1907. 
1908. 
1909. 
1910. 
1911. 
1912. 
1913. 
1914. 
1915 



5,420 



4,500 
4,500 
12,300 
56 
7,816 
3,100 
5,100 
5,000 
6,700 



$15, 390 
22,500 
61,500 
202 
36,806 
11,741 
23,052 
21,250 
33,500 



500 
9,000 
12,000 
4,100 
8,876 
9,278 
8,300 
4,800 
15,740 
12,900 



$1,500 
30,780 
48,000 
16,400 
28,403 
29,689 
23,481 
16.320 
59,025 
51,600 



3,000 
5,500 
5,000 
2,517 
4,180 
1,900 
2,200 
3,500 
11,200 



$9, 415 
14,850 
13,500 
6,922 
11,495 
5,000 
6,050 
8,750 
30,800 



4,000 
4,339 
2,050 
2,500 
1,000 
1,000 
5,721 
15, 495 
15,773 
9,060 
1,253 
11,899 
4,219 



20,000 
20,163 

9,225 
10,000 

7,000 

7,000 
20,819 
90,718 
110, 411 
54,360 

8,771 
59,495 
20,089 



10,000 
14,904 
13,000 
11,500 
9,500 
9,500 
9,019 
21, 768 
28,991 
26,162 
5,723 
9,156 
14,036 



45,000 
51,854 
52,000 
43,900 
47,500 
47,500 
38, 146 
108,840 
202,937 
120,345 
19,458 
35,434 
61,707 



17,500 
8,316 
7,000 
8,000 
3,500 
3,500 
5,047 
13,867 
c 31, 177 
12,065 
12,919 
11,379 
22,737 



70,000 
21,022 
18,200 
21,500 
11,500 
11,500 
11,608 
48,534 
155,885 
28,956 
28,163 
32,203 
63,678 



8,200 
18,700 
37,000 
500 
16,500 
22,000 
21,400 
11,449 
21,274 
13,300 
12,100 
24,240 
30,800 
41,500 
31,500 
27,559 
22,050 
22,000 
14,000 
14,000 
ol9,787 
6 51, 130 
75,941 
47,287 
19,895 
32,434 
40,992 



$29,268 



212,750 
1,500 
55,585 
85,350 
91,400 
35,527 
57,990 
40,222 
45,422 
89,025 

115,900 



135,000 
93,039 
79,425 
75,400 
66,000 
66,000 
70, 573 
248,092 
469, 233 
203,661 
56,392 
127, 132 
145,474 



a Also 1,649 cases, valued at $9,051, with sockeyes brought from Puget Sound. 
t> Also 4,350 cases of " Quinault," or sockeyej salmon. 
e Includes 6,730 cases of humpbacks. 

Pack of Canned Salmon on Willapa Harbor in Specified Years. 



Years. 


Can- 
neries 
opera- 
ted. 


Chinook or black. 


Silverside. 


Chum. 


Total. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


1886 
















13,600 




1887 


4 
3 
1 
1 
1 
1 
2 
2 
1 
2 
3 
3 
















1888 














22,500 
8,000 
14,500 
16, 195 
15,100 
22,600 
24,941 
29,600 
21,420 
21,314 
26,300 
34,000 
39,492 
5,890 
26,400 
14,950 
14,440 
13,382 
20,457 
12,024 
14,508 
25,497 
o 28, 148 
12,050 
16,837 
12, 842 


$129,375 


1891 






8,000 
9,000 
7,895 
5,600 
13,047 
11,940 
14,600 
9,809 
10,675 
12,400 


$24,666 
30,780 
31,580 
22,400 
41, 150 
38,208 
44, 822 
33,351 
40,031 
49,600 






24,000 


1892 


3,000 
1,700 
2,700 
4,636 
4,551 
8,100 
5,865 
5,650 
6,700 


$10,260 
9,180 
14,580 
23,180 
22,755 
33,291 
26,510 
25,425 
33,500 


2,500 
6,600 
6,800 
4,917 
8,450 
6,900 
5,746 
4,989 
7,200 


$7,745 
18, 150 
18,700 
13,222 
21,238 
18,975 
15,802 
13,720 
19,800 


48,785 
58, 910 


1893 


1894 


55, 680 


1895 


77,552 


1896 


82,201 
97,088 


1897 


1898 


75 663 


1899 


79, 176 


1900 


102,900 


1901 


1902 


2 
1 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
1 
1 
2 
3 
2 
3 
2 


5,836 
2,300 
3,000 
4,650 
4,000 
3,530 
4,017 
1,455 
2,923 
5,717 
6,123 
67 
2,924 
3,148 


29, 186 
13,800 
12,000 
20,925 
16,000 
15,354 
20,585 
5,869 
15,077 
40,019 
36,738 
469 
14,431 
19,380 


9,128 
2,390 
7,400 
4,300 
5,340 
9,228 
5,923 
4,822 
5,096 
9,298 
8,030 
3,111 
7,179 
4,008 


41, 076 
10,755 
28,440 
17,200 
21,360 
36,682 
23,692 
17,359 
25,480 
65,086 
36,938 
10,577 
27,749 
18,437 


24,528 
1,200 

16,000 

6,000 

5,100 

624 

10,517 
5,747 
3,489 

10,482 
9,533 
8,872 
6,734 
5,686 


97, 112 
3,300 
38,700 
15,000 
13,260 
2,496 
36,809 
13, 163 
22,711 
52,410 
22,879 
19,368 
19,077 
15,921 


167 368 


1903 


27 855 


1904 


79 140 


1905 




1906 


50 620 


1907 


54,532 
81 086 


1908 


1909 


36,391 


1910 


1911 




1912 


108,' 156 
30 414 


1913 


1914 


6l'256 

53 738 


1915 







62425°— 17- 



« Includes 4,462 cases of humpbacks, valued at $11,601. 
-11 



162 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHEEIES. 



Pack of Canned Salmon on the Columbia River from the Inception of the 

Industry to 1915. 



Years. 


Can- 
neries 
oper- 
ated. 


Chinook. 


Blueback. 


Silverside. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


1866 


1 

1 
2 


4,000 
18, 000 
28,000 
100,000 
150,000 
200,000 
250,000 
250,000 
350, 000 
375, 000 
450,000 
380, 000 
460, 000 
480,000 
530,000 
550,000 
541,300 
629,400 « 
629,400 ' 
553, 800 
448,500 
356,000 
372,477 
266,697 
335,604 
353,907 
344, 267 
288,773 
351,106 
444,909 
370,943 
432,753 
329,666 
255,824 
262,392 


$64,000 
288,000 
392,000 
1,350,000 
1,800,000 
2,100,000 
2,325,000 
2,250,000 
2,625,000 
2,250,000 
2,475,000 
2,052,000 
2,300,000 
2,640,000 
2,650,000 
2,475,000 
2,600,000 
$,147,000 
2,915,000 
2,500,000 
2,135,000 
2,124,000 
2,327,981 
1,600,182 
1,946,087 
2,038,566 
1,996,388 
1,559,374 
1,895,976 
2,428,658 
1,840,511 
1,804,221 
1,490,394 
1,458,175 
1,821,258 










1867 










1868 










1869 . 










1870 












1871 . . 












1872 












1873 . . 












1874 


13 
13 










1875 . 










1876 . 










1877 












1878 . 


30 
30 
29 
35 










1879 










18S0 . 










1881 . 










1882 . 










1883 . 












1884 . . 












1885 . 












1886.. 


39 










1887.. 










1888 


28 
21 
21 
22 
24 
24 
24 
24 
24 
22 
23 
17 
16 










1889 


17, 797 
57,345 
15, 482 
66,547 
30,459 
43,814 
18,015 
16,983 
12,972 
66,670 
23,969 
13,162 


$101,051 
290,069 
284, 242 
372,909 
152,295 
224,430 
86,523 
81,518 
51,888 
300,015 
134,723 
92,184 






1890 






1891 






1892 


4,176 

29. 107 
42, 758 
99,601 

44. 108 
60,850 
65,431 
29,608 
44,925 


$20, 8S0 


1893 


116,428 


1894 


171,032 


1895 


329,683 


1896 


141,145 


1897 


197,762 


1898 


222, 465 


1899 


112,055 


1900 


202, 163 


1901 




1902 


14 
16 
20 
19 
19 
19 
14 
15 
15 
15 
15 
15 
17 
19 


270,580 
301,762 
320,378 
327,106 
311,334 
258,433 
210,096 
162,131 
244,285 
405,862 
220,317 
192, 116 
289,464 
406,486 


1,428,743 
1,610,614 
1,944,690 
1,962,636 
1,868,007 


17,037 
8,383 

12,911 
7,768 
7,816 
5,504 
8,581 
o27,908 
6,234 
5,988 
8,210 

11,152 

35,311 
5,459 


86,465 
42,867 
78,048 
46,608 
54,712 


10,532 
12, 181 
31,254 
26,826 
41,446 
31, 757 
31,432 
42, 178 
68,922 
79, 416 
31,842 
40,969 
69,769 
33,336 


44,732 


1903 


49, 869 


1904 


118, 357 


1905 


114,011 


1906 


124,338 


1907 




1908 









1909 


1,203,546 
1,882,137 
2,204,185 
1,988,526 
1,664,670 
2,573,502 
5,694,361 


214,561 
34,287 
47,904 
85,384 
93,677 

376,924 
56,707 


185,070 


1910 


363,688 


1911 


549,478 


1912 


177, 248 


1913 


175,412 


1914 


380,666 


1915 


173,234 






Total 





























o Of these, 2,846 cases, valued at $23,203, were packed with sockeyes brought from Puget Sound. 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 



163 



Pack op Canned Salmon on the Columbia River from the Inception of the 
Industry to 1915 — Continued. 



Years. 


Can- 
neries 
oper- 
ated. 


Chum. 


Steelhead trout. 


Total. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


1866 


1 
1 
2 










4,000 
18, 000 
28, 000 
100, 000 
150, 000 
200, 000 
250,000 
250,000 
850, 000 
375, 000 
450, 000 
380, 000 
460, 000 
480, 000 
530, 000 
550, 000 
541, 300 
629, 400 
629, 400 
553, 800 
448, 500 
356, 000 
372, 477 
309,885 
435, 774 
398, 953 
487, 338 
415, 876 
490, 100 
634, 696 
481,697 
552, 721 
487, 944 
332, 774 

- 358,772 
390,183 
317,143 
339,577 
395, 104 
397, 273 
394, 898 
324, 171 
253,341 

a 274, 087 
391, 415 
543,331 
285,666 
266, 479 
454, 621 
558, 534 


$64,000 
288,000 
392,000 
1,350,000 
1,800,000 
2, 100, 000 
2 325 000 


1867 










1868 










1869 










1870... 












1871 












1872 












1873 














1874 


13 
13 










2 625 000 


1875 












1S76 










2 475' 000 


1877 












2 052' 000 


1878 


30 
30 
29 
35 










2, 300^ 000 
2,640,000 
2,650,000 


1879 










1880 










1881 










1882 










2, 600, 000 
3, 147, 000 
2, 915, 000 
2,500,000 
2, 135, 000 
2, 124, 000 
2, 23*, 862 
1,809,820 
2, 407, 456 
2, 440, 964 
2, 679, 069 
2, 095, 934 
2,501,126 
3, 110, 997 
2, 261, 826 
2,219,311 
2 073, 226 
1,777,975 
2, 282, 296 
1, 942, 660 
1,644,509 
1, 777, 105 
2,242,678 
2,237,571 
2, 149, 062 
1,763,490" 
1,380,708 
1, 760, 088 
2,544,198 
3, 052, 164 
2, 319, 856 
2,012,387 
3, 695, 989 
4, 305, 292 


1883 












1884 












1885 












1886 


39 










1887 










1888 


28 
21 
21 
22 
24 
24 
24 
24 
24 
22 
23 
17 
16 










1889 






25,391 
42,825 
29,564 
72,348 
65,226 
52, 422 
49, 678 
49, 663 
46, 146 
26, 277 
11, 994 
20,597 


$108, 587 
171,300 
118, 156 
288, 892 
260, 904 
209, 688 
203,542 
198, 652 
165, 440 
60,352 
39, 186 
102, 985 


1890 






1891 






1892 






1893 


2,311 


$6, 933 


1894 


1895 


22,493 


62,591 


1896 


1897 






1898 






1899 


11,379 
17, 696 


33,836 
63, 706 


1900 


1901 


1902 


14 
16 
20 
19 
19 
19 
14 
15 
15 
15 
15 
15, 
17 
19 


10, 401 
10, 000 
20, 693 
25,751 
27, 802 
22,556 
16, 884 
24, 542 
66, 538 
53, 471 
18, 699 
13, 303 
49,285 
86, 530 


41, 604 
37,500 
52, 691 
65, 206 
69,505 


8,593 

7,251 

9,868 

9,822 

6,500 

5,921 

10, 726 

17, 382 

5, 436 

8,594 

6,958 

S,939 

10, 792 

26, 723 


42,965 
36,255 
48, 892 
49,110 
32,500 


1903 


1904 


1905 


1906 


1907 


1908 


57, 115 
232,883 
203, 198 
46, 590 
29,486 
305, 541 
251, 632 




1909 


99, 796 
31,203 
47,399 
22, 108 
49, 142 
59, 356 
129,358 


1910 


1911 


1912 


1913 


1914 


1915 




Total 










L9,068,S30 


110,178,619 


1 








1 



a 55 cases of humpbacks, valued at $132, were also packed with humpbacks brought from Puget Sound. 



164 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

Pack op Canned Salmon on the Nehalem River, Oreg., in Specified Years. 



Years. 


Can- 
neries 
oper- 
ated. 


Chinook. 


Silverside. 


Chum. 


Total. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


1887 


1 














5,000 
6,000 
9,000 
3,500 

10,000 
6,723 
6,493 
6,904 
8,046 

11, 750 
9,508 

10,077 


$30,000 
32,000 
45,500 
14,000 
40,000 
26, 892 


1889 














1890 
















1891 .. 


2 
2 
1 
2 
2 














1892 .. 






10,000 
5,031 
4,866 
5,152 
5,218 
8,366 
5,700 
7,405 


840,000 
20,124 
19,464 
16,486 
15,654 
25, 098 
19,380 
26,658 






1893 .. 


1,692 
1,627 
1,752 
2,828 
3,384 
3,808 
1,384 


86, 768 
6,508 
7,008 
8,484 

10, 152 
9,891 
5,536 






1894 .. 






25,972 


1895 .. 






23,494 
24, 138 


1896 






1897 ... 






35,250 
29,271 
36, 058 


1898 . 






1899 


1,288 


$3,864 


1900 


1901 


268 

271 

686 

500 

2,700 

3,987 

4,000 

5,000 

1,985 

3,500 

5,821 


1,139 
1,431 
3,670 
2,500 
16,200 
23,922 
28,000 
35, 000 
10,542 
24,500 
46, 568 


3,273 
3,169 
4,615 
5,000 
2,900 
4,976 
6,600 
6,100 
4,554 
5,400 
14, 878 
13,331 
764 
11,800 
5,400 


13,092 
13,468 
19, 614 
20,000 
12,325 
14,928 
19,800 
18,300 
20,253 
29, 700 
81, 829 
73,321 
3,056 
63, 720 
24,840 


2,669 
2,570 


7,206 
10,280 


6,210 

6,010 

5,301 

11,500 

11,600 

11,020 

12, 600 

13,116 

7,443 

10,400 

24,138 

14,902 

1,069 

18,309 

8,060 


21,437 


1902 


25, 179 


1903 .. 


22,284 


1904 


6,000 
6,000 
2,057 
2,000 
2,016 
909 
1,500 
3,439 
1,571 
5 
1,668 
2,260 


12,000 
15,000 
5,143 
6,000 
6,048 
2,091 
4,500 
13,048 
3,927 
11 
4,170 
6,328 


34,500 


1905 


43,525 


1906 


42,993 
53,800 


1907 


1908 


59,348 
32, 886 


1909 


1910 


5S.700 


1911 


141,445 


1912 


77,248 
4,567 


1913 


300 

4,841 

400 


1,500 

33,887 

2,400 


1914 


101,777 


1915 


33,568 







Pack op Canned Salmon on Tillamook Bay, Oreg., in Specified Years. 



Years. 


Can- 
neries 
oper- 
ated. 


Chinook. 


Silverside. 


Chum. 


Total. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


















4,500 
9,800 
37, 000 
21,000 
14,633 
9,500 
14,009 






















1886 


2 
2 
2 
















1887 














$115,500 


1888 














84, 140 
















52, 250 


















79,049 


1891 


2 
2 
1 
2 
3 
















1892 






18,000 
4,000 
7,763 
6,514 
4,860 
9,000 

10,342 
3,889 


872,000 
16,000 
31,052 
20, 845 
14,580 
27,000 
35, 162 
14,036 






18,000 
11,416 

9,163 
13,515 

7, 000 
11,000 
15,342 
11,190 


72,000 


1893 


497 
700 


81,988 
2,800 


6,919 

700 

7,001 


817,297 

1,750 

19,253 


35, 285 


1894 


35, 602 


1895 


40, 098 


1896 


2,200 
2,000 
5,000 
2,180 


6,600 
6,000 
13,000 
8,720 


21,180 








33, 000 


1898 






48, 162 


1899 


5,121 


15,363 


38, 119 


1900 




1901 


848 
215 


4,240 
1,135 


2,133 
2,287 
2,727 
4,400 
1,700 
2,364 
3,410 
6,000 
5,029 
4,500 
12,663 
6,418 
1,000 
4,131 
4,549 


-9,598 

9,720 

11,590 

17,600 

7,650 

7,092 

10,230 

21,000 

21,809 

24,750 

69,647 

32,090 

4,000 

22, 307 

20,925 


3,901 
4,093 
2,620 
6,500 
8,800 
1,270 
2,314 
4,000 
3,712 
2,000 
5,277 
4,550 
1,000 
6,707 
9,099 


10, 728 

16,372 

10,480 

13,000 

22,000 

3,175 

6,942 

12,000 

8,538 

6,000 

20,053 

11,375 

2,200 

16,867 

25,477 


6,882 
6, 595 
5,347 
10, 900 
11,600 
5,504 
7,724 
12,300 
11,356 
9,400 
26,373 
14,779 
4,600 
15,572 
19,323 


24, 566 


1902 


27, 227 


1903 


22,070 


1904 






30,600 


1905 


1,100 
1,870 
2,000 
2,300 
2,615 
2,900 
8,433 
3,811 
2,600 
4,734 
5,675 


6,600 
11,220 
14,000 
16, 100 
15,663 
20,300 
67,464 
26,677 
15,600 
33, 138 
34,300 


36, 250 


1906 


21,487 


1907 


31, 172 


1908 


49,100 


1909 


46,010 


1910 


51,050 


1911 


157,164 


1912 


70, 142 


1913 


21,800 


1914 


72,312 


1915 


70,702 







PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 165 

Pack op Canned Salmon on Nestugga River, Oreg., in Specified Years. 



Years. 


Can- 
neries 
oper- 
ated. 


Chinook. 


Silverside. 


Chum. 


Total. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


1887 
















4,300 
5,000 
6,700 


$23,650 
28, 750 


1888 














1889 














36,850 


1891 
















1899 


1,109 


$4,436 


3,034 


$10,922 


513 


$1,539 


4,656 


16, 897 


1900 




1901 


279 
3,000 
2,622 
2,100 
2,000 
2,000 
3,562 
3,090 

126 
3,542 

200 


1,116 
18,000 
15, 732 
14, 700 
14,000 
14,000 
28,496 
18,540 
756 
24, 794 

1,300 


3,553 
1,000 
2,468 
3,540 
3,000 
3,300 
7,124 
6,180 
243 
5,730 
3,930 


13,323 
4,250 
7,404 
10, 620 
10,500 
18,150 
39, 182 
30,900 
972 
30,942 
18,078 


396 
400 
165 
150 
100 
140 
641 
708 


1,089 

1,000 

413 

450 

300 

420 

2,436 

1,770 


4,228 
4,400 
5,255 
5,790 


15,528 
23, 250 


1905 


1906 


23,549 


1907 


25, 770 


1908 


24,800 


1910 


5,440 
11,327 
9,978 
369 
9,537 
4,930 


32, 570 


1911 


70, 114 


1912 


51,210 


1913 


1,728 


1914 


265 
800 


662 
2,240 


56, 308 


1915 


21,618 







Pack op Canned Salmon on Siletz River, Oreg., in Specified Years. 



Years. 


Can- 
neries 
oper- 
ated. 


Chinook. 


Silverside. 


Chum. 


Total. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


1896 




2,500 
3,510 
3,200 
2,200 


$7,500 
10,530 
8,360 
9,900 


1,900 
5,015 
4,330 
2,319 


$5,700 
15,045 
14, 722 
8,696 






4,400 
8,525 
7,530 
4,719 


$13,200 
25 575 


1897 






1898. 






23, 082 


1899 


200 


$550 


19, 146 


1900 


1901 


876 

600 

1,000 

1,500 

2,635 

2,333 

2,100 

2,200 

3,584 

3,277 

15 

3,356 

100 


4,380 
3,168 
5,000 
9,000 
15, 810 
16,331 
14, 700 
15,400 
28,672 
19,662 
75 
23,492 
600 


3,740 
1,917 
3,300 
1,700 
3,192 
4,300 
4,700 
4,600 
7,164 
6,554 
354 
6,712 
3,000 


i6,830 
8,147 
13,200 
7,225 
9,576 
12,900 
16,450 
25,300 
39,402 
32,770 
1,416 
36,245 
13,800 


360 
500 
1,000 
900 
167 
200 
300 
250 
237 
283 
17 
196 
100 


1,260 

2,000 

2,000 

2,250 

418 

600 

900 

750 

901 

707 

37 

490 

280 


4,976 

3,017 

5,300 

4,100 

5,994 

6,833 

7,100 

7,050 

10,985 

10, 114 

386 

10,264 

3,200 


22,470 
13,315 
20 200 


1902 


1904 


1905 


18,475 
25 804 


1906 


1907 


29 831 


1908 




1910 


41,450 


1911 


68 975 


1912 




1913 




1914 


60,227 


1915 







Pack of Canned Salmon on Yaquina Bay and River, Oreg., in Specified Years." 



Years. 


Can- 
neries 
oper- 
ated. 


Chinook. 


Silverside. 


Chum. 


Total. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


1887 


2 
3 


















1888 














5,088 
5/000 


$29,256 
27,500 


1889 














1891 
















1896 


1,714 
170 
316 


$5,142 

442 

1,422 


615 
1,530 
3,234 


$1,845 
5,202 
12,127 






2,329 
1,700 
4,850 


6,987 
5,644 
17, 124 


1898 






1899 


1,300 


$3, 575 


1900 


1901 


96 


480 


2,848 
1,238 
2,600 
2,050 
3,100 
1,000 
4,000 
1,139 
2,669 
1,009 


12,816 
5,262 
8,840 
8,613 
9,300 
3,000 

14,000 
4,556 

13,345 
5,549 


549 
315 
450 
62 
60 
49 


1,647 
787 

1,080 
155 
150 
147 


3,493 
1,553 
3,100 
2,312 
3,660 
1,883 
4,000 
1,172 
2,669 
1,060 


14,943 
6,049 

10, 120 
9,968 

12,450 
8,985 


1903 


1904 


50 
200 
500 
834 


200 
1,200 
3,000 
5,838 


1905 


1906 


1907 


1908 


1909 






33 


76 


4,632 
13,345 
5,838 


1910 






1911 






51 


289 









a Cannery not operated from 1912 to 1915, both years inclusive. 



166 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

Pack op Canned Salmon on Alsea River and Bay, Oreg., in Specified Years. 



Years. 


Can- 
neries, 
oper- 
ated. 


Chinook. 


Silverside. 


Chum. 


Total. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


1886 


1 
2 
3 


















1887 














ii, iso 

9, 620 
10, 000 


$64,283 
55,315 
55, 000 


1888 














1889 














1891 


2 
2 
2 

2 
2 
















1892 






3,600 
3,240 
4,160 
3,280 
3,400 
3,200 
2,170 
5,010 


$14, 400 
12,960 
16,640 
11,808 
10, 200 
9,600 
7,378 
19, 038 






3,600 
4,500 
4,600 
4,980 
6,900 
5,000 
6,466 
7,160 


14,400 


1893 


1,260 
440 
1,700 
3,500 
1,800 
4,296 
2,150 


$6,300 
2,200 
6,375 

10,500 
5,400 

11,170 
9,138 






19,260 


1894 






18, 840 


1895 






18, 183 


1896 






20,700 


1897 






15, 000 


1898 






18,548 


1899 






28, 176 


1900 








1901 


695 
701 
1,031 
1,000 
2,500 
3,702 
800 
1,200 
1,119 
2,500 
4,161 
3,731 
1,607 
4,546 
1,668 


3,475 

3,702 

5,516 

5,000 

15,000 

22,212 

5,600 

8,400 

6,714 

17,500 

33,288 

22,386 

8,035 

31,822 

10, 763 


4,629 
4,530 
4,242 
6,500 
1,800 
3,843 
5,100 
6,000 
5,486 
5,900 
9,329 
8,286 
4,304 
6,728 
6,966 


18, 790 
19,253 
18, 029 
26,000 
7,650 
11,529 
15, 300 
21,000 
24, 027 
31,950 
51,309 
41, 430 
17,216 
36,331 
32,044 


891 
670 
44 
300 
700 


$3, 118 

2,680 

88 

600 

1,750 


6,215 
5,901 
5,317 
7,800 
5,000 
7,545 
6,250 
7,600 
6,685 
8,500 
14, 178 
12,541 
6,071 
11,347 
8,812 


25, 383 


1902 


25,635 


1903 


23,633 
31,600 


1904 


1905 


24,400 


1906 


33, 741 


1907 


350 
400 

80 
100 
688 
524 
160 

73 
178 


1,050 

1,200 

184 

300 

2,614 

1,310 

352 

183 

498 


21,950 


1908 


30,000 


1909 


30, 925 


1910 


49, 750 


1911 


87,211 
65, 126 


1912 


1913 


25,603 
08,336 
43,305 


1914 


1915 





Pack of Canned Salmon on the Siuslaw River, Oreg., in Specified Years. 



Years. 


Can- 
neries 
oper- 
ated. 


Chinook. 


Silverside. 


Chum. 


Total. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


1878 


2 
2 
1 
1 
1 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 

2 
2 
2 
2 
oi 
1 
1 














10,300 


$55,620 


1879 














1886 














1,500 
11,960 
12,000 




1888 














68, 770 


1889 














66,000 


1891 
















1892 






18,000 
11, 830 
14, 987 
10,465 
. 9, 000 
3,900 
10, 000 
7,323 


$72, 000 
47, 320 
59, 948 
35, 274 
27,000 
11,700 
34,000 
26,363 




18,000 
13, 301 
16, 858 
12, 102 
11, 700 

5,000 
10,850 

8,600 


72,000 
54,675 
69,303 
41, 413 


1893 


1,471 
1,871 
1,637 
2,700 
1,100 
850 
1,162 


$7, 355 
9,355 
6,139 
8,100 
3,300 
2,210 
4,648 






1894 






1895 






1896 






35, 160 
15,000 


1897 






1898 






36,210 


1899 


115 


$345 


31,356 


1900 


1901 


1,735 

1,288 

1,519 

500 


8,675 
6,800 
8,127 
2,500 


7,488 
4,320 
6,842 
6,500 


29, 952 
18,260 
29, 079 
26,000 






9,223 
5,608 
8,361 
7,000 


38,627 
25,060 
37,206 
28,500 


1902 






1903 






1904 






1905 






1906 


4,500 


27,000 


15,000 

15,773 

8,600 

7,436 

12,800 

10,266 

6,108 

4,281 

9,266 

1,755 


45,000 
47,319 
30, 100 
32,956 
70,400 
56,403 
30,540 
17, 124 
50,036 
8,073 


1,500 


3,750 


21,000 

15,773 

8,600 

8,068 

22, 158 

16,392 

6,108 

4,281 

9,266 

1,755 


75,750 
47,319 
30, 100 
36,748 
101, 898 


1907 


1908 










1909 


632 

856 

1,120 


3,792 
5,992 
8,960 






1910 


S,502 
5,000 


25,506 
19,000 


1911 


84,423 
30,540 
17,124 
50,036 
8,073 


1912 


1913 










1914 










1915 





















• The two canneries combined and operated one plant. 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 167 

Pack of Canned Salmon on the Umpqua River, Oreo., in Specified Years. 



Years. 


Can- 
neries 
oper- 
ated. 


Chinook. 


Silverside. 


Chum. 


Total. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


1878... 


2 
2 
2 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
2 
2 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
2 














8,100 


$43,740 


1879. . 














1884... 




i 








3,700 
10,500 
18,600 
4,000 
9,000 
12,000 




1885 .. 
















1886 .. 
















1887... 














22,000 


1888... 














51, 750 


1889 














66,000 


1891 
















1892 






10,000 
3,204 
6,875 
7,697 
8,000 
7,576 


$40,000 
12, 816 
27,500 
28,863 
24,000 
27,006 






10,000 
4,013 
7,110 
8,689 
9,300 
8,616 


40, 000 
16,861 
28,675 
32,583 


1893 


809 
235 
992 
1,300 
925 


$4,045 
1,175 
3,720 
3,900 
3,860 






1894. 






1895 






1896. 






27,900 
31,211 


1899 


115 


$345 


1900 




1903 . . . 


23 

500 

6,100 

1,143 

500 

2,000 

300 

30 


123 
2,500 
36,600 
6,858 
3,000 
14,000 
2,400 
210 


6,733 
9,500 

10,500 
5,613 
7,753 

11,000 
6,118 
3,759 
398 
2,000 
5,100 


28,615 
38,000 
44,625 
16,839 
31,012 
60,500 
33,649 
18, 795 
1,990 
10,000 
23,460 






6,756 
10,500 
16, 600 
6,756 
8,253 
13,000 
6,418 
3,789 
398 
3,000 
5,100 


28, 738 


1904 


500 


1,000 


41,500 


1905 


81,225 


1906 






23,697 
34, 012 


1909 






1910... 






74,500 
36,049 
19, 005 


1911 






1912 






1913 






1,990 


1914 


1,000 


8,000 






18,000 


1915 






23, 460 















Pack of Canned Salmon on Coos Bay and River, Oreo., in Specified Years. 



Years. 


Can- 
neries 
oper- 
ated. 


Chinook. 


Silverside.. 


Total. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


1887 


2 
1 
1 
2 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
2 
2 
2 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
2 
2 
2 
1 
1 










11,300 
5,500 
7,000 


$62, 150 
31, 625 


1888 










1889 










38,500 


1891 . 










1893 






3,125 
8,428 
2,332 
2,000 
2,200 
7,180 
5,174 


$12, 500 
33, 712 
8,934 
6,000 
6,600 
24,412 
18, 626 


3,125 
8,591 
7,442 

15,000 
8,400 

10,322 
6,447 


12,500 


1894 


163 
5,110 
13,000 
6,200 
3,142 
1,273 


$815 

19, 163 

39,000 

18,600 

8,169 

5,092 


34, 527 


1895 


28,097 


1896 


45, 000 


1897 


25,200 


1898 


32, 581 


1899 


23, 718 


1900 




1901 


1,215 

412 

2,033 

2,043 

275 

500 

2,630 

1,457 


6,075 
2,175 
7,725 
12,258 
1,475 
3,500 
21,040 
10,199 


4,082 
2,640 
7,200 
1,755 
3,959 
5,500 
7,260 
3, 989 
7,383 
9,300 
3,500 


16,328 
11,220 
24,480 
5,265 
17, 927 
30,250 
39, 930 
19, 945 
29, 532 
50,220 
16,100 


5,297 
3,052 
9,233 
3,798 
4,234 
6,000 
9,890 
5,446 
7,383 
9.300 
3,500 


22, 403 


1902 


13, 395 


1904 


32,205 


1906 


17, 523 
19, 402 


1909 


1910 


33, 750 


1911 


60, 970 
30, 144 


1912 


1913 


29, 532 


1914 






50, 220 
16 100 


1915 















168 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

Pack of Canned Salmon on the Coquille River, Oreg., in Specified Years. 



Years. 


Can- 
neries 
oper- 
ated. 


Chinook. 


Silverside. 


Total. 




Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


1883 


1 
1 
1 

2 
3 
2 










7,000 
7,300 
3,800 
8,300 




1884 












1885 












1886 












1887 












1888 










11,000 
8,600 


$63,250 












47,300 


1891 


1 
1 
1 
ol 
2 
2 
2 
2 
1 
1 
1 
1 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 












1892 






5,000 

6,500 

2,000 

8,724 

7,800 

7,485 

7,550 

9,601 

5,096 

5,877 

8,685 

13,686 

11,343 

17,979 

13,220 

19, 174 

9,818 

16,637 

16,676 

6,040 

8,910 

12,097 

5,131 


$20, 000 
26,000 
8,000 
32. 615 
23,400 
25, 499 
28,500 
38,404 
20,384 
24, 927 
36,911 
54, 7(14 
48, 208 
53,937 
39,660 
67,109 
42,687 
9.1,504 
91,718 
30,200 
35,640 
65,324 
25,515 


5,000 

6,500 

2,000 

9,484 

9,025 

8,026 

8,500 

12,237 

5,229 

6,163 

9,016 

14,286 

13,443 

18,800 

13,526 

19, 174 

10,068 

17,057 

17,391 

6,417 

8,910 

12,097 

6,210 


20,000 


1893 






26,000 


1894. 






8,000 


1895 


760 

1,225 

541 

950 

2,636 

133 

286 

331 

600 

2,100 

821 

306 


$2,887 
3,675 
1,407 
3,800 

13,180 
665 
1,510 
1,771 
2,400 

12,600 
4,926 
2,142 


35,502 


1896 


27,075 


1898 


26,906 


1899 


32,300 


1900 


51,584 


1901.... 


21,049 


1902 


26,437 


1903 


38,682 


1904 


57, 144 


1905 


60,808 


1906 


58,863 


1907 


41,802 


1908 ■ 


67, 109 


1909 


250 
420 
715 
377 


1,255 
2,9,40 
5,720 
2,639 


43,942 




94,444 


1911 


97,438 


1912 


32,839 


1913 


35,640 


1914 






65,324 




1,079 


6,474 


31,989 







a Burned. 



Pack of Canned Salmon on 


Rogue 


River, 


Oreg., in Specified Years. 




Can- 
neries 
oper- 
ated. 


Chinook. 


Silverside. 


Total. 




Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 




61 

2 










7,804 

8,534 

8,571 

7,772 

12,320 

19, 186 

16, 156 

12,376 

9,310 

12, 147 

17, 216 

21,062 

22,000 

24,000 

21,000 

19,000 

3,200 

14, 762 

18,000 

19,008 

13, 465 

7,226 






































































































































$121, io7 












132,000 












120,000 












105,000 




io, 666 

3,200 
10, 377 
15,000 
15,355 
12,964 

5,481 


$59,000 
16,000 
41,508 
75,000 
61,420 
51,550 
30,145 


9,000 


$36,000 


95,000 




16,000 




4,385 
3,000 
3,653 
501 
1,745 


15, 347 
9,000 

10,959 
1,303 
6,980 


56,855 




84,000 




72,379 




52,853 




37,125 






1901 


2,681 
3,799 
8,418 
16,000 
18,500 
12,000 
7,537 
4,354 
186 
232 
3,020 
6,938 
19,094 


13,405 
20,058 
45,036 
64,000 

111,000 
72,000 
56,528 
32,655 
1,300 
1,786 
27, 160 
62,060 

135,301 


4,i84 

4,091 

4,792 

3,255 

1,500 

6,000 

1,796 

2,650 

699 

2,711 

2,403 

987 

515 


17,736 
17, 387 
20,366 
11,392 

6,375 
18,000 

8,980 
13,250 

2,977 
16,266 
11,857 

5,453 

2,369 


6,865 

7,890 

13,210 

19,255 

20,000 

18,000 

9,333 

6,004 

885 

1,943 

5,423 

7,925 

19,609 


31,141 


1902 


37,445 


1903 


65,402 


1904 


75,392 


1905 


117,375 


1906 


90,000 


1907 


65, 508 


1908 


45,905 


1909 


4,277 


1910 


18,052 


1913 


39,017 


1914 


67, 513 


1915 


137,670 




- 



a Shut down in 1911 and 1912 through the closing of the river to all fishing, 
b Burned down during season. Not opened the next year. 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 169 

Pack of Canned Salmon on Smith River, Cal., in Specified Years. 



Years. 


Can- 
neries 
oper- 
ated. 


Quinnat. 


Silverside. 


Total. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


1878 




4,277 
7,500 
5,500 
1,550 
2,347 
1,500 
1,500 
2,250 


$23,096 
41,250 
33,000 
9,300 
14,082 
7,500 
7,500 
9,990 


• 




4,277 
7,500 
5,500 
1,550 
2,347 
2,000 
2,000 
2,250 
3,000 
3,033 


$23,096 
41,250 


1880 






1884 






33,000 
9,300 

14,082 
9 000 


1885 






1888 






1893 


500 
500 


$i, 500 
1,500 


1894 


9,000 
9 990 


1895 


1914 


3,000 
1,078 


18,000 
6,220 


18' 000 


1915 


1,955 


L3,685 


19,905 





Pack of Canned Salmon on Klamath River, Cal., in Specified Years. 



Years. 


Can- 
neries 
oper- 
ated. 


Quinnat. 


Silverside. 


Total. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


1888 


1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
2 
2 
1 
1 


4,400 
1,047 
1,600 
1,700 
1,200 
1,600 
2,500 
3,400 
5,633 
8,016 
7,400 

18,000 
6,376 
7,500 

10, 400 


$26, 400 

4,188 

6,400 

6,800 

5,321 

8,800 

13,500 

20,800 

33,000 

52,000 

46,000 

117,000 

40,500 

48,500 

72,800 






4,400 
1,047 
1,600 
1,700 
1,600 
1,600 
2,500 
3,400 
5,633 
8,016 
7,604 
18,000 
6,376 
11,000 
12,900 


$26,400 
4 188 


1892 






1893 






6,400 
6 800 


1894 






1895 


400 


$1,500 


6,821 


1899 


1902 






13,500 
20,800 
33,000 
52,000 
48, 816 
117,000 
40,500 
62,500 
85,800 


1904 






1909 






1910 






1911 


204 


816 


1912 


1913 






1914 


3,500 
2,500 


14,000 
13,000 


1915 





Pack of Canned Salmon on Eel River, Cal., in Specified Years.o 



Years. ■ 


Can- 
neries 
operated. 


Quinnat. 


Years. 


Can- 
neries 
operated. 


Quinnat. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


1877 


1 
1 
1 
1 
1 


8,500 
10,500 

6,250 
15,000 

8,200 


$51,000 
56,700 


1885 


1 

1 
1 
1 
1 


5,750 
12,500 
6,000 
8,400 
11,000 




1878 


1886 . 


$75,000 
42,000 
52,500 
71,500 


1880 


1910 


1883 




1911.. 


1884 




1912 . 









a Shut d JWii ia 1913, 1914, and 1915. 



170 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

Pack of Canned Salmon on the Sacramento River in Specified Years. 



Years. 


Can- 
neries 
operated. 


Quinnat. 


Years. 


Can- 
neries 
operated. 


Quinnal . 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


1804 


1 
1 


2,000 

2,000 

2, 500 

3,000 

10,000 

21,500 

34,0.17 

13, 855 

02, 000 

181,200 

200,000 

123,000 

81,450 

90, 000 

39,300 

30,500 

08,075 

57,300 

25,005 




1891 




10,353 

2,281 

23, 336 

28, 403 

25, 185 

13,387 

38, 543 

29, 731 

32, 580 

39, 304 

17, 500 

14,013 

8,200 

14,407 

2,780 

4,142 

950 

17,315 

0,179 




1805 




1892 






1874 . 




1893 


3 
2 
3 




1875 






1894 




1870 


2 




1895 


$111,821 


1877 




1890 




1878 


6 
4 
9 


$183, 092 
59, 577 


1897 






1879 


1898 






1880 


1899 




150,088 


1881... 




1900 






1882 .. 


19 
21 




1901 






1883 




1902 






1884 




1003 






1885... 


G 
9 




190 1 


2 
1 
1 
1 

2 
2 


60, 936 


1880 . 




1905 




1887 




1911 


28,994 

0, 050 

95,232 


1888 


6 

3 


423, 750 


1913 


1 889 


1914 


1890 




1915" 


42, 753 













a In 1915 a cannery at Monterey packed 950 cases of ehinook salmon, valued at $7,300, which has been 
included. 

Pack of Canned Salmon in Alaska, by Districts, from the Inception of the 

Industry. 



Years. 



Southeast Alaska. 



Can- 
norios 
oper- 
ated. 



Pack. 



Central Alaska. 



Can- 
neries 
oper- 
ated. 



Pack. 



Wostern Alaska. 



Can- 
neries 
oper- 
ated. 



Pack. 



Total. 



Can- 
neries 
oper- 
ated. 



Pack. 



1878. 
1879. 
1880. 
1881. 
1882. 
1883. 
1884. 
1885. 
1886. 
1887. 
1888. 
1889. 
1890. 
1891. 
1892. 
1893. 
1894. 
1895. 
1896. 
1897. 
1898. 
1899. 
1900. 
1901. 
1902. 
1903. 
1904. 
1905. 
1906. 
1907. 
1908. 
1909. 
1910. 
1911. 
1912. 
1913. 
1914. 
1915. 



Total. 



Cases. 

8,159 

12, 530 

6, 539 

8,977 

11,501 

20,010 

22, 189 

10, 728 

18, 000 

31,402 

81,128 

141,700 

142,901 

150, 615 

115, 722 

130, 053 

142,544 

148,476 

262,381 

271,807 

251,385 

310,219 

456, 639 

735, 449 

906, 676 

642,305 

569,003 

433, 607 

767,285 

887,503 

1,011,648 

852, 870 

1,066,399 

1,580,868 

2,033,648 

1, 782, 898 

1,776,075 

2,540,111 



Cases. 



Cases. 



20,360,820 



10, 244 
28,297 
42, 297 
52, 687 
74, 583 
102,515 
241,101 
461,451 
421,300 
511,367 
295, 496 
399, 815 
435,052 
327,919 
485,990 
382,899 
395,009 
356,095 
492, 223 
562, 142 
583, 090 
417, 175 
499, 485 
371,755 
473,024 
522, 836 
425,721 
391,054 
432,517 
499,743 
625,062 
447, 249 
658,791 
632,734 



MOO 

14,000 

48, 822 

72, 700 

89, 886 

115,985 

118, 390 

133,418 

63,499 

107,786 

108,844 

150, 135 

218,336 

254,312 

318, 703 

411,832 

599, 277 

719,213 

,046,458 

,186,730 

885,208 

,089,154 

978, 735 

759,534 

,109,004 

,151,553 

914, 138 

743,206 

,395,931 

,509,038 

,621,787 

,316,171 



13,059,318 



19,312,845 



Cases. 

8,159 

12, 530 

0, 539 

8,977 

21,745 

48,337 

64,886* 

83,415 

142,065 

200,677 

412,115 

719, 196 

682, 591 

801,400 

474,717 

043,654 

6S6, 440 

026,530 

966, 707 

909, 078 

905,097 

1,078,146 

1,548,139 

2,016,804 

2,536,824 

2,246,210 

1,953,756 

1,894,516 

2,219,044 

2,109,873 

2,606,973 

2,395,477 

2,413,054 

2,823,817 

4,054,641 

3,739,185 

4,050,053 

4,489,016 



52,732,983 



a Experimental pack. 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 
Pack of Canned Salmon in Alaska from 1898 to 1915, by Species. 



171 



Years. 


Coho, or silver. 


Chum, 


or keta. 


Humpback, or pink. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


1898. . 


54,711 
39,402 
50,984 
65,509 
82, 723 
120,506 
85, 741 
67,394 
109,141 
85, 190 
68, 827 
56,556 
114,026 
133,908 
166, 198 
75, 779 
157, 003 
126,570 




5,184 

1,931 

30,012 

47, 464 

159,849 

35,052 

21,178 

41,972 

254,812 

184,173 

218, 513 

120, 712 

254,218 

323,795 

664,633 

290,918 

663, 859 

484,408 




109,399 

149,159 

232,022 

541,427 

549,602 

355,799 

299,333 

168,597 

348,297 

561,973 

644,133 

464, 873 

554,322 

1,005,278 

1,280,138 

1,372,881 

986,049 

1,870,373 




1899 .. 








1900 








1901 








1902 








1903 








1904 . 








1905 


$215, 875 
382, 109 
337,384 
274, 089 
231,029 
559,666 
762,647 
741,377 
261,654 
690,086 
588,903 


$113,056 

730,235 

547,757 

554, 197 

274, 110 

773, 409 

1,199,563 

1,584,130 

643,948 

2,240,765 

1,356,469 


$498,194 


1906 


1,046,951 


1907 


1,799,280 


1908 


1,733,379 


1909 


1,114,839 


1910 


1,764,055 


1911 


3,972,706 


1912 


3,296,598 


1913 


3,550,587 


1914 


3,459,116 


1915 


5,619,436 







Years. 


King, or spring. 


Red, or 


sockoye. 


Total. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


1898 


12, 862 
23,400 
37,715 
43,069 
59, 104 
47,609 
41,956 
42, 125 
30, 834 
43, 424 
23, 730 
48,034 
40,221 
45,518 
43,317 
34,370 
48,039 
85,694 




782,941 
864,254 
1, 197, 406 
1,319,335 
1,685,546 
1,687,244 
1,505,548 
1,574,428 
1,475,961 
1,295,113 
1,651,770 
1,705,302 
1,450,267 
1,315,318 
1,900,355 
1,965,237 
2,201,043 
1,921,971 




965,097 
1,078,146 
1,548,139 
2,016,804 
2,536,824 
2,246,210 
1,953,756 
1,894,516 
2,219,044 
2,169,873 
2,600,973 
2,395,477 
2,413,054 
2, 823, 817 
4,054,641 
3, 739, 185 
4,056,653 
4,489,016 




1899 








1900 








1901 . 








1902 








1903 








1904 








1905 


$141,999 
116,222 
181,718 
99, 867 
207, 624 
214,802 
295,088 
243,331 
139,053 
241,105 
458,000 


$5,335,547 
5,620,875 
5,915,227 
7,524,251 
7,010,550 
7,774,390 
8,363,233 

10,426,481 
8,936,362 

12,289,517 

11,907,202 


$6,304,671 
7,890,392 


1906 


1907 


8,781,366 


1908 


10,185,783 


1909 


9, 438, 152 


1910 


11,080,322 


1911 


14,593,237 
16,291,927 
13,531,604 


1912 


1913 


1914 


18,920,589 


1915 


19,930,010 







172 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 



Pack op Canned Salmon in British Columbia Since the Inception op the 

Industry, by Waters. 



Years. 



Can- 
neries 
oper- 
ated. 



Fraser 
River. 



Skeena 
River. 



Rivers 
Inlet. 



Nass 
River. 



Outlying 
districts. 



Total. 



JL876. 
1877. 
1878. 
1879. 
1880. 
1881. 
1882. 
1883. 
1884. 
1885. 
1886. 
1887. 
1888. 
1889. 
1890. 
1891. 
1892. 
1893. 
1894. 
1895. 
1896. 
1897. 
1898. 
1899. 
1900. 
1901. 
1902. 
1903. 
1904. 
1905. 
1906. 
1907. 
1908. 
1909. 
1910. 
1911. 
1912. 
1913. 
1914. 
1915. 



Total. 



Cases. 
7,247 
55,387 
81, 446 

50. 490 
42, 155 

142,516 

199,204 

105, 701 

34,037 

89, 617 

99, 177 

130,088 

76, 616 

310, 122 

244,352 

177,989 

98. 491 
474, 237 
363,566 
432,920 
375,344 
879, 776 
264,225 
527,396 
331,371 
998,913 
327, 197 
237, 162 
128,903 
846,998 
226,744 
163, 116 

89, 184 
567,230 
223, 148 
301,344 
173,921 
732,059 
328,390 
289, 199 

11,227,008 



Cases. 



Cases. 



Cases. 



3,000 

8,500 

10,603 

19,694 

21,560 

24,522 

31, 157 

53, 786 

12,900 

■ 37,587 

58,592 

70, 106 

58, 405 

91,645 

77,057 

90,750 

59,021 

61,005 

69,356 

97, 863 

61,310 

80, 102 

112,562 

135, 424 

125,845 

155,936 

98,688 

154, 869 

114,085 

162, 420 

159,255 

209,177 

142, 740 

222,035 

254, 410 

254,258 

164,055 

237, 634 

279, 161 

4,081,075 



5,635 
10, 780 
20,383 


6,500 
9,400 
8,500 



15,000 
11,203 
20,000 
21,722 
33,500 
36,500 
14,955 
35, 416 

40. 161 
58,575 

107, 473 
40,090 

105,362 
76,428 
74, 196 
66,794 
70,298 
69,389 
94,292 
83,122 

122, 878 
94,064 
75,090 
91,014 

129,398 

101,066 

71. 162 
53, 423 

109,052 
146, 838 

2, 105, 259 



12,318 
19,800 
24,700 
11,058 
26,100 
15,680 
20,000 
20,541 
14,649 
20,000 
20,000 
19, 442 
20,200 
15,004 
23,212 
18,094 
29,587 
32,725 
32,534 
31,832 
46,908 
40,990 
39,720 
65,684 
137,697 



104,289 
1,050,150 



5,500 

4,600 

6,400 

7,000 

6,000 

1,200 

4,200 

5,000 

7,162 

17,060 

11,907 

18,425 

25,848 

7,500 

6,300 

22, 453 

26,007 

22, 862 

29,691 

45,349 

40,656 

50,518 

50,514 

57,243 

90, 892 

84, 854 

99,192 

145,944 

151,086 

147,900 

226,461 

359,538 

336,268 

341,073 

313,894 

2,777,507 



Cases. 

7,247 

58,387 

89,946 

61,093 

61, 849 

169,576 

240,461 

163, 438 

123,706 

108,517 

152,964 

204,083 

184,040 

417,211 

411,257 

314,511 

248, 721 

610,202 

492,232 

587, 692 

617,782 

1,027,183 
492,551 
765,519 
606,540 

1,247,212 
627, 161 
473, 847 
465,894 

1,167,822 
629, 460 
547, 459 
566,303 
993,060 
762,201 
948,965 
996,576 

1,353,901 

1,111,039 

1,133,381 

21,240,999 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 



173 



Pack, by Species and Districts, op Canned Salmon in British Columbia prom 

1903 a to 1915. 



Districts and species. 


1903 


1904 


1905 


1906 


1907 


1908 


1909 


Fraser River district: 


Cases. 


Cases. 
1,066 
45,667 


Cases. 


Cases. 


Cases. 


Cases. 


Cases. 




25, 728 

4,504 

204, 809 

2,084 


30,836 

3,304 

837,489 

5,507 


34,413 

15,543 

183, 007 

6,503 

1,020 


35, 766 

63,530 

59, 815 

3,448 

557 


24, 198 

415 

63,126 

1,427 

18 


21,540 




1,987 




72,688 
9,482 


542, 248 




1,428 


















237, 125 


128, 903 


877, 136 


240,486 


163,116 


89, 184 


567, 203 


Skeena River district: 


35, 329 
5,515 














9,648 
20,045 
50, 968 
18, 008 


7,247 
7,523 
84, 717 
14, 598 


16, 897 
38,991 
86,394 
20, 138 


15,247 
25, 217 
108, 413 
10, 378 


10, 085 

45,404 

139, 846 

13,374 

468 


12,249 




28, 120 




93, 404 
20, 621 


87, 901 




11, 727 




742 


















98, 669 


154, 869 


114, 085 


162, 420 


159, 255 


209, 177 


140, 739 


Rivers Inlet district: 




61 
358 














219 

180 

68, 119 

872 




66 


5,040 

700 

87, 874 

450 


9,505 

479 

64, 652 

454 


1,400 










93, 862 
11 


82, 771 
351 


122,631 
181 


89,027 




587 






Total 


69,390 


94, 292 


83,122 


122, 878 


94,064 


75,090 


91,014 


Nass River district: 




31 
1,697 














2,187 


3,083 

1,840 

24,462 

3,340 


5,997 

3,450 

22, 166 

858 


6,093 
5,957 
17, 813 
1,288 


8,348 
6,612 
27, 584 
3,263 


6,818 




3,589 




8,438 
1,475 


15, 000 
2,357 


28, 246 




2,280 




57 










63 


681 


1,101 














Total 


12, 100 


19, 085 


32, 725 


32,534 


31,832 


46, 908 


40,990 






Outlying districts: 




1,155 
13, 114 














14, 136 
2,653 

36,3S3 
3,218 


3,292 

1,303 

51,234 

4,563 


11, 759 

10,321 

45, 481 

3,581 


25,754 
23,300 
40,159 
7,595 
2,382 
2 


29, 781 

23,538 

59, 815 

6,915 

2,245 

36 


19, 911 


Pinks 


12, 848 




48, 272 
6,204 


93,019 




2,196 






























Total 


56, 390 


68, 745 


60, 392 


71, 142 


99,192 


122,330 


127, 974 






TOTAL BY SPECIES. 




37, 642 
66, 351 














51,918 

27, 382 

368, 717 

25,657 


44, 458 

13, 970 

1,080,673 

28, 359 


69, 132 
6 68,305 
459, 679 

31, 261 
1,083 


87,900 

b 118, 704 

314, 074 

23, 159 

2,939 

683 


81,917 

b 76, 448 

355, 023 

25, 433 

2,731 

1,137 


61,918 


Pinks 


b 46, 544 




323, 226 
38, 675 


840, 441 




18, 218 




799 


























473, 674 


465, 894 


1, 167, 460 


629, 460 


547, 459 


542, 689 


967^920 







a In 1901 in the Fraser River district 920,313 cases of sockeyes were packed, and in 1902 sockeyes were 
packed as follows: 293,477 cases in Fraser River district, 117,677 cases in Skeena River district, 68,819 cases 
in Rivers Inlet district, 20,9.53 cases in Nass River district, and 30,510 cases in outlying districts. 

b Pinks and chums combined. 



174 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 



Pack, by Species and Districts, of Canned Salmon in British Columbia from 

1903 to 1915— Continued. 



Districts and species. 



1911 



1913 



Fraser River district: 

Chums 

Cohos 

Pinks 

Sockeyes 

Springs, red , 

Springs, white 

Steelheads 



Total. 



Skeena River district: 

Chums 

Cohos 

Pinks . 

Sockeyes 

Springs, red 

Springs, white 



Total. 



Rivers Inlet district: 

Chums 

Cohos 

Pinks 

Sockeyes 

Springs, red 

Springs, white . . . 



Total. 



Nass River district: 

Chums 

Cohos 

Pinks 

Sockeyes 

Springs, red 

Springs, white. 
Steelheads 



Total. 



Outlying districts: 

Chums 

Cohos 

Pinks 

Sockeyes 

Springs, red 

Springs, white . 
Steelheads 



Total. 



TOTAL BY SPECIES. 



Chums 

Cohos 

Pinks 

Sockeyes 

Springs, red 

Springs, white. 
Steelheads 



Grand total . 



Cases. 

52, 177 

27, 855 

128 

133,045 

1,018 

8,925 



Cases. 
47,237 
39, 740 
142, 101 

58, 487 
7,028 
6,751 



223, 148 



301, 344 



11,531 

13, 473 

187, 246 

9,546 

239 



70 

23,376 
81, 956 
131, 066 
15, 514 

2,428 



222, 035 



254, 410 



2,075 

19 

126,921 

383 



288 
6,287 
5,411 
88,763 

317 



129,398 



101, 066 



351 

6,285 

895 

30, 810 

1,228 

11 

140 



5,189 

7,842 

11, 467 

37,327 

3,434 

325 

100 



39, 720 



65,684 



5,834 
26, 636 
20, 098 
87, 893 

7,138 
301 



39, 167 

42. 457 
64, 312 
67, 866 

12. 458 
201 



147, 900 



226, 461 



58,362 

74,382 

34, 613 

565, 915 

19, 313 

9,476 

140 



91, 951 
119, 702 
305, 247 
383, 509 
38, 751 
9,705 
100 



762, 201 948, 965 996, 576 



Cases. 
12,961 
28, 574 
574 
108, 784 
14, 655 
8,373 



Cases. 

22, 220 

11,648 

9,973 

684, 596 

3,573 

49 



74, 726 
38,639 

6,057 
185, 483 

9,485 
14,000 



173, 921 



504 

a 39, 835 

97, 588 

92, 498 

19,332 

4,501 



254, 258 



3,845 
11,010 

8,809 

112, 884 

681 

468 



137, 697 



3,245 
12, 468 
12, 476 
36, 037 
5,710 
1,226 



71, 162 



37, 770 
73, 422 
128, 296 
94, 559 
21, 967 
3,524 



359, 538 



58,325 
165, 102 
247, 743 
444,762 
62,345 
18, 092 
207 



732, 059 



328, 390 



18,647 
66,045 
52, 927 
23,250 
3,186 



8,329 

16,378 

71, 021 

130, 166 

13,529 

211 



164, 055 



237, 634 



3,660 

2,097 

61, 745 

594 



5,023 

7,789 

5,784 

89, 890 

566 



68, 096 



109, 052 



2,987 

3,172 

20, 539 

23,574 

2,999 

152 



25,569 

9,276 

25, 333 

31,327 

2,660 

725 



53,423 



52, 758 
32, 695 
94,233 
149, 336 
7,017 
229 



70, 827 

48, 119 

112, 145 

99, 810 

8,668 

1,484 



336, 268 



341,073 



77, 965 
69, 822 
192, 887 
972, 178 
37, 433 
3,616 



184, 474 
120, 201 
220, 3-10 
536, 696 
32, 90S 
16, 420 



1, 353, 901 



1,111,039 



a Includes 207 cases of steelheads. 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 
PICKLING INDUSTRY. 



175 



The salmon-pickling industry was so overshadowed by its giant 
brother, the canning industry, that statistical data, except for Alaska, 
were found in extremely fragmentary shape, and only that portion 
is shown relating to Alaska from the time of annexation to 1915. 

Pack op Salted Salmon in Alaska', 1868 to 1915. 





Salmon. 


Salmon bellies. 


Dry-salted salmon. 


Years. 


Barrels. 


Value. 


Barrels. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 




2,000 

1,700 

1,800 

700 

1,000 

900 

1,400 

1,200 

1,800 

1,950 

2,100 

3,500 

3,700 

1,760 

5, 890 

7,251 

6,106 

3,230 

4,861 

3,978 

9,500 

6,457 

18,039 

8,913 

17,374 

24,005 

32,011 

14, 234 

9,314 

15, 848 

22,670 

22, 382 

31,852 

24, 477 

30, 384 

27, 921 

13,674 

19,071 

17, 283 

22,307 

31,472 

28, 443 

12, 779 

8,483 

34,602 

37, 881 

25,954 

12,058 


$16,000 

13,600 

14,400 

6,300 

9,000 

7,200 

11,200 

9,600 

14, 400 

15,700 

16, 800 

28,000 

29, 600 

15, 840 

53,010 

65, 259 

54,954 

29,070 

43, 749 

35, 802 

85, 500 

58,013 

162,351 

71,304 

140,057 

120, 083 

176,060 

85, 404 

65, 198 

110,936 

181,360 

167, 865 

238,890 

171,339 

212,688 

223, 368 

89,209 

143,811 

126. 194 
203,127 
266, 713 
183,400 
111,634 
102,477 
305,928 
272,726 

247. 195 
157, 457 










1869 










1S70 


1 






1871 








1872 


i 






1873 


i 






1874 


i 






1875 








1876 










1877 










1878 










1879 










1880.. 


300 


$3,300 






1881. 






1882 










1883. 


i 






1884... 










1885.. 










1886. . 










1887... 










1888. 










1889. . 










1890... 










1891 










1892 


53 


815 






1893 






1894 










1895 










1896 


150 

2,846 

580 

235 

2,353 

652 

328 

3,667 

208 

1,360 

1,338 

2,965 

7,600 

1,970 

1,626 

1,337 

37 

451 

408 

571 


1,200 

28, 460 

5, 800 

2,350 

23,530 

3,816 

2,952 

32,973 

1,950 

11,355 

13,644 

37,422 

85,994 

25,358 

19,007 

15,561 

606 

6,523 

5,467 

13,610 






1897 






1898 






1899 






1900 


511,400 


$10, 228 


1901 




1902. 






1903 


300,000 

966, 812 

7, 280, ?34 

1,107,680 

107, 580 

20,800 

71,600 

22,178 

33, 285 


5,500 


1904 


16,180 


1905 


115, 643 

16,969 


1906 


1907 


1,505 


1908 


416 


1909 


1,038 


1910 


554 


1911 


1,340 


1912 


1913 


21,282 
12, 200 


1,235 


1914 


810 


1915 










Total 


529,294 


4,041,445 


28, 802 


313, 536 


10,388,284 


168,033 







176 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 



Alaska Pickled-Salmon Pack, 1906 to 1915, by Species, Quantity, and Value. 





1906 


1907 


1908 


1909 


1910 


Species. 


Barrels. 


Value. 


Barrels. 


Value. 


Barrels. 


Value. 


Barrels. 


Value. 


Barrels. 


Value. 


Whole salmon: 

Coho 


539 

231 

2,446 

1,007 

13,061 


$5,642 
1,550 

13,852 
8,058 

97,092 


' 1,665 

233 

4,248 

964 

15,197 


$16, 406 

1,521 

29,374 

10,684 

145, 142 


692 

122 

2,346 

660 

30, 517 


$5,648 

707 

17,935 

6,813 

262,274 


318 

35 

1,557 

441 

26,508 


$2,485 

190 

9,405 

3,798 

167,298 


160 


$1,504 






Humpback 


330 

352 

11,931 


1,998 
3,399 


Red 


104,649 






Total 


17,284 


126, 194 


22,307 


203,127 


34,337 


293,377 


28,859 


183,176 


12,773 


111,550 




Bellies: 

Coho 






191 


2,696 


229 
117 

2,447 

48 

1,895 


3,535 
699 

28,140 
720 

26,236 


255 


3,843 


126 
70 

616 
6 

808 


1,135 




30 

1,173 
22 
13 


150 

13,188 

185 

121 


770 


Humpback 


1,800 

84 

890 


21,080 

1,002 

12,644 


738 
35 
942 


7,438 

175 

13,902 


6,135 
128 


Red 


10,839 






Total 


1,238 


13, 644 


2,965 


37,422 


4,736 


59,330 


1,970 


25,358 


1,626 


19,007 




Backs, etc.: 














56 


224 




















2 
4 


24 


Red 


















60 




















Total 


! 










56 


224 


6 


84 
















Grand total... 


18,522 


139, 838 


25,272 


240, 549 


29,073 


352,707 


30,885 


208,758 


14,405 


130,641 



Species. 


1911 


1912 


1913 


1914 


1915 


Barrels. 


Value. 


Barrels. 


Value. 


Barrels. 


Value. 


Barrels. 


Value. 


Barrels. 


Value. 


Whole salmon: 

Coho 


223 
133 

1,122 
600 

6,239 


$2,149 

666 

11,238 

8,095 

79,578' 


1,165 

93 

4,236 

225 

28, 883 


$9,565 

652 

28,304 

2,442 

264,965 


1,006 
100 

2,724 

135 

33,916 


$6,452 

778 

18,181 

1,410 

245,905 


365 
53 

482 

269 

24,785 


$2,767 

293 

2,954 

2,588 

238,593 


1,763 
325 
662 
377 

8,931 


$19,393 




2,925 


Humpback 


5,958 
4,147 


Red 


125,034 






Total 


8,317 


101,726 


34,602 


305,928 


37, 881 


272,726 


25,954 


247,195 


12,058 


157,457 






Bellies: 


38 
7 

676 
2 

614 


489 
77 

5,122 
30 

9,843 






54 

67 

324 


946 

941 

4,546 


67 
18 
229 
2 
92 


982 
180 

2,620 
13 

1,672 
















Humpback 


37 


606 


133 


2,660 


Red.. 






6 


90 


438 


10,950 










Total 


1,337 


15,561 


37 


606 


451 


6,523 


408 


5,467 


571 


13,610 






Backs, etc.: 

Humpback 


150 

1 

15 


600 

15 

136 


































Red 






































166 


751 


































Grand total . . . 


9,820 


118,038 


34,639 


306,534 


38,332 


279, 249 


26,362 


252,662 


12,629 


171,067 



a Barrels hold 200 pounds of fish; when of a different size they have been reduced to oonform to this 
weight. 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 
MILD-CURING INDUSTRY. 



177 



The beginning of this industry on the Pacific coast is of compara- 
tively recent date, and the following table is complete, with the pos- 
sible exception of a few tierces, which may not have been reported 
for the coastal rivers of Oregon: 

Number of Tierces of Mild-Cured Salmon Packed on the Pacific Coast from 

1897 to 1915.o 



Years. 


Alaska. 


British 
Colum- 
bia. 


Puget 
Sound, 
Wash. 


Grays 
Harbor, 
Wash. 


Willapa 
Harbor, 
Wash. 


Colum- 
bia 
River 
(both 
sides). 


Coastal 
rivers, 
Oreg. 


Eel 

River, 

Cal. 


Sacra- 
mento 
River, 
Cal. 


Mon- 
terey 
Bay, 
Cal. 


Total. 


1897. . 












400 

700 
1,250 
1,275 
3,000 
4,213 
6,725 
9,088 
9,805 
8,000 
6,070 
4,960 
5,540 
7,922 
8,185 
5,824 
5,746 
5,205 
4,078 










400 


1898 


70 
130 


















770 


1899 






375 












1,755 


1900 










950 
3,100 
2,325 
3,600 
4,719 
2,979 
2,177 
4,102 
3,243 
5,111 
5,516 
2,011 
3,274 
4,789 
1,829 
1,630 


504 
354 
248 
310 
510 
582 
252 
911 
75 
160 

550 

1,476 

942 


2,225 


1901 


67 

67 

8 

34 

189 

1,126 

1,657 

1,378 

2,292 

3,357 

3,164 

5,245 

7,443 

4,091 

2,966 


1,175 
957 
1,993 
1,060 
1,560 
1,638 
1,965 
1,489 
3,150 
3,182 
1,119 


600 

425 

824 

1,250 

3,000 










6,767 


1902 






188 




7,722 


1903 






11,511 


1904 






415 
740 
740 


200 

175 
140 


15,539 
17,873 
13,685 
17,464 
10, 893 
18,267 
22,408 
19, 717 
22,424 
28,282 
18 174 


1905 






1906 






1907 

1908 


2,060 


20 


100 


1909 

1910 

1911 

1912 

1913 

1914 


2,109 
2,435 
2,745 
3,013 
3,923 
1,934 
2,235 


75 
67 
100 
357 
250 


29 

30 

40 
50 


560 
1,398 
1,247 
3,082 
2,381 
457 
333 


80 

110 
100 

3 


1915 






13,306 








Total. 


33,284 


19,288 


26,553 


1,244 


249 


97,986 


11,541 


808 


51,355 


6,874 


249, 182 



a The net weight of fish in a tierce is about 800 pounds. King, Chinook, or spring salmon were used 
almost exclusively. From most places the data are complete from the time of the inception of tbe indus- 
try, but from a few minor places the data are somewhat fragmentary. 

YUKON TERRITORY, CANADA. 

Some salmon fishing is carried on in that section of the upper 
Yukon River which lies in Yukon Territory, Dominion of Canada. 
The species taken are principally king and chum, and these are sold 
mainly in a fresh condition. The following table shows the quantity 
taken and the value of same in certain years: 

Catch of Salmon in Yukon Territory, Canada, in Specified Years. 



Years. 


Salmon. 


Years. 


Salmon. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


1903 


70,000 
138, 574 
169,900 
229,000 


85,600 
17,566 
18,689 
22,900 


1912 


224,100 
182,000 
188,600 
157, 000 


$22,410 
18,200 
18,860 
15,700 


1909 


1913 


1910 


1914 


1911 


1915. . . 







62425°— 17- 



-12 



178 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

MARKET PRICES FOR CANNED SALMON. 

The manner of fixing the selling price at which the canner is willing 
to dispose of his canned product varies slightly in certain regions. 
In May or June, when the spring-packing season has sufficiently 
advanced so that a line can be gotten on the probable pack of chi- 
nook, the highest priced of the pack, the Columbia Kiver canners 
agree upon a price, this usually being high or low, as the pack is small 
or large. 

Since the Alaska Packers Association was formed, through a com- 
bination of a number of canneries operating in the Territory of 
Alaska, it has packed annually in recent years about one-fourth of 
the salmon canned. It also owns several canneries on Puget Sound, 
thus being quite a factor in that region also. 

In the early days of the association the custom grew up amongst 
the smaller packers of Alaska and Puget Sound of waiting until the 
association fixed the prices on its own pack, when the others would 
generally fall into line with the same prices for their packs. This 
custom is still in vogue. At no time has it ever been compulsory 
on the part of any packer to adopt the same prices as the association. 
In fact, it has sometimes been the case that, while the small packer 
publicly quoted the association's opening prices, yet in secret he was 
shading it by 2\ to 5 cents per dozen on certain grades. In recent 
years this has frequently been the case and the big packers, who 
adhered to the opening prices, have had to sit idly by and watch 
their small competitors underselling them and getting the bulk of 
the business until they had finally disposed of their goods, when, 
necessarily, they would have to drop out of the market until the 
next season. 

Occasionally the other packers do not like a certain quotation of 
the association and make one more nearly in consonance with their 
own views. This happened in 1913, when the association quoted 60 
cents for chums, while the Puget Sound canners quoted 55 cents for 
this grade, and in 1915 when the association quoted 65 cents for 
chums and the Puget Sound interests 70 cents for the same grade, 
thus showing clearly the independence of the smaller packers. 

Owing to a peculiar feature of the salmon marketing, business, 
more depends upon the opening prices than appears on the surface 
to the uninitiated. 

Shortly after the first of the year buyers throughout the world 
begin to take stock of their salmon supplies and soon thereafter 
begin placing their "future" orders. These cover the quantity 
required of each grade, and when the buyer orders through a broker 
the orders are placed subject to a contract similar to the following: 

The undersigned hereby authorizes to book the number of cases of canned 

salmon specified below; said booking to be filed with packers for delivery from 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 179 

(naming year) pack, subject to buyers' approval of opening prices when named; the 
option being granted buyers of confirming the total number of cases specified below; con- 
firming a smaller quantity, or declining any confirmation. 

furthermore agrees that buyers shall have the option of increasing quantities 

listed below, when he names opening prices for his packers, contingent upon his 
ability to secure at that time an increased allotment from his packers. In event 

secures an increased allotment from his packers insufficient to meet all increases 

requested by his patrons, he will distribute such increase as he can secure among 
the dealers who have filed conditional contracts with him, according to the date order 
that said contracts have been received in his office. 

Under this form of contract the packer is expected to be ready to 
fulfill the terms of same, except in case of a short pack, when the 
orders are generally prorated, i. e., all orders are proportionately 
reduced until they come within the compass of the pack. Should 
the buyer dislike the opening price he has the privilege of canceling 
the order. While this latter privilege may not, at first glance, look 
just to the packer, yet it is doubtful if any buyer would place a 
"future" order unless he was assured of a chance to cancel his order 
should he feel that too high a sum was fixed in the opening prices. 

Some canneries contract to sell their entire output to one buyer, and 
the price fixed is usually the opening prices for the year in question. 
In such cases the buyer and seller are both compelled to abide by the 
price, no matter how unjust one or the other may consider it. 

The association does not announce its opening prices until late in 
August or early in September, when the greater part of the packing 
is over with and a good line on the total pack has been obtained, and 
it speaks well for the discernment of the officials of the association 
that their judgment as to prices should meet with the general approval 
as often as it does. 

OPENING PRICES FOR A SERIES OF YEARS. 

Below are shown the yearly opening prices on the various grades 
and sizes from 1890 to 1915. The most interesting part of this is 
the increase shown in the value of high-grade salmon. Columbia 
River chinook was quoted at $1.05 for 1-pound tails in 1897, and it 
gradually advances until in 1915 it is quoted at $1.90. Alaska red- 
1-pound tails in 1897 sold for 90 cents, the lowest during the period 
in question, advancing, with occasional recessions, until in 1911 it 
reached high-water mark of $1.60. In 1915 the opening price was 
$1.50. In 1897 Puget Sound 1-pound tall sockeye sold for 80 cents, 
10 cents below Alaska red. In 1898 it sold for 20 cents less than reds. 
In 1902 it sold for $1 as compared with 95 cents for Alaska red, and 
from that time on brought a higher price, being quoted at $1.90 in 
1915 as compared with $1.50 for Alaska red. 

Medium red or coho did not figure in the opening prices until 1908, 
when Puget Sound coho sold for 5 cents a dozen more than Alaska 
coho. Very shortly thereafter, however, both were classed together 



180 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 



and sold for the same price. This grade has not had the wide fluc- 
tuations of the others, due mainly to the generally small pack made 
annually. 

Pink salmon has been the football of the salmon market ever since 
the pack became of sufficient size to become a feature in it. The 
size of the pack has been steadily increasing, as the fish became 
better known, and while the price obtained has been excellent in 
certain years (in 1911 it sold at $1 per dozen, the highest point 
reached), usually the price has been low. In 1897 it was quoted at 
65 cents. In 1915 the opening price was 75 cents, but as a matter 
of fact a large part of the pack really sold for 65 cents. The lowest 
point it reached was in 1903, when it was quoted at 50 cents a dozen. 

It is only of recent years that chum salmon has become a factor in 
the market. Although sold for some time before then, chum salmon 
appears first in the regular opening prices in 1908, when they were 
quoted at 70 cents a dozen. In 1913 it was quoted at 55 cents, 
while the opening price in 1915 was 70 cents on Puget Sound and 65 
cents at San Francisco. 

The pack of Alaska and Puget Sound kings, or springs, has always 
been small, and while they have always been quoted at $1 per dozen 
or better (in 1911 they were quoted at $1.80) they have always been 
slow sellers. It is extremely improbable that the canned pack will 
increase much in the future, as this fish is the best for mild curing, 
and as the mild curers are able to offer better prices for the raw fish 
than the canneries, they will always get the fish when desired. 

Opening Prices per Dozen Cans Since 1890. 

1890 TO 1902. 



Years and species. 



1890. 

Columbia River chinook . . 

Alaska red 

Alaska pink 

1891. 

Columbia River Chinook. . 

Alaska red 

Alaska pink 

1892. 

Columbia River chinook . . 

Alaska red 

Alaska pink 

1893. 

Columbia River chinook . . 

Alaska red 

Alaska pink 

1894. 

Columbia River chinook . . 

Alaska red 

Alaska pink 



Tails. 



$1.40 

1.20 

.75 



1.35 

1.20 
.75 



1.35 

1.15 

.75 



1.32 J 

1.17J 

.65 



1.35 

1.10 

.60 



Years and species. 



1895. 

Columbia River chinook. 

Alaska red 

Alaska pink 

1896. 

Columbia River chinook. 

Alaska red 

Alaska pink 

1897. 

Columbia River chinook . 

Alaska red 

Puget Sound sockeye 

Alaska pink 

1898. 

Columbia River chinook. 

Alaska red 

Puget Sound sockeye 

Alaska pink 



Tails. 



$1.32.\ 

1.15 

.80 



1.25 

1.10 

.75 



1.05 
.95 
.80 
.65 



1.05 
.97| 

.80 
.65 



Years and species. 



1899. 

Columbia River chinook 

Alaska red 

Puget Sound sockeye. . . 
Alaska pink 

1900. 

Columbia River chinook 

Alaska red 

Puget Sound sockeye. . . 
Alaska pink 

1901. 

Columbia River chinook 

Alaska red 

Puget Sound sockeye. . . 
Alaska pink 

1902. 

Columbia River chinook 

Alaska red 

Puget Sound sockeye . . . 
Alaska pink 



Tails. 



SI. 25 

1.10 

1.10 

.674 



1.60 
1.25 
1.10 



1.50 

1.25 

. 115 



1.35 
1.00 

1.00 
.65 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 



181 



Opening Prices per Dozen Cans Since 1890 — Continued. 

1903 TO 1915. 



Years and species. Tails. Flats. Halves. Years and species. Tails. Flats. Halves 



1903. 



Puget Sound sockeyo 

Columbia Uiver chinook . 

Alaska red 

Alaska pink 



1904. 

Columbia Uivor chinook . . . 

Puget Sound sockeyo 

Alaska red 

Alaska pink 

1905. 

Columbia Uiver chinook . . . 

I J ugot Sound sockeye 

Alaska red 

Alaska pink 

1906. 

Columbia Kiver chinook . . . 

Puget Sound sockeye 

Alaska red 

Alaska pink 

1907. 

Columbia River chinook . . . 

Puget Sound sockeyo 

Alaska red 

Alaska pink 

1908. 

Columbia River chinook . . . 

Puget Sound sockeye 

Puget Sound pink 

Puget Sound coho 

Alaska red 

Alaska long 

Alaska coho 

Alaska pink 

Alaska chum 

1909. 

Colojtnbia River chinook, 

fancy 

Puget Sound sockeye 

Alaska red 

Alaska king 

Alaska coho 

Alaska pink 

Alaska chum 



$1.50 

1.35 

1.30 

.50 



1.45 
1.55 
1.30 
.70 



1.45 
1.35 
1.00 
.70 



1.50 
1.45 



1.65 
1.60 
1.15 
.80 



1.65 
1.60 
.75 
1.05 
1.15 
1.05 
1.00 
.70 
.70 



1.65 
1.35 
1.15 
1.10 
1.05 
.60 
.574 



$1.60 
1.45 



1.15 
1.05 



1.55 
1.50 



1.60 
1.60 



1.75 
1.75 



1.75 
1.75 



1.15 



1.75 
1.50 
1.35 



1.20 



$0. 90 
.85 



.90 
.95 



.90 
4.00 



1.00 
1.00 



1.05 
1.10 



1.05 
1.05 



.75 



1.05 
1.00 
.85 



.70 



1910. 

Columbia River chinook, 

fancy 

Puget Sound sockeyo 

Alaska red 

Alaska king 

Alaska pink 

A laska chum 

Medium red and coho 



1911. 

Columbia River chinook, 

fancy ...» 

Puget Sound sockeyo 

Alaska red 

Alaska medium red 

Alaska king 

Pink 

Chum 



1912. 

Chinook 

Sockeye 

Alaska red 

Alaska medium red . 

Alaska king 

Pink 

Chum 



1913. 

Chinook 

Sockeye 

Alaska red 

Alaska medium red. 

Alaska king 

Pink 

Chum 



1914. 

Chinook 

Sockoye 

Alaska red 

Medium red 

Alaska king 

Pink 

Kcta, or chum... 

1915. 

Chinook 

Sockeye 

Alaska red 

Medium red 

Alaska king 

Pink 

Keta, or chum. . . 



1.95 
1.95 
1. 00 
1.45 
1.80 
1.00 
.95 



1.95 
1.95 
1.40 
1.15 
1.40 
.65 
.62* 



1. 95 
1.50 
1.15 

.85 
1.00 

.65 
a. 55 



1.95 
1. 95 
1.45 
1.15 
1.40 
.90 
.85 



1.90 
1.95 
1. 50 
1.15 
1.25 
.75 
*>.70 



SI. 90 
1.80 
1. 50 



2.00 
2.00 
1.75 
1.65 
2.00 
1.15 
1.05 



2.00 
2.00 
1.60 
1.25 
1.60 
.65 



2.00 
1.65 
1.35 
1.00 
1.15 
.80 
.70 



2.10 
2. 15 
1.80 
1. 35 



1.00 
.95 



2.00 
2.15 
1.85 
1.30 



.85 
.80 



SI. 10 
1.10 
1.00 



.80 



1.30 
1.30 
1. 12J 

1.00 
1.12J 
.80 
.75 



1. 25 
1.30 
1.15 
.80 
1. 15 
.55 
.50 



1.25 
1.05 
.95 
.70 
.90 
.55 
.50 



1.25 
1.35 
1.10 
.824 
1.10 
.70 
.65 



1.25 
1.35 
1.15 
.75 



a The opening price in San Francisco was 60 cents. 
b The opening price in San Francisco was 65 cents. 



XL TRADE WITH OUTLYING POSSESSIONS. 

As a result of the war with Spain the United States in 1898 ac- 
quired possession of Porto Rico, Guam, and the Philippine Islands, 
while in the same year Hawaii became a part of this country at its 
own request, and in 1900 two islands of the Samoan group were 
acquired by a partition agreement with Great Britain and Germany. 
The trade with the Philippine Islands is shown to date in the tables 
of exports and imports to foreign countries, but the trade with the 
other possessions has been eliminated from these tables and shown 
separately ever since their annexation to the United States. 

HAWAII. 

The islands constituting this Territory, owing to their reciprocity 
treaty with this country for a number of years before annexation, 
purchased their supplies of salmon from the United States almost 
exclusively. In recent years the Territory has imported the following 
quantities of salmon from the mainland : 



Years ending 


Canned. 


All other, 
fresh or 
cured. 


Years ending 
June 30— 


Canned. 


All other, 
fresh or 
cured. 


June 30— 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


1907 


1,126,217 
965,029 
1,440,410 
1,381,398 
1,231,264 


$89, 286 
89, 025 
121, 716 
113, 526 
119,872 


Value. 

$64, 232 
67, 143 
73,848- 
72, 194 
76,572 


1912 


1, 850, 567 
1,841,874 
1,418,941 
1,005,848 


$194,385 

173, 202 

97,532 

90, 705 


Value. 
$57, 495 


1908 


1913 


(o) 


1909 


1914 


(<0 
(a) 


1910 


1915 


1911 











a Not shown separately. 
PORTO RICO. 



Of recent years the following shipments of domestic salmon have 
been made to this island : 



Years ending 


Canned. 


All other, 
fresh or 
cured. 


Years ending 
June 30— 


Canned. 


All other, 
fresh or 
cured. 


June 30— . 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


1907 


604, 627 
512,038 
381, 171 
511, 055 
357,382 


$53,916 
48, 195 
34, 777 
43, 494 
30,699 


Value. 
$2,893 
1,428 
3,810 
6,243 
3,868 


1912 


710,721 
666, 602 
416,414 
588,889 


$65, 354 
66,811 
41,726 
56, 527 


Value. 
$1,208 


1908 


1913 


(o) 


1909 


1914 


(o) 


1910 


1915..". 


(a) 


1911 











a Not shown separately. 



182 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 



183 



Of recent years the following shipments of domestic salmon have 
been made to these islands : 



Years ending 


Canned. 


All other, 
fresh or 
cured. 


Years ending 
June 30— 


Canned. 


All other, 
fresh or 
cured. 


June 30— 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


1909 


1,126,470 
5,425,404 
3,069,118 
5,096,810 


$74, 792 
396, 604 
225,885 
422,001 


Value. 

$712 

2,089 

3,542 

2,437 


1913 


10,122,820 
5,034,252 
4,159,580 


$590,128 
266,369 
288,548 


Value. 
(«) 
<■) 
(») 


1910 


1914 

1915 


1911 


1912 









a Not shown separately. 



ALASKA. 



It seems like "carrying coals to Newcastle" to ship canned salmon 
to Alaska, from which Territory more than half the canned salmon 
of the world is produced, and yet a small business is done each year 
in this line, most of the product going to the minirfg camps and towns 
somewhat removed from the fishing sections. 

The following table shows the shipments of such fish in recent 
years : 



Years ending 


Canned. 


All other, 
fresh or 
cured. 


Years ending 
June 30— 


Canned. 


All other, 


June 30 — 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


fresh or 
cured. 


1909 


' 67, 132 
67, 658 
38,265 


$7, 123 
7,204 
4,513 


Value. 
$3,966 
3,558 
1,061 


1912 


134, 320 
43,346 
42,945 


$15, 022 
5,074 
5,278 


Value. 
$4,218 
(a) 

(0) 


1910 


1913 


1911 


1914 







a Not shown separately. 

GUAM. 

Since annexation, this country and Japan have been competing for 
the trade of this island, which, in earlier years, Japan controlled quite 
largely. During the last two years shown in the statement, however, 
the United States has secured the advantage. The following table 
shows the extent of the trade, which is made up almost entirely of 
salted or pickled salmon, only 900 pounds of fresh salmon, valued at 
$92, having been shipped by this country to Guam in 1908. Since 
1909 all the fishery products imported have been lumped under one 
heading and it has been impossible to distinguish the salmon from 
the other species. 



184 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 



Years and countries. 



Pickled salmon. 



Pounds. Value 



Years and countries. 



Pickled salmon. 



Pounds. Value 



1905. 

United States 

Japan — 



1907. 

United States 

Japan 



1,415 
16,526 



13,604 
19,862 



$71 
1,221 



1,086 
1,601 



1908. 

United States 

Japan 



1909. 

United States 

Japan: 



7,406 
6,130 



10, 779 
4,295 



S623 
465 



740 
344 



TUTDILA, SAMOA. 

The customs statistics lump the imports of fish under one general 
heading, thus making it impossible to show separately the imports 
of salmon. 



XII. FOREIGN TRADE IN SALMON. 

As we do not consume all of the salmon produced by our fisheries, 
it is necessary to find a foreign market for the surplus each season, 
but, as canned salmon has become one of the staples of the world, there 
is not much difficulty in this respect, especially since our only compet- 
itors are Canada, Siberia, and Japan. The two last named have not 
yet become much of a factor in the canned-salmon market, though 
they will as their fishing operations are extended. There is more 
competition in the pickled, fresh, and frozen markets, several Euro- 
pean and Asiatic countries being large producers of these goods, as is 
Canada also, for a considerable proportion of which she is compelled 
to find an outside market. 

EXPORTS OF CANNED SALMON. 

From the beginning of the industry a considerable proportion of the 
salmon canned has been exported, especially of the higher grades. 
In Europe the chief customer is Great Britain, taking about nine- 
tenths of all sent to European ports. Great Britain does not, how- 
ever, consume this quantity, for a considerable part of her importa- 
tions are reexported. On the North American Continent and adja- 
cent islands the best customers are Mexico, Panama, and the British 
West Indies, in the order named. In South America, Peru, Argen- 
tina, and British Guiana were the leading markets in 1910. In 1908 
Chile imported 4,196,060 pounds; in 1909 the importations dropped 
to 97,993 pounds, but increased in 1910 to 1,556,629 pounds. In 
Asia, Hongkong and China import canned salmon, although neither 
buys great quantities. The islands of the Pacific and Indian Oceans 
are .large consumers. British Australasia took 5,474,818 pounds, 
valued at $551,312, in 1910, and other good customers were the 
British East Indies and British, French, and German Oceania. In 
Africa the British and Portuguese possessions are the largest im- 
porters. • , 

The movements of these products are naturally often influenced 
favorably or adversely as the tariffs of the various countries in which 
they are marketed are raised or lowered. 

Some countries maintain excessively high tariffs, among these being 
Brazil, 30 cents per pound; Colombia, 8£ cents; Mexico, 4 cents; 
Guatemala, 6£ cents; Paraguay, 7 cents; Uruguay, 6 cents; Austria- 
Hungary, 8 cents, and Germany, 7 cents. Norway levies 6 cents a 
pound duty, but this is undoubtedly to protect her own salmon 
industry. 

In but few of the tariff acts is canned salmon distinguished by name, 
being usually classed as "preserved fish," and as these are usually 
luxuries in many countries they bear an extra high duty as a result. 

In addition to these high duties in some countries, especially in 
South America, there are various other charges, fees, etc., which 

185 



186 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 



materially enhance the value of the goods before they reach the 
consumer. C. H. Clarke, of the salmon brokerage firm of Kelley- 
Clarke Co., of Seattle, Wash., prepared and published a statement" 
showing the comparative charges on 100 cases each of red Alaska and 
pink canned salmon from the time they leave Seattle up to the time 
they reach the hands of wholesalers in South America. This shows 
that the f. o. b. Seattle value of the red salmon was $500 and of the 
pink salmon $280. By the time these goods reached the hands of the 
Rio de Janeiro wholesalers the red salmon were worth $1,900.07, while 
the pink salmon were worth $1,677.87. At Montevideo, Uruguay, 
the red salmon were worth $1,436.01 and the pink salmon $1,213.81. 
The table is so interesting and instructive that it is reproduced entire 
herewith. 

Comparative Table of Charges on 100 Cases Each of Red Alaska and Pink 
Canned Salmon up to the Time They Reach Hands of Wholesalers in South 
America. 





Argentina 
(Buenos Aires). 


Brazil 
(Rio de Janeiro). 


Chile 
(Valparaiso). 


Ecuador 
(Guayaquil). 




Red. 


Pink. 


Red. 


Pink. 


Red. 


Pink. 


Red. 


Pink. 




$500. 00 

5.00 

104.75 

6.10 
615. 85 
2.00 
519. 56 
2.12 
2.41 
7.24 
1.49 


$280. 00 

5.00 

104. 75 

3.90 
393. 65 
2.00 
519. 56 
2.12 
2.41 
7.24 
1.49 


$500. 00 

5.00 

114.50 

6.20 

625. 70 

3.25 

1, 138. 78 

6.47 

33.90 


$280.00 

5.00 

114.50 

4.00 

403.50 

3.25 

1, 138. 78 

6.47 

33.90 


$500. 00 


$280.00 


$500. 00 


$280.00 








45.00 

5.50 

550. 50 

5.25 

160. 46 


45.00 

3.25 

328. 25 

4.25 

160. 46 


45.00 

5.50 

550.50 

22.35 

345. 37 


45.00 


Marine insurance, 5 per cent 
f. p. a 


3.25 

328. 25 


Consular fees in United States . . 


14.00 
234.37 






Storage in customhouse 

Handling in customhouse 

Stamps and entry blanks 


5.35 
2.51 
1.43 


5.35 
2.51 
1.43 


















.10 
7.77 
57.20 


.10 
7.77 
57.20 




































12.74 

7.64 

1, 171. 05 


12.74 

7.64 

948. 85 


7.15 

3.65 

736. 30 


7.15 

3.65 

513. 05 






Wharfage, lighterage, cartage. . . 


26.90 
1,900.07 


26.90 
1, 677. 87 


19. 30 
937. 52 


19.30 
706. 92 









Paraguay 
(Asimcion). 


Peru 
(Callao). 


Uruguay 
(Montevideo). 


Venezuela 
(La Guayra). 




Red. 


Pink. 


Red. 


Pink. 


Red. 


Pink. 


Red. 


Pink. 




$500. 00 

5.00 

134. 75 

9.60 
649. 35 

2.00 
30S. 25 


$280. 00 

5.00 

134. 75 

6.30 

426. 05 

2.00 

308. 25 


$500. 00 


$280. 00 


$500. 00 

5.00 

104. 75 

6.10 
615. 85 

1.05 
779. 30 


$280. 00 

5.00 

104.75 

3.90 
393. 65 

1.05 
779. 30 


$500. 00 
5.00 
54.60 

5.60 

565. 20 

12.85 

238. 96 


$280. 00 




5.00 




37.50 

5.40 
542. 90 

5.75 
275. 86 


37.50 

3.20 
320. 70 

3.45 
275. 86 


54.60 


Marine insurance, 5 per cent 
f. p. a 


3.40 
343. 00 


Consular fees in United States.. 
Customs duty 


12. 85 
238.06 






Storage in customhouse 


















Handling in customhouse 










16.15 
1.55 


16.15 
1.55 






Stamps and entry blanks 






.58 


.58 


1.35 


.97 


Statistics 


.37 


.37 


















Port tax 


















Customs brokerage 






4.86 
15.69 
845.64 


4.86 

15.69 

621. 14 


15.50 

6.61 

1, 436. 01 


15.50 

6.61 

1,213.81 


5.00 

12.82 

836.18 


2.80 


Wharfage, lighterage, cartage. . . 


6.33 
966. 30 


6.33 
743. 00 


12.82 
611.40 







a Pacific Fisherman, vol. 13, no. 5, p. 11, 1915. 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 



187 



The following table shows the fiscal year exports of domestic canned 
salmon and the countries to which exported for the period from 1900 
to 1915, inclusive: 

Exports, by Countries, op Domestic Canned Salmon, 1900 to 1915. 





1900 


1901 


1902 




Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Europe: 

Austria-Hungary 


2,208 

48 
31,118 
24, 492 
22,544 
16, 110 
120 


$309 

7 
3,186 
2,455 
2, 130 
1,431 
10 






250 


$25 


Azores, and Madeira Is- 
lands 


950 

5,800 

3,168 

61.790 

77,921 

2,496 

141 

288 


'$92 
600 
326 
6,565 
7,567 
244 
21 
30 




336 

860 

23,956 

10,905 










1,889 




Italy 




Malta, Gozo, etc 








3,048 
19,776 


299 
1,779 


4,800 
336 

8,400 
675 
72 






400 
35 

932 


Russia, on Baltic and 
White Seas 












1,536 
720 


151 

70 


Sweden and Norway 

Switzerland 


1,1G8 

24 

18,820,453 


112 

3 

1,870,004 


8 


United Kingdom 


91,722,863 


3,219,196 


30, 632, 961 

10 

22, 442 

1,866,272 

810 


2, 620, 729 

1 

2,493 
159,682 

73 


North America: 

Dominion of Canada — 
Nova Scotia, New 
Brunswick, etc 


Quebec, Ontario, Man- 
itoba, etc 


24, 137 
382,811 


2,514 
33, 454 


101 
1,725,251 


10 
223,230 


British Columbia 

Newfoundland and Lab- 
rador 


Miquelon, Langley, etc 


240 
162,785 

16, 488 

70,458 
2,666 
7,193 

26,647 
550 

59, 672 

259,249 
9,085 
13,303 
432 
468 
2,764 
8,406 
4,394 

104,367 


20 

14,806 

1,604 

6,114 
277 
677 

2,684 
60 

6,158 

25,651 

873 

1,610 

45 

44 

297 

786 

390 

8,822 






Mexico 


160, 425 

19,331 
69, 135 
11,361 
7,681 
21, 543 
550 
63,786 

315,209 
8,612 
16, 591 
1,084 
595 
1,899 
20,407 


14,967 

2,054 
6,768 
1,151 
776 
2,256 
55 
7,398 

33,635 
929 
1,944 
127 
65 
192 
1,883 


387,905 

23,467 
70,036 
15,325 

4,924 
17, 125 

1,828 
76, 456 

242,999 

14,526 

13, 112 

960 

920 

1,531 

20, 196 




Central American States- 
British Honduras 
Costa Rica 


2,370 
5,954 
1,324 

498 
1,635 

161 
7,768 

24,191 
1,390 


Guatemala 




Nicaragua 


Salvador 


Bermuda 


West Indies — 

British 


Danish 


Dutch 


French 




Haiti 




Dominican Republic 
Cuba 


140 
1,618 


Porto Rico 


South America: 

Argentina 


127, 751 
240 
207, 033 
645,323 
97, 163 
98,587 

136, 192 
61, 334 
2,248 
124,823 
9,408 
66,911 


10,916 
37 
23,506 
64,059 
9,975 
10,387 

14,807 
6,542 
261 
12, 526 
933 
6,913 


88,622 
15, 110 
87,800 
384,766 
86,046 
24,937 

146,502 

92,971 

8,316 

313,476 

1,016 

42,436 


7,816 
1,147 
8,350 
28,529 
7,451 
1,868 

14,604 
8,718 


Bolivia 


Brazil 


637, 638 
647,328 
92,868 
50,387 

168,718 
43, 096 
3,240 
75,621 
2,837 
42, 125 

216 

40,960 


76, 152 
61,800 
9,075 
5,631 

16, 197 
3,553 

299 
7,392 

285 
3,712 

22 
4,255 


Chile 


Colombia 


Ecuador 


Guiana — 

British 


Dutch 


French 






Uruguay 




Venezuela 


4,026 


Asia and Oceania: 

Aden 


Chinese Empire 


149,295 

20, 634 

78,960 

285,036 

1,105 

1,495 

144 

312,805 
3,960 


15, 263 

2,058 

8,056 

28,990 

115 

145 

16 

31,528 
400 


117,043 
9,460 

551,860 
14,578 
2,208 
6,572 


8,716 

772 

40,261 


China. — Russian 


Hongkong 


63,210 
11,560 


6,488 
1,200 




Korea 


179 
521 


Russia, Asiatic 






Turkey in Asia 






East Indies- 
British 


538, 180 


55,976 


733,685 
161,940 


56,912 
12,093 


Dutch 



188 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

Exports, by Countries, op Domestic Canned Salmon, 1900 to 1915 — Continued. 



Countries. 


1900 


1901 


1902 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Asia and Oceania — Cont'd. 
British Australasia 


2,804,004 


$283,110 


3, 442, 085 


$343,540 


7,131,641 
151, 998 
142, 570 
12,900 


$599,671 
10, 555 




103,940 


10,732 


ii8,355 
8,480 


12,026 
874 


11,355 




997 




480 

860,682 

1,160 

112,380 


50 

84,808 
120 

11,646 














Philippine Islands 

Tonga, Samoa, and all 


39,316 
73,040 


3,925 
7,168 


718,876 


46, H2 


Tutuila c 


21, 176 

2, 581, 088 


1,451 


Africa: 


632, 012 


57,387 


816,433 

656 

4,080 


79,063 
66 
415 


219,233 






French Africa 


4,320 

312 

47,812 


421 

30 

4,696 


200 


21 








35,384 


3,459 


52,726 
6,200 


4,931 




582 














Total 


27,082,370 


2, 693, 648 


41,289,500 


4,230,271 


47,173,114 


3,991,402 






RECAPITULATION. 


18,941,109 
1,051,808 
1, 868/225 

654, 126 
3,882,646 

684, 456 


1,881,725 
98, 064 

192,918 
67,941 

390, 466 
62, 534 


31,877,663 
2,443,561 
1, 577, 013 

853, 434 
3, 681, 276 

856,553 


3,234,862 
297,440 
160,862 

86, 571 
367, 533 

83, 003 


30,683,551 
2,780,844 
1,291,998 
1,597,346 
8, 179, 161 
2,640,214 


2,625,284 




242, 029 




107,907 




120,674 




670,741 




224, 767 






Countries. 


1903 


1904 


1905 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Europe: 


400 


$25 


384 

48 

480 

100 

4,800 

18, 790 

5,232 

4,072 

1,440 

1,400 

70 


$36 

5 
53 

8 
600 
1,747 
556 
414 
150 
140 

7 






Azores, and Madeira Is- 


384 
9, 760. 


$41 




788 

80 

2,400 

32, 268 

1,120 

1,072 

96 

3,108 


73 

8 

260 

2,470 

114 

124 

10 

316 


1,019 








21,995 
1,210 
5,700 
3,250 


2,262 




122 


Italy 


465 




349 








2,700 
96 


249 




10 




240 
35, 369, 196 


24 
3, 121, 774 






33, 555, 080 


3, 505, 102 


21,026,108 
290,850 


1,872,992 


North America: 


21, 121 


Nova Scotia, New 






49 

153, 697 
1, 086, 370 


4 

9,558 
95, 021 




Quebec, Ontario, Man- 


43, 107 
3, 246, 082 


5,171 

287, 212 












Newfoundland and Lab- 


240 

493, 371 

28, 959 
93, 580 
20, 498 
14,434 
42, 103 
112, 320 
2,296 
33, 821 


25 




356, 951 

24, 187 
36, 806 
3,527 
7,455 
20, 089 


26, 787 

2,316 

3,072 

295 

716 

1,771 


538,949 

28,044 
58, 828 
15, 732 
12, 428 
28, 159 
18, 466 
4,304 
36, 022 


38, 691 

2,534 
4,668 
1,131 
1,090 
2,394 
1,671 
326 
3,778 


40, 597 


Central American States — 
British ITonduras 


2,534 
8,179 




1,583 




1,221 




3,146 




9,211 




3,360 
64, 264 


252 
6,792 


184 


Bermuda 


3,634 



a Guam was annexed to the United States in 1898. 

i> Hawaii was annexed to the United States in 1898. 

c Tutuila was acquired in 1898. 

d Sweden and Norway separated in 1905. 

* Panama separated from Colombia in 1903. 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 189 

Exports, by Countries, of Domestic Canned Salmon, 1900 to 1915 — Continued. 



Countries. 



North America— Continued. 
West Indies — 

British '. 

Danish 

Dutch 

French 

Haiti... 

Dominican Republic. 

Cuba 

South America: 

Argentina 

B olivia 

Brazil 

Chile 

Colombia 

Ecuador 

Guiana- 
British 

Dutch 

French 

Peru 

Uruguay 

Venezuela 

Asia and Oceania: 

Aden 

Chinese Empire 

China — Russian 

Hongkong 

Japan 

Korea 

Russia, Asiatic 

Siam 

East Indies- 
British 

French 

Dutch 

All other Asia 

British Australasia 

British Oceania 

French Oceania 

German Oceania 

Philippine Islands 

Africa: 

British Africa 

Canary Islands 

French Africa 

Liberia 

Portuguese Africa 

Turkey in Africa — Egypt. . 
All other Africa 



Total. 



RECAPITULATION. 



Europe 

North America. 
South America. 

Asia 

Oceania 

Africa 



1903 



Pounds. 



418, 636 
9,647 
22, 981 
892 
2,496 
3,290 
21, 636 

72,445 

384 

88, 740 

1,044,490 

149, 272 

45, 126 

172, 300 
52, 138 
18, 752 
89, 440 
2,140 
20, 987 



166, 522 
53, 368 

814, 008 
13,536 
2,152 



473, 740 



235, 680 
240 
4, 268, 652 
36, 018 
153, 696 
451, 824 
601, 324 

1,454,226 

144 

2,220 

384 

167, 964 



5,200 



50, 353, 334 



35, 410, 768 
4, 285, 406 
1, 756, 214 
1, 759, 294 
5,511,514 
1, 630, 138 



Value. 



$38, 434 

903 

2,480 

92 

238 

335 

1,789 



40 

8,481 
59, 354 
11,194 

3,115 

16,829 
4,959 
1,805 
7,309 
185 
1,839 



13, 602 
5,111 

56, 225 

1,015 

179 



39,367 



19, 256 

24 

360, 720 

2,290 

12, 179 

26,614 

42,702 

127, 921 

15 

207 

41 

17,043 



506 



4, 350, 791 



3, 125, 197 
378, 655 
121,918 
134, 783 
444, 505 
145, 733 



1904 



Pounds. 



409, 219 
7,442 
17, 878 
984 
2,115 
7,660 
24, 677 

66, 275 
672 
114,033 
1, 218, 266 
118, 269 
59, 266 

112,360 
78, 464 
11, 169 

214, 982 

2,246 

59, 857 



218, 142 

40, 000 

160, 367 

11,817,343 

3,888 

482 



636,320 



119,216 
10 

3, 136, 728 

28, 670 

185, 848 

340, 464 

206, 896 

794, 758 



3,200 

140 

137,640 

388 



55, 924, 278 



33,591, 896 
2, 446, 023 
2, 055, 859 

12, 995, 768 

3, 898, 606 

936, 126 



Value. 



$37,389 
752 
1,999 
86 
228 
719 
2,324 

6,612 
80 
11,742 
72, 205 
10, 104 

4,041 

11,226 
8,280 
1,307 

15, 530 

225 

5,981 



18, 770 

3,932 

11,870 

841, 461 

292 

41 



44, 669 



9,018 

1 

290, 307 

1,941 

15, 305 

19, 326 

14, 970 

77, 911 



320 

14 

13, 906 

30 



5, 224, 598 



1905 



Pounds. 



366, 747 

9,474 

13,051 

660 

1,611 

4,855 

36, 903 

120, 586 
170 
188,342 
821, 171 
81,239 
121,894 

135, 424 
45,231 
11,684 

151, 832 
3,250 
28,005 

2,520 
249, 386 



518, 423 

2,437,484 

2,572 



673, 897 

720 

109, 476 



4, 075, 094 

42,624 

133, 204 

324, 888 

681, 636 

1,259,269 

900 

4,800 

140 

200, 826 

2,448 



35, 066, 555 



3, 508, 818 
204,363 
147,333 
930, 054 
341, 849 
92,181 



21,071,263 
1,565,773 
1, 708, 828 
3, 994, 862 
5,257,446 
1, 468, 383 



Value. 



$34, 262 
965 
1,419 
64 
164 
452 
3,373 

11,263 

17 

17, 908 

56, 160 

7,491 

7,941 

13,617 
4,797 
1,228 

11,369 

325 

2,825 

180 
17, 587 



36, 635 

162, 524 

186 



31 

55,599 

69 

7,893 



389, 518 
3, 645 
11,414 
20, 651 
42,700 

121, 120 

90 

460 

14 

20, 365 

204 



3,035,469 



1,877,509 
132, 134 
134!, 941 
280, 704 
467,928 
142, 253 





1906 


1907 


1908 




Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Valu«. 


Europe: 

Austria-Hungary 


1,260 


$135 


1,220 

883 


$112 
89 






Azores, and Madeira Is- 






Belgium 


500 

40, 200 

29,980 

-4,896 

4,920 

420 


60 
4,112 
3,000 
420 
413 
36 






Denmark 








France 






10 575 1 $961 


Cicrvnany 


9,150 
10,230 


976 
861 




Italy 






::::::::::::!:::::::::::: 



190 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

Exports, by Countries, op Domestic Canned Salmon, 1900 to 1915 — Continued. 



Countries. 



Europe— Continued. 

Netherlands 

Norway 

Portugal 

Spain 

Sweden 

United Kingdom 

North America: 

Dominion of Canada 

Mexico 

Central American States- 
British Honduras 

Costa Rica 

Guatemala 

Honduras 

Nicaragua 

Panama 

Salvador 

Bermuda 

West Indies — 

British 

Danish 

Dutch 

French 

Haiti 

Dominican Republic . 

Cuba 

South America: 

Argentina 

Bolivia 

Brazil 

Chile 

Colombia 

Ecuador 

Guiana — 

British 

Dutch 

French 

Peru 

Uruguay 

Venezuela 

Asia and Oceania: 

Aden 

Chinese Empire 

Hongkong 

Japan 

Korea 

Russia, Asiatic 

Siam 

Turkey in Asia 

East Indies- 
British 

French 

Dutch 

British Australasia 

British Oceania 

French Oceania 

German Oceania 

Philippine Islands 

Africa: 

British Africa 

Canary Islands 

French Africa 

German Africa 

Liberia 

Portuguese Africa 

Turkey in Africa— Egypt . 

Total 



RECAPITULATION. 



Europe 

North America. 
South America. 

Asia 

Oceania .' 

Africa 



1906 



Pounds. 



8,280 
40,200 



1,930 

10,000 

31,918,816 

236, 664 
699,002 

43, 155 
106,879 
26,925 
15, 148 
39,949 
308,624 
2,880 
24,679 

471,814 
9,713 
11, 643 
200 
2,953 
11,688 
57,441 

200. 206 
i;720 
188, 278 
4, 462, 147 
51,987 
80, 876 

120,016 
65,654 
12,650 

269, 858 
10, 436 
35,775 

480 

32, 189 

105,581 

9,051 

1,632 

1,440 



750 

477, 234 

16,262 

134, 796 

5,230,076 

11,952 

125, 998 

214,920 

757, 400 

1,029,787 
782 
144 



161, 178 
2,400 



45, 944, 414 



32,061,402 
2,069,357 
3,499,603 
779, 415 
6, 340, 346 
1,194,291 



Value. 



$959 
3,981 



193 

1,050 

2,739,284 

14,814 
56,747 

3,639 
8,968 
1,989 
1,319 
3,022 
25,965 
197 
2,406 

43,368 
1,011 
1,230 
20 
291 
1,137 
5,823 

20,339 
181 
18,975 
154, 396 
4,667 
5,855 

12,391 
6,246 
1,305 

20,342 
1,075 
3,280 

50 
2,321 
7,652 
713 
128 
102 



90 

38,263 

1,162 

9,692 

426,814 

923 

10, 274 

14,503 

56,743 

87,881 
76 
14 



16, 001 
200 



3,847,943 



2,753,643 
171,946 
249, 052 
60, 173 
509, 257 
103, 872 



1907 



Pounds. 



3,208 



7,720,991 

793, 247 
877,989 

36,020 
148, 157 
31, 242 
23,508 
41, 106 
443,687 
4,092 
29,139 

515,664 
13,336 
24,275 
100 
914 
9,278 
60,904 

262,667 
18,951 
150,592 
4,168,876 
41,964 
203,930 

116,120 
66,530 
17,950 

551, 160 
16,124 
44,826 



59, 110 

122,482 

22, 881 

1,500 

770 

1,440 



1,043,618 



167,590 
5,451,378 
40, 080 
137, 472 
156, 939 
933, 288 

504,848 
144 



600 
'i04,'S37' 



25, 218, 105 



7,756,780 
3,052,658 
5,659,690 
1,419,391 
6,719,157 
610,429 



Value. 



$850 



303 



788,245 

65,356 
73,582 

3,214 
12,260 
2,535 
2,048 
3,335 
38,642 
331 
2,711 

46,510 

1,340 

2,428 

9 

91 

891 

5,855 

25,801 
1,577 
14,880 
286,229 
•3,85* 
15,599 

12,202" 
6,494 
1,829 

40,431 
1,546 
4,336 



4,386 

9,959 

1,775 

129 

84 



75,001 



13,940 
462,648 
2,958 
11, 494 
11,267 
63,838 

47, 748 
17 



60 
" 10,' 307 



791,436 
261, 138 
414,774 
105, 364 
552, 205 
58, 132 



1908 



Pounds. 



17,670 
7,577 
27,900 
10,500 
13,200,887 

7,320 
1,068,824 

32,632 
138,421 

29,777 
33,955 
27,721 
487, 079 
5,854 
25,183 

687,620 
15,604 
21,368 
96 
864 
13,887 
57,970 

394, 306 
11,762 
146,826 
4,196,060 
51,786 
174,920 

140,514 
59,390 
23,218 

316, 701 
17, 934 
37,583 



23,126 

144,624 

2,472 

1,156 

582 

3,264 

290 

702, 169 

720 

126, 168 

3,654,756 

14,660 

185,608 

105,696 

1, 171, 834 

454,892 



48 



5,079 
83,640 



28,226,045 



13,321,086 
2,654,175 
5,571,000 
1,004,571 
5,131,554 
543,659 



Value. 



$1,860 

731 

2,735 

1,000 

1,193,516 

587 
94,278 

3,080 
12,260 
2,319 
3,202 
2,302 
46, 883 
467 
2,579 

64,275 
1,658 
2,234 
11 
85 
1,371 
5,288 

30,759 
1,217 
14, 055 
295, 194 
4,880 
12,486 

16,014 
6,053 
2,599 

22,229 
1,693 
3,564 



2,154 
13,367 
269 
126 
65 
282 
30 

59,254 
75 
11,286 
330,029 
1,278 
15, 732 
8,345 
84,533 

43,883 



482 
8,325 



2,43S,518 



1,205,375 
242, 879 
410,743 

86, 908 
439,917 

52,696 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 191 

Exports, by Countries, of Domestic Canned Salmon, 1900 to 1915— Continued. 



Countries. 



Europe: 

Azores, and Madeira Islands 

Denmark 

France 

Germany 

Italy 

Netherlands 

Russia on Baltic and White Seas. 

Spain 

Sweden 

United Kingdom 

North America: 

Dominion of Canada 

Mexico 

Central American States- 
British Honduras 

Costa Rica 

Guatemala 

Honduras l 

Nicaragua 

Panama 

Salvador 

Bermuda 

West Indies- 
British 

D anish 

Dutch , 

French , 

Haiti 

Dominican Republic 

Cuba 

South America: 

Argentina 

Bolivia 

Brazil 

Chile 

Colombia 

Ecuador 

Guiana — 

British 

Dutch 

French 

Peru 

Uruguay 

Venezuela 

Asia and Oceania: 

Chinese Empire 

China— British leased territory 

Hongkong 

Japan 

Korea 

Russia, Asiatic 

Siam 

East Indies — 

British 

French 

Dutch 

All other Asia 

British Australasia 

British Oceania 

French Oceania 

German Oceania 

Philippine Islands ... 

Africa: 

British Africa , 

Canary Islands ' 

German Africa 

Portuguese Africa ['■', 

Turkey in Africa— Egypt 



Total. 



Europe 

North America. 
South America. 

Asia 

Oceania 

Africa 



EECAPITULATION. 



1909 



Pounds. 



192 



17,096 
5,148 

11,612 
2,050 
3,160 

20,000 
22, 969, 218 

229, 934 
756,052 

35, 195 
118,266 
13, 957 
14.112 
21,534 
528,228 
9,184 
23,774 

358, 114 
14, 848 
16, 621 
564 
2,184 
13,258 
53,580 

259, 192 
6,184 

176, 150 
97, 993 
58, 518 

139, 868 

255, 039 
100,259 
22, 816 
295, 885 
15, 140 
34, 618 

53,448 



103,448 
15,078 
2,652 
5,380 
14, 880 

989,592 

528 

201, 696 



5,704,960 
109, 936 
162,336 
279, 792 

1,126,470 

484, 196 
510 
350 

162,314 



36, 117, 109 



23,028,476 
2, 209, 405 
1,461,662 
1,386,702 
7,383,494 
647,370 



Value. 



S18 



1,757 
500 

1,017 
205 
311 

1,940 
2,201,446 

21,773 
58, 124 

3,261 
9,828 
1,117 
1,179 
1,656 
50,940 
754 
2,461 

36, 644 
1,568 
1,883 
69 
203 
1,306 
5,277 

17,030 
647 

17, 109 
6,918 
5,767 

10,952 

25, 981 
9,906 
2,164 

22,640 
1,330 
3,058 

4,887 



1910 



9,.707 

1,245 

266 

394 

1,025 

85,094 

56 

16,908 



590, 094 
7,437 
14, 570 
18,311 
74,792 

48,220 
51 
36 

14,604 



3,416,436 



2,207,194 
198,043 
123, 502 
119, 582, 
705, 204 
62, 911 



Pounds. 



100 



1,878 
424 



9,744 
11, 580 
5,100 



44,737,072 

99,022 
697,217 

28,310 
157,946 
16, 821 
16, 240 
28, 116 
482, 717 
5,498 
26, 484 

548,561 

14,655 

9,838 

196 

2,038 

22, 120 

68, 737 

229,461 
33, 502 
267,354 
1,556,629 
114,274 
272,411 

222,398 
57,509 
17,724 

367, 676 
11, 730 
43, 144 

28, 522 
3,120 
121, 558 
3,716 
2,016 



1,008 
1,246,751 



189, 604 

480 

5, 474, 818 

66, 826 

241,200 

360,576 

5,425,404 

357,051 



910 

151, 470 

1,440 



63, 860, 696 



44, 765, 898 
2,224,516 
3, 193, 812 
1,596,775 

11,568,824 
510, 871 



Value. 



$12 



223 
51 



1,020 

1,210 

506 



4,709,160 

7,570 
50,782 

2,606 
12, 237 
1,361 
1,361 
2,066 
45, 404 
423 
2,383 

53,939 
1,512 
1, 160 
18 
185 
2,058 
6,486 

15, 690 
2,941 

28,241 

92, 259 
9,494 

16,487 

22, 133 
6,297 
1,784 

24, 817 
1,167 
4,887 

2,688 

345 

12,234 

352 

220 



101, 619 



15,920 

45 

551,312 

5,160 

22, 589 

22, 554 

396, 604 

37, 707 



92 

14,674 

120 



6,314,258 



4,712,182 
191.551 
226, 197 
133, 516 
998, 219 
52, 593 



192 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

Exports, by Countries, op Domestic Canned Salmon, 1900 to 1915 — Continued. 



Countries. 



1911 



Pounds. Value 



1912 



Pounds. Value 



1913 



Pounds. Value 



Europe: 

Belgium 

Denmark 

Finland 

France - 

Germany 

Gibraltar 

Italy 

Malta, Gozo, etc 

Netherlands 

Norway 

Portugal 

Russia in Europe 

Spain 

Sweden 

United Kingdom- 
England 

Scotland 

North America: 

Bermuda 

British Honduras 

Canada 

Central American States — 

Costa Rica 

Guatemala 

Honduras 

Nicaragua 

Panama 

Salvador 

Mexico 

West Indies- 
British — 

Barbados 

Jamaica 

Trinidad and Tobago.. 
Other British 

Cuba 

D anish 

Dutch 

French 

Haiti 

Dominican Republic 

South America: 

Argentina 

Bolivia 

Brazil 

Chile 

Colombia 

Ecuador 

Guiana — 

British 

Dutch 

French 

Paraguay 

Peru 

Uruguay 

Venezuela 

Asia: 

Aden 

China 

China, leased territory — 

Japanese 

Chosen , 

East Indies- 
British— 

British India 

Straits Settlements 

Other British 

Dutch 

French 

Hongkong 

Japan 

Russia in Asia 

Siam 

Turkey in Asia 



12, 000 
' 'i,340 



$1, 170 
""'163 



48,000 
134, 871 



$4, 000 
13,484 



480 
193,341 



58 
16, 160 



35 



10, 000 
22, 110, 988 



2, 406, 573 



19, 348 
45, 396 
53, 828 

152, 101 
23, 696 
22, 321 
61,096 

318, 672 
7,764 

663, 681 



48, 261 
94, 259 
189, 193 
136, 207 
78, 814 
14, 180 
18, 928 
1,257 
3,058 
27, 890 

217, 994 
32, 908 
317, 809 
1,491,089 
100,311 
228, 948 

118,034 
85,909 
15, 976 



2,242 

4,478 
4,470 

14, 215 

2,417 
2,194 
6,173 

30, 866 
847 

59,405 



5,028 
9,987 
19, 114 
14, 272 
7,817 
1,414 
2,136 
118 
358 
3,086 

18,828 
3,500 
35, 171 
121,833 
10,467 
18,018 

13,935 
8,827 
1,604 



295, 235 
12,940 
89, 774 



24, 170 
1,294 
9,796 



400 
1,700 
2,085 



10, 148, 107 
16, 400 

32, 648 

25, 980 

353, 309 

205, 304 
38,925 
37, 818 
70, 702 
386, 612 
9,803 
1, 454, 580 



84, 207 
266, 972 
202, 657 

45, 805 

109, 953 

8,661 

22, 429 
904 

10, 818 

43, 089 

986, 832 
102, 574 
151,717 
3, 986, 595 
191, 535 
294, 280 

152,479 
135, 514 

18, 820 

648 

589, 285 

18, 897 
127,264 



46 
175 
216 

10 

2, 148, 328 
1,470 

3,549 

2,873 

33, 159 

19, 989 
4,056 
4,194 
6, 981 

43,371 

1,154 

126,613 



29, 207 
22,876 
5,360 
11,462 
1,020 
2,513 
97 
1,213 
4,161 

89, 468 
9,466 
17, 348 
345, 295 
18, 600 
26, 498 

16,S68 
15,143 

2,235 

72 

51, 855 

2,292 
14, 243 



22, 188 



2,867 



33, 504 



1,536 



107, 376 

1,077,096 

43, 104 

171, 840 

96 

61, 650 

3,072 



10,423 

104, 931 

4,447 

17, 937 

8 

7,362 

347 



171, 690 
787, 020 
73, 632 
253, 026 



960 
364 



147 
44 



144, 552 

235, 114 

1, 440 



4,340 



17, 177 

67, 317 

7,180 

24, 813 



13,000 

186,996 

2,400 

33, 120 

41,929 

2,400 

720 

9,600 

9,456 

250 



17, 485 

250 

2,710 

3,688 

250 

75 

732 

1,005 

26 



1,300 



134 



25, 076, 343 
30, 640 

58,392 
27, 153 
992, 053 

100, 964 
53, 991 
34, 213 
128, 597 
587, 909 
17, 136 
1, 427, 853 



32, 303 
288, 243 
169, 123 

51, 239 

160, 933 

6,716 

27, 464 
270 

12,765 

94, 393 

110, 404 
43, 648 
219, 492 
2, 318, 720 
173, 760 
293, 175 

214,349 
69, 223 

21, 178 



2, 674, 626 
3,333 

5,633 

2,768 
105, 813 

7,627 
4,162 
3,146 
9,185 
48, 959 
1,373 
102, 853 



3,542 
26,107 
17,743 

5, 865 

13, 281 

742 

2,Sll 
28 

1,210 

7,975 

9,984 
2,329 
22, 820 
143,574 
13,018 
17, 7S7 

22, 43S 
6,578 
1,605 



513,311 

8,633 

148, 878 

240 

83, 568 

192 
13, 200 



550, 694 

1, 635, 282 

143, 865 

356, 448 



17,115 

21,667 

144 

143 



767, 810 
2,256 



34, 129 

883 

17, 222 

21 
6,760 

22 
1,011 



38, 069 
116, 365 

8, 962 
31, 084 



49, 360 

289 



39, 360 
632 



2, 20S 
58 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 



193 



Exports, by Countries, op Domestic Canned Salmon, 1900 to 1915 — Continued. 



Countries. 



1911 



Pounds. 



Value. 



Pounds. 



Value. 



Pounds. Value 



Oceania: 

British- 
Australia and Tasmania... 

New Zealand 

Other British 

French 

German 

Philippine Islands 

Africa: 

British Africa- 
West 

South 

Egypt 

German Africa 

Liberia 

Portuguese Africa 

Spanish Africa 



5, 812, 096 
137, 088 
172, 092 
241, 112 
268, 118 

3, 069, 118 



5687, 854 
13, 791 
14,137 
28, 225 
22,048 
225, 885 



213, 538 



23, 488 



1,710 
100 

48, 490 
26, 850 



293 

12 

4,611 

2,229 



5, 494, 218 

79, 924 

33,830 

231, 980 

283, 753 

5, 096, 810 



200 

630,653 

7,392 

2,700 

146 

145, 738 

650 



$765, 678 
9,569 
4,035 
31, 184 
22, 682 
422, 001 



25 

64, 562 

861 

290 

15 

13,409 

76 



6, 331, 184 
194, 836 
53, 006 
335, 800 
381, 744 
10, 122, 820 



9,400 

376,977 

20, 936 

2,830 



$764, 379 
20,377 
4, 036 
34, 790 
27, 560 
590, 128 



1,020 

31, 170 

1,808 

305 



52, 460 
800 



5,029 
85 



Total. 



38, 600, 799 



4, 037, 142 



43, 423, 756 



4,620,563 



55, 290, 966 



5, 103, 340 



RECAPITULATION. 



Europe 

North America. 
South America. 

Asia 

Oceania... 

Africa ' 



22, 134, 328 
1,979,950 
3,006,927 
1, 489, 282 
9, 699, 624 
290, 688 



2, 408, 708 
190, 637 
266, 903 
148, 721 
991, 540 
30, 633 



19, 545, 720 
3,411,176 
6, 756, 440 
1, 702, 426 

11, 220, 515 
787, 479 



2,183,982 
332, 692 
609, 383 
160, 119 

1, 255, 149 
79, 238 



25, 408, 154 
4,271,710 
4, 134, 771 
3, 593, 538 

17, 419, 390 
463, 403 



2, 705, 254 
370, 823 
292, 367 
254, 209 

1, 441, 270 
39, 417 



Countries. 



1914 



Pounds. 



Value. 



1915 



Pounds. 



Value. 



Europe: 

Belgium , 

Denmark 

France 

Germany 

Gibraltar 

Greece 

Italy 

Malta, Gozo, etc 

Netherlands 

Norway 

Portugal 

Spain 

Sweden 

Turkey in Europe 

United Kingdom- 
England 

Scotland 

Ireland 

NTorth America: 

Bermuda 

British Honduras 

Canada 

Central American States — 

Costa Rica 

Guatemala 

Honduras. .' 

Nicaragua 

Panama 

Salvador 

Mexico 

Miquelon, Langley , etc 

Newfoundland and Labrador . 
West Indies- 
British— 

Barbados 

Jamaica 

Trfnidad and Tobago . 
Other British 

Cuba 

Danish , 

Dutch 

French 

Haiti 

Dominican Republic 



45, 590 
75,693 
14, 400 
85, 738 
5,100 



$3, 024 

6,110 

1,443 

4,870 

541 



858, 123 
14, 775 



$8, 036 
80,918 
1,388 



6,720 
2,400 
11, 000 
3, 300 



644 

300 

1,100 

320 



1,200 

30 

3,864 



120 

3 

360 



3,795 
7,200 
1,500 

62, 318, 612 

274, 080 

7,200 

43, 346 

31,486 

3, 632, 465 

149, 848 
46, 171 
57, 387 
50, 497 

367, 678 
13, 806 

754, 172 



365 
700 
150 

5, 982, 247 

23,906 

450 

3,986 

3,430 

314, 917 

10, 247 
3,744 
5,821 
3,880 

31,350 
1,050 

53, 665 



493,350 

56, 530 

700 

34, 080 



51, 031 

7,341 

68 

3,670 



600 

62, 053, 818 
144,000 



57 

,944,736 
13, 000 



77, 836 
188, 856 
175, 590 

73, 274 
306, 749 

13, 259 

34, 511 

894 

2,670 

77, 120 



6,013 
17, 805 
16,171 

7,158 
21,917 

1,273 

3,181 
95 
260 

5,682 



62, 493 

28, 392 

2, 118, 808 

54, 846 

17, 183 

40, 645 

20, 656 

397, 172 

8,474 

636, 649 

48 

980 



41,375 

84, 950 
201,665 

68, 507 

408, 874 

9,934 

28, 855 
1,773 
1,478 

94, 489 



5,936 

3,071 

168, 487 

4,960 

1, 656 

4,330 

1,940 

41, 269 

797 

53, 816 

4 

98 



3,591 

7, 520 
21, 681 

7, 795 

31, 934 

886 

2,809 
162 
110 

7,232 



62425°— 17- 



-13 



194 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

Exports, by Countries, of Domestic Canned Salmon, /1900 to 1915 — Continued. 



Countries. 



Pounds. 



Value. 



Pounds. Value, 



South America: 

Argentina 

Bolivia 

Brazil 

Chile 

Colombia. 

Ecuador 

Guiana- 
British 

Dutch" 

French 

Peru 

Uruguay 

Venezuela 

Asia: 

Aden 

China 

China, leased territory- 
British 

Chosen 

East Indies- 
British— 

British India 

Straits Settlements.. 

Other British 

Dutch 

French 

Hongkong 

Japan 

Russia in Asia 

Siam 

Turkey in Asia 

Oceania: 

British- 
Australia and Tasmania . 

New Zealand 

Other British 

French 

German 

Philippine Islands 

Africa: 

British Africa- 
West 

South 

Canary Islands 

Egypt 

German Africa 

Italian Africa 

Liberia 

Portuguese Africa 

Spanish Africa 



Total. 



RECAPITULATION. 



Europe 

North America. 
South America. 

Asia 

Oceania 

Africa 



51, 444 
26,904 
80, 129 
2, 123, 237 
183, 508 
277, 488 

132, 455 
97,859 

7,266 
301, 374 

4,660 
186, 074 

552 

45, 504 

1,920 
2,928 



327, 817 

1, 541, 408 

135, 840 

331,776 

624 

480, 036 

2,614 

144 

480 

4,352 



5, 961, 723 

95, 136 

73, 984 

389, 424 

534, 484 

5, 034, 252 



295, 607 



15, 024 
2,860 
2,400 



36, 650 
1,000 



$4, 472 
1,634 
7,211 
134, 67S 
12, 760 
15, 280 

13,444 
8,153 

665 
19, 091 

351 
15, 936 

28 



200 
266 



21, 168 

90, 292 

9,141 

22, 408 

43 

32, 109 

274 

13 

60 

420 



666, 703 
9,289 
5,168 
37, 218 
33, 247 
266,369 



24, 561 



1,059 
306 
230 



3,238 
113 



185, 826 
22, 080 
28, 799 

326, 579 
94,659 

207, 104 

110, 516 
57, 134 
18, 434 
79,642 
3,922 

167, 267 



66, 673 
8i6 



301, 654 

266, 172 

132, 380 

309, 154 

2,400 

47, 472 

5,000 

470 

3,552 

50 



7, 367, 824 
118,032 
36, 050 
223, 008 
295, 920 

4,059,580 



109,728 

598, 223 

542 

38, 800 



4,820 

65, 530 

1,300 



87, 750, 920 



7,999,293 



83,446,116 



62, 862, 328 
6, 907, 615 
3,472,438 
2, 875, 995 

12, 089, 003 
353, 541 



6, 026, 170 
511,545 
233, 675 
180, 402 

1, 017, 994 
29, 507 



63, 760, 758 
4, 328, 246 
1,301,962 
1,135,793 

12,100,414 
818, 943 



The table following shows for the past 16 years the customs districts 
from which the canned salmon was exported. Up to 1910 about 
two-thirds of the total exports have gone from the port of San Fran- 
cisco, while about one-fifth of the total passed through the port of 
Puget Sound, Wash. In 1910, however, the exports from Puget 
Sound exceeded those from San Francisco. The only other port 
through which any considerable quantity is shipped is New York 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 



195 



City. It is usual now to load the salmon on steamers and sailing 
vessels at San Francisco and the Puget Sound cities to go direct to 
Europe. 

Exports, by Customs Districts, of Canned Salmon, 1900 to 1915. 





1900 


1901 


1902 


exported. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Atlantic ports: 


648 


$65 


334,580 


$33,053 


324 
10 

172, 110 
4,365,074 


$34 




1 


Boston and Charlestown, 


222, 770 

3, 485, 326 

110,500 

1,012 


20,488 

340,538 

9,100 

81 


192,676 

7,960,104 

77,000 

582 


27,372 

847,294 

9,050 

72 


20,224 


New York, N. Y 


407,009 








480 
75 


60 




7 


Norfolk and Portsmouth, 
Va 






269,380 


30, 888 






400 


30 






Gulf ports: 

Key West Fla 


400 
7,340 
47,685 

18,104 

816 

1,220 

4,859 


43 

816 

4,567 

1,869 
115 
98 

291 








10,536 
28,332 

6,253 

168 

23,843 

289 


958 
2,472 

706 

21 

2,134 

38 


11,032 
39,084 

23, 879 

300 

164, 167 

3,636 

48 

9, 864, 259 

6,202 

32,327,572 

155,500 


1,055 




3,910 


Mexican border ports: 


2,350 


Brazos de Santiago, Tex.. 
Pacific ports: 


29 
13, 119 

568 




4 




1, 477, 232 

3,094 

21,611,030 

76,800 


144,059 

220 

2, 164, 904 

5,320 


2,271,306 

3,574 

30, 014, 055 

43, 318 

26,200 
101 


282,441 

293 

2,983,982 

3,517 

2,700 
10 


872,912 

487 


San Francisco, Cal 


2,654,020 
11,250 


Northern border and Lake 
ports: 
















120 

24,000 

17 


12 

2,500 
2 








16,200 


1,800 


39, 312 
50 


4,368 
5 










Total 


27,082,370 


2, 693, 648 


41,289,500 


4, 230, 271 


47, 173, 114 


3, 991, 402 






RECAPITULATION. 


3, 820, 656 

38, 868 

30,264 

23, 168, 445 

24,137 


370, 302 

3,430 

2,861 

2,314,541 

2,514 


8, 834, 322 

55,425 

20, 140 

32,337,112 

42,501 


947, 729 

5,426 

2,082 

3,270,524 

4,510 


4,538,073 

50, 116 

188,346 

42,357,217 

39, 362 


427, 335 




4,965 




15, 498 




3,539,231 
4,373 


Northern border and Lake 







Customs districts from which 


1903 


1904 


1905 


exported. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Atlantic ports: 

Baltimore, Md 


840 


$92 


490 
121 

2,400 
2,129,523 

587 


$50 
9 

215 

214, 016 

42 


576 
294 


$62 


Bangor, Me 


26 


Boston and Charlestown, 
Mass 


104, 750 

5, 627, 654 

540 

685 


12,266 

599,393 

54 

63 




New York, N. Y 


2,683,775 
8,858 


266,599 




576 


Providence, R. I 




Gulf ports: 

Key West, Fla 


1,500 

9,203 

61,909 

180 

7,568 

96 

347,218 

366 


125 

811 

5,503 

16 

745 

7 

23,401 

30 


460 

7,102 

89, 999 


23 




9,612 
44,404 


824 
4,261 


561 


New Orleans, La 


7,841 


Tampa, Fla 


Mexican border ports: 


26, 988 


2,803 


20,845 


1,878 


Brazos de Santiago, Tex.. 




Paso del Norte, Tex 


103,375 


8,938 


262, 014 
6,580 


20, 687 
583 



196 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

Exports, by Customs Districts, of Canned Salmon, 1900 to 1915 — Continued. 



Customs districts from which 
exported. 



1903 



Pounds. 



Value. 



1904 



Pounds. 



Value. 



1905 



Pounds. 



Value. 



Pacific ports: 

Alaska 

Hawaii 

Puget Sound, Wash , 

San Diego, Cal 

San Francisco, Cal 

"Willamette, Oreg 

Oregon, Oreg 

Northern border and Lake 
ports: 

Detroit, Mich 

North and South Dakota.. 

Superior, Mich 

Vermont, Vt 

Duluth, Minn 



16,527,456 

5,897 

27, 448, 182 

409, 444 

400 



$1,549,319 

421 

2, 138, 019 

29,142 

25 



153,600 

48 

19, 766, 003 

5,678 

33,212,614 

224,549 



$9,550 

7 

1,655,666 

422 

3,303,292 

10,628 



4,848 

148 

4,444,562 

3,594 

27,498,325 

5,775 



$557 

15 

326,485 

259 

2,406,422 

531 



580 
20 



74 
43,033 



7 
5,164 



28, 800 



2,364 



Total. 



50,353,334 



4,350,791 



55, 924, 278 



5,224,598 



35, 066, 555 



3,035,469 



RECAPITULATION. 



Atlantic ports 

Gulf ports 

Mexican border ports 

Pacific ports 

Northern border and Lake 
ports 



5, 734, 469 

54, 016 

130,363 

44,391,379 

43, 107 



611,868 

5,085 

11, 741 

3, 716, 926 

5,171 



2, 133, 121 

72, 792 

355,248 

63,362,492 

625 



214, 332 

6,455 

24, 183 

4,979,565 

63 



2,693,503 

97, 561 

289, 439 

31,957,252 

' 28,800 



267,263 

8,425 

23, 148 

2, 734, 269 

2,364 



Customs districts from which 
exported. 



1906 



Pounds. 



Value. 



1907 



Pounds. 



Value. 



1908 



Pounds. 



Value. 



Atlantic ports: 

Baltimore, Md 

New York, N. Y 

Philadelphia, Pa 

Portland and Falmouth, 
Me 

St. Johns, Fla 

Gulf ports: 

Galveston, Tex 

Key West, Fla 

Mobile, Ala 

New Orleans, La 

Sabine, Tex 

Tampa, Fla 

Mexican border ports: 

Arizona 

Corpus Christi, Tex 

Paso del Norte, Tex 

Saluria, Tex 

Pacific ports: 

Alaska : 

Hawaii 

Los Angeles, Cal 

Puget Sound, Wash 

San Diego, Cal 

San Francisco, Cal 

Willamette. Oreg 

Northern border and Lake 
ports: 

Huron, Mich 

Minnesota, Minn 

Oswegatchie, N. Y. . ».. 

Vermont, Vt 



196 

3,275,875 

1,400 

100 



$21 

318, 128 

159 

13 



156 

2,313,335 

722 



227,646 
67 



301 

2,332,392 

720 



$37 

226, 850 

71 



60 

890 
38,267 
88,014 



94 
3,031 

7,775 



322 

40,213 

312 

11,675 

112,850 



38 

3,216 

25 

992 

10,217 



1,250 

292 

190 

10, 823 

194, 711 

104 



155 

23 

18 

1,051 

18, 144 



24 

45, 883 



2 
4,128 



34,479 



3,268 



387,568 
21, 962 



30, 336 
1,666 



513,202 
22,662 

305, 294 



42,548 
1,960 

33,315 



43, 035 
30,930 
626, 837 
22, 887 

790 
144 



3,856 
2,775 
56, 147 
2,341 



14 



840 

17, 286, 930 

4,228 

24, 613, 868 

540 



177,734 



53 

1,499,819 

331 

1,969,214 

55 



13,107 



9,340,000 

8,456 

12,502,876 

3,723 



7,000 
48 
780 



845, 982 

661 

1,012,199 

241 



570 
5 
71 



6,351,440 

6,994 

18, 601, 705 

100 



52S, 558 

567 

1,597,735 

22 



35 



Total. 



45,944,414 



3,847,943 



25,218,105 



2,183,049 



28,226,045 



2,438,518 



RECAPITULATION. 



Atlantic ports 

Gulf ports 

Mexican border ports 

Pacific ports 

Northern border and Lake 
ports 



3,277,571 

127,255 

,455,413 

41,906,406 

177, 769 



318,321 

10,910 

36, 130 

3, 469, 472 

13, 110 



2,314,535 

165,050 

570,343 

22,160,349 

7,828 



227, 779 

14,450 

47,776 

1,892,398 

646 



2,334,663 

206, 120 

723, 689 

24,961,173 

400 



227, 113 

19,245 

65,119 

2,126,995 

46 



^PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 197 

Exports, by Customs Districts, op Canned Salmon, 1900 to 1915 — Continued. 



Customs districts from which exported. 



1909 



Pounds. 



Value. 



Pounds. 



Value. 



Atlantic ports: 

Baltimore, Md 

Bangor, Me 

Boston and Charlestown, Mass. 

New York, N.Y 

Philadelphia, Pa 

Norfolk and Portsmouth, Va. . . 

Perth Amboy, N. J 

Gulf ports: 

Galveston, Tex 

Key West, Fla 

Mobile, Ala 

New Orleans, La 

Tampa, Fla 

Mexican border ports: 

Arizona 

Brazos de Santiago, Tex 

Corpus Christi, Tex 

Paso del Norte, Tex 

Saluria. Tex.... 

Pacific ports: 

Alaska 

Los Angeles, Cal 

Puget Sound, Wash 

San Diego, Cal 

San Francisco, Cal 

Willamette, Oreg 

Northern border and Lake ports: 

Detroit, Mich 

North and South Dakota 

Duluth, Minn 

Montana and Idaho 



192 

216 

162,024 

3, 848, 870 

405 

32,100 



$22 

25 

16,837 

390,266 

44 

2,739 



$3 



3,000 

2,999,480 

700 



280 
305, 732 



876 

40 

13,565 

92,537 



4 
1,247 
7,615 



27, 735 
138 
26,220 
150, 636 
14,399 

66,020 

13, 370 

7,858,552 

5,546 

23,761,656 



2,733 
13 

2,450 
14,850 
1,528 

6,263 

934 

716,370 

460 

2,247,957 



214 

155 

340 

14,018 

103,980 

66 

54,425 
641 
27,365 
125,169 
47,117 



18 

12 

27 

1,322 

8,187 
6 

4,612 
64 
2,414 
11,560 
2,853 



9,229 
32,406,617 

6,355 
28,027,911 

78 



820 
3,331,174 

583 

2,641,608 

11 



42,000 
12 



3,990 
1 



33,200 
600 



2,800 
83 



Total. 



36,117,109 



3,416,436 



63,860,696 



6,314,258 



RECAPITULATION. 



Atlantic ports 

Gulf ports 

Mexican border ports 

Pacific ports 

Northern border and Lake ports. 



4,043,807 

107,018 

219, 128 

31,705,144 

42,012 



409,933 

8,954 

21,574 

2,971,984 

3,991 



3,003,430 

118,559 

254,717 

60,450,190 

33,800 



306, 122 

9,554 

21,503 

5,974,196 

2,883 



Customs districts from which exported. 



Pounds. 



Value. 



1912 



Pounds. 



Value. 



Atlantic ports: 

Baltimore, Md 

Bangor, Me 

Boston and Charlestown, Mass . 

Jacksonville, Fla 

New York, N. Y 

Perth Amboy, N. J 

Philadelphia, Pa 

Gulfports: 

Galveston, Tex 

Key West, Fla 

Mobile, Ala 

New Orleans, La 

Mexican border ports: 

Arizona 

Brazos de Santiago, Tex 

Corpus Christi, Tex 

Paso del Norte, Tex 

Saluria, Tex 

Pacific ports: 

Alaska 

Hawaii 

Los Angeles, Cal 

Portland, Oreg 

Puget Sound, Wash 

San Diego, Cal 

San Francisco, Cal 



$10 
11 



1,563,285 
440 
601 

48 

232 

19,512 

139,567 

21,915 
554 
32,863 
131,258 
26,636 



166,819 
42 



4 

28 

1,873 

13,284 

2,180 
48 
3,232 
12,438 
2,495 



24 

48 

2,505,950 



257,647 
97 
31 



5,313 
103,732 

23,631 



515 
11,514 

2,052 



24 
3,148 
1,730 

10,622,314 
9,055 

26,027,458 



4 

308 
133 

1,043,813 
820 

2,789,506 



64, 114 

275,768 

51,746 

351,552 
24 



6,962 

25,297 

4,144 

32,958 
5 



1,093,200 

19,337,626 

17,047 

19,591,609 



109,295 

1,866,541 

1,585 

2,301,732 



198 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES., 

Exports, by Customs Districts, of Canned Salmon, 1900 to 1915 — Continued. 



Customs districts from which exported. 



1911 



Pounds. 



Value. 



1912 



Pounds. 



Value. 



Northern border and Lake ports: 
Superior, Mich 



1,405 



$171 



Total. 



38,600,799 



$4,037,142 



43, 423, 756 



4,620,563 



RECAPITULATION. 



Atlantic ports 

Gulf ports 

Mexican border ports 

Pacific ports 

Northern border and Lake ports . 



1,564,485 

159,359 

213,226 

36,663,729 



166,971 

15,194 

20,393 

3,834,584 



2,506,989 

109,045 

415,259 

40,391,058 

1,405 



257, 792 

12,029 

38, 455 

4,312,116 

171 



Customs districts from which 


1913 


1914 


1915 


exported. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 




1,935,881 


$189,959 


2,404,220 
182, 717 
120, 140 

38,844,912 
124,512 

45, 876, 703 
197,716 


$207,924 
19, 787 
9,045 
3,600,636 
9,391 
4, 138, 449 
14,061 


5,316,456 
261,709 
176,390 

35,321,058 
671,452 

41,064,868 
634,183 


$512, 549 




28,682 

. 12,348 

4,209,914 

64,517 


El Paso. 








31,687.774 

624)000 

19, 827, 745 

1,215,566 


3.277,841 

83,000 

1, 434, 451 

118,089 






4,183,410 
60,663 








Total 


55,290,966 


5,103,340 


87,750,920 


7,999,293 


83,446,116 


9,072,083 







EXPORTS OF FRESH AND CURED SALMON. 

The following table shows, by countries, the value of the exports 
of fresh and cured salmon for the period 1900 to 1914, inclusive. As 
with the canned salmon, the greater part of these exports go to 
European countries, Germany taking by far the largest quantity. 
A small portion of this is salmon caught in eastern waters. 

Exports, by Countries Receiving, op Domestic Pickled, Fresh, etc., Salmon, 

1900 to 1914. 



Exported to— 


1900 


1901 


1902 


1903 


1904 


190o 


Europe: 


$3 








'$123 

4,750 

2,315 

57 

1,061,944 


$85 




$1,062 

15, 285 

300 

320, 369 


$88 
16, 904 








378 

180 

300,291 


$653 


22,952 








470, 657 


741, 634 


1, 666, 787 




158 














100 




475 

- 50 


55 
184 


280 
3,023 


28 
4,127 
12, 765 








3,105 
12, 295 


300 




7,896 




300 






2,574 












56 




7 
38,959 

88 
7 


5,595 
1,528 

14 
9 


5,685 




1,838 
8,523 


17, 776 




990 

21 
22 


29,355 


North America: 


11 


246 


British Honduras 


i20 

418 

3,572 

25,913 


94 


Dominion of Canada- 




3 


Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, etc . . . 


1,516 
80,652 


2,555 
53,922 


1,051 
125,916 


6,083 
53,592 


7,499 
10,299 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 



199 



Exports by Countries Receiving, of Domestic Pickled, Fresh, etc., Salmon, 
1900 to 1915— Continued. 



Exported to — 


1900 


1901 


1902 


1903 


1904 


1905 


North America— Continued. 
Central American States — 


$220 


8703 


$218 
27 


$178 
11 
1 
78 


$340 

1 

2 

40 

167 


$192 




208 






1 5 
26 


26 




53 


40 


75 




315 






22 
664 

939 
376 
31 
167 
122 
191 




1,397 

5,150 
114 

84 
177 
199 

54 






1,330 

943 
429 
12 
195 
126 
181 
1,214 
998 


1,925 

2,348 
273 
38 
293 
315 
164 


1,266 

3,867 
194 

13 
197 
273 

11 


1,136 


West Indies — 


4,999 




162 




67 




238 




100 




124 








670 


85 


57 


14 

143 


26 


South America: 


1,641 








1,200 
419 








172 
142 
416 


38 


385 
70 
441 


227 
164 

17 


1,160 


Chile 






223 


657 
65 

30 
286 
134 

27 
245 

25 






15 


Guiana — 


30 
400 
420 
26 
96 


82 
226 
290 


262 
11 

434 
62 
25 

9 
15 

30 


60 
766 
251 
194 


161 


Dutch 


176 




65 




112 




42 
400 


108 


Asia: 


54 


201 








East Indies- 




121 


71 


115 
275 
462 
476 


135 










507 

2,807 

10 

39,867 




519 
25,228 


i,840 
3,499 


4,797 




14,516 


25,037 






Oceania: 


618 


33,785 

346 

1,325 

13 


31,503 

29 

1,877 

948 


25,208 

27 

1,838 

977 


21,595 




22 




1,958 


1,729 


2,299 




861 




57 
58, 870 


3,420 


















384 


478 


13 


308 




636 


215 






10 

304 
21 








Africa: 

British Africa — 
West 












South 


170 

85 


24 


12 


859 


114 














5 
















Total 


535,276 


426, 738 


694, 435 


869, 352 


1, 163, 489 


1,832,655 


RECAPITULATION. 


340, 643 

87, 964 

1,702 

3,324 

101, 388 

255 


344,368 

60, 416 

901' 

15,037 

5,982 

24 


496, 637 
132, 704 
3,063 
25,843 
35,863 
325 


760. 197 

67,225 

1,690 

5,393 

34,835 

12 


1,094,950 

36, 408 

1,822 

1,382 

28,063 

864 


1, 748, 039 




25,809 




3,438 




30, 170 


Oceania 


25,085 


Africa 


114 







200 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 



Exports, by Countries Receiving, of Domestic Pickled, Fresh, etc., Salmon, 

1900 to 1915— Continued. 



Exported to— 


1906 


1907 


1908 


1909 


1910 


Europe: 




$95 










$114 
36,623 




$410 

81, 195 

250 

1,038,530 






108,269 

150 

1, 601, 166 


$90, 015 


$83,580 




415 




1,670,366 

137 

793 

9,303 


1, 422, 846 


1,223,595 


Italy 






264 

11,390 

1,650 

140 

55 

23,469 

48,237 

20 


2,947 
22,104 








22,917 


45,885 












14, 735 

289 

23,670 

43,952 

68 


5,260 










32,554 
26, 196 

173 
14 

32,925 

46 
40 


21, 540 
28,083 

23 
1,036 

16,964 

189 

902 

2,451 

1,317 

1,878 

460 

975 
104 
39 


42,725 


United Kingdom 


66,555 


North America" 


630 






Dominion of Canada— Nova Scotia, 


18,785 
213 


21,973 

217 

18 


23,559 
197 


Central American States — 




62 




92 

27 

2,211 

528 

208 
371 
108 
93 
16 
277 
255 

500 






39 

380 

1,231 

1,646 
128 
30 
94 


31 
175 
199 

4,890 
121 
165 
49 
14 
335 
128 


11 




775 




555 


West Indies — 


3,067 




97 




42 


Dutch... 


78 




19 

678 
228 


19 




97 
100 

85 
308 

15 
105 


283 




313 


South America: 








120 


3,029 


Chile 


20 
67 
391 

5 

133 

36 

1,163 

36 


56 
90 






22 
290 

76 
271 

21 
555 


167 






Guiana — 


218 
287 
57 
1,317 
208 


48 
130 

75 
118 


823 


Dutch 


217 




695 








311 






10 
41 
18 




Asia: 


3,391 
63 


293 


170 

66 


89 


East Indies- 


60 


Dutch... 




41 


Hongkong 


1,339 
88, 068 


687 

18,395 

3 

6 


13 

3,592 


809 
2,772 


10 


Japan 


90 




3 






121 












55 


Oceania: 

British Australasia 


15, 169 

21 

2,154 

749 

821 

20 
40 


23,186 


26,591 

11 

1,792 

373 


25,466 


22, 826 




89 


French Oceania 


2,136 
1,112 
12, 287 


1,528 

1,229 

712 


1,886 


German Oceania 


1, 189 




2,089 


Africa: 




1,268 
















198 












289 














Total 


1, 927, 464 


1,878,743 


1, 648, 044 


1,288,560 


1,532,640 






RECAPITULATION. 

Europe 


1,776,086 
36, 943 
2,600 
92,861 
18,914 
60 


1,794,885 

23,204 

2,351 

19,384 

38, 721 

198 


1,587,535 

27,263 

517 

3,962 

28,767 


1,225,948 

28, 383 

1,365 

3,640 

28,935 

289 


1,468,015 




29, 688 




5,242 


Asia 


348 




28,079 




1,268 









PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 



201 



Exports, by Countries Receiving, op Domestic Pickled, Fresh, etc., Salmon, 
1900 to 1915— Continued. 



Exported to— 


1911 


1912 


1913 


1914 


1915 


Europe: 








$75 










$730 

53,494 

12,582 

400 

1,857,500 


$5 




$65,472 

16,515 

150 

1,320,055 


$72, 661 

15,608 

4,427 

1,358,545 


84,727 

18,395 

3,061 

1,837,624 


717,157 


Finland 


2,840 




498 




109,399 




300 


Italy 










10,000 




1,267 
14, 437 




2,100 
23,516 


7,550 
38,886 






27,953 

130 

49,699 

58,950 

332 


415,090 








33,382 
59,906 

94 

307 

20,539 

98 
111 

179 
347 
198 


44,635 
60,152 


34,312 
49,869 

324 

276 

82, 742 

127 
18 


43,460 




76,374 


North America:" 


138 










17,457 

91 
12 


31,562 

227 
7 


15,458 


Central American States — 


34 




90 








13 
167 

28 
319 


10 
1,009 


2 

395 

23 

584 


9 




1,544 


Salvador 


41 




21 


450 


250 




16 












17 


West Indies- 
British — 


956 

7 

135 

41 

778 




250 
3 
45 




520 






41 

253 


176 


Trinidad and Tobago 




576 


Other British .". 


iio 

138 


17 


Cuba 


457 
123 


233 
47 
86 


637 


Danish 


16 


Dutch 


34 


81 
124 

800 
678 


136 


French 


49 

16 

533 

30 

173 

14 

3,162 




Haiti 


731 
304 


385 
551 


154 




507 


South America: 

B olivia. 




Brazil 


225 
2 
71 


16 




95 


Chile 


258 




Colombia 


43 


27 




109 

470 

78 


15 


Guiana- 
British. 


28 








Dutch 






140 








16 
14 


7 




24 
34 

299 






290 




19 
21 


18 
122 


44 


Asia: 

China 


39 


8 


China, leased terr. — Japanese 


820 


Chosen 


8 


45 
31 


25 
522 


26 
28 


3 


East Indies— British- 
British India 




Other British 


7 
1,330 
2,289 




Hongk ong 




779 
33 


1,960 
292 


9 


Japan 


10 


370 


Russia in Asia . ... 


50 


Turkey in Asia 










102 


Oceania: 
British- 
Australia and Tasmania 


23,838 

1,101 

335 

1,834 

1,684 
3,542 


14,682 
128 
67 
2,241 
2,020 
2,437 

4 


17,972 
2,795 
49 
1,222 
1,727 
1,934 

1,210 


26,559 

364 

74 

1,425 

727 

2,181 


25,271 


New Zealand 


201 


Other British 


117 


French 


1,012 




494 


Philippine Islands 


325 


Africa: 

British Africa- 
South 




East 


424 












32 










1,000 














Total „, 


1,573,139 


1,630,151 


2,122,566 


2,195,309 


1,424,859 



202 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 



Exports, by Countries Receiving, op Domestic Pickled, Fresh, etc., Salmon, 

1900 to 1915— Continued. 



Exported to — 


1911 


1912 


1913 


1914 


1915 


RECAPITULATION. 

Europe 


$1,511,184 

24,880 

384 

3,933 

32,334 

424 


$1,587,973 

20,350 

142 

107 

21,575 

4 


$2,055,109 

34, 741 

3,409 

1,398 

25,699 

2,210 


$2, 074, 499 

86, 087 

933 

2,428 

31,330 

32 


$1,375,123 

20,336 

618 






Asia 


1 362 


Oceania 


27 420 


Africa 









The exports of domestic fresh and cured salmon from 1900 to 1915, 
inclusive, are shown below, by customs districts. The greater part 
of the shipments pass through the New York City customs district: 

Exports, by Customs Districts, op Domestic Pickled, Fresh, etc., Salmon, 

1900 to 1915. 



Customs districts from which exported. 


1900 


1901 


1902 


1903 


1904 


1905 


Atlantic ports: 






$158 






$8 












3 


Belfast, Me 


$12 
16 
346,853 
10 
11 
22 


$17 


12 

34 
503,219 


$19 

52 

766, 128 

1,151 

47 


$7 

418 

1,102,542 

7 

60 




Boston and Charlestown, Mass 

New York, N. Y 




330,805 


1, 757, 742 








68 


16 


79 






Gulf ports: 

Mobile, Ala 






30 


8 
116 


96 






5 

85 


143 
416 


63 


Mexican border ports: 


18 


115 
19 
30 


14 


Brazos de Santiago, Tex 


4 
208 
80 
868 

1,003 




Corpus Christi, Tex 


414 
760 


13 

67 
370 

12, 422 

17,500 

55, 727 

19 

7,030 








13 

1,428 

293 


206 


Saluria. Tex. 


1,063 
4,375 


777 


Pacific ports: 

Alaska 


2,377 


1,184 






80, 493 

108 

102, 666 


150, 906 

20 

36, 958 


58, 278 

34 

36,331 


29, 212 
73 

25,851 
28 

1,183 

1,393 

26 


36, 145 
4 




San Francisco, Cal 


27, 939 




1,500 


Northern border and Lake ports: 

Champlain. N. Y 


234 


1,464 
742 


449 

24 


1,542 


2,142 

4,445 




Genesee, N. Y 










456 


121 


225 
6 


55 
7 






24 






2 
523 


6 
162 


6 


North and South D akota 


95 


36 


378 


247 




33 




301 


115 


20 


40 




22 








Total 


535,276 


426, 738 


694, 435 


869,352 


1, 163, 489 


1, 832, 655 






RECAPITULATION. 

Atlantic Ports 


346, 924 


330, 890 

5 

535 

92,698 

2,610 


503,439 

143 

1,857 

188, 177 
819 


767,397 

30 

1,227 

99,018 

1,680 


1, 103, 034 

124 

1,160 

56, 167 

3,004 


1, 757, 832 


Gulf ports 


159 


Mexican border ports 


1,192 

185,644 

1,516 


997 


Pacific ports 


66,772 


Northern border and Lake ports 


6,895 







PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 



203 



Exports, by Customs Districts, of Domestic Pickled, Fresh, etc., Salmon, 

1900 to 1915— Continued. . 



Customs districts from which 
exported. 


1906 


1907 


1908 


1909 


1919 


1911 


1912 


Atlantic ports: 
Baltimore, Md 




$11 






$31 

58 

11 

1,230,436 




$36 


$77 






$7 




2 


Belfast, Me -- 


15 


$8 


$12 
1,479,625 






New York, N. 
Philadelphia, ] 
Portland and F 
Perth Amboy, 
Gulf ports: 


Y 


1,781,330 1.786.105 


1,590,757 


1,514,563 


1,586 221 


^a 


105 






almouth, Me. 
N.J 


15 


11,298 


14 


6 


19 








19 




14 




128 

7,098 

13 






201 
1,341 

14 




New Orleans, 1 
Mexican border po 




276 
134 


49 
25 


74 




'■ts: 


700 


6 




5 




Corpus Christi, 
Paso del Norte 


Tex 












4 


140 


Tex 


8 
80 

44,436 


290 


154 












197 
212 




56 


Pacific ports: 


451 


803 


1,091 


4,517 
1,330 

10,349 
3 

29,968 


2,532 


Portland, Oreg 
Puget Sound, i 
San Diego, Cal 
San Francisco, 
Willamette, Or 
Hawaii 






63,626 

44 

31,500 


44,492 


14,370 

28 

29,112 


11,677 

4 

37,305 

743 

14 

3,069 


22,666 

12 

27,628 

3 








Cal 


28,984 


19, 467 


eg 














Northern border an 
Buffalo Creek, 
Cape Vincent, . 
Champlain, N. 
Detroit, Mich.. 


d Lake ports: 
N. Y 












1 030 


NT. Y 




92 
4,333 
1,972 










Y 


992 
3,954 


1,359 
1,667 


2,079 


598 


9,616 
12 


3,928 




Duluth, Minn . 
Huron, Mich . . 






68 


108 




428 




284 


891 


247 




Memphremago 
Minnesota, Mic 
Montana and I 
Niagara, N. Y . 
North and Sou 
Superior, Mich 


*, Vt 




20 






40 
69 


52 
92 


798 
45 


59 
154 


301 
65 

426 
10 


21 


iaho 


82 






799 


,h Dakota;.. 


36 


3 


20 












4 427 




61 


161 


1,387 


858 


1,419 


136 


'l27 




Total 


1,927,464 


1,878,743 


1,648,044 


1,288,560 


1,532,640 


1,573,139 


1,630,151 




RECAPITULATION. 


1, 781, 476 

14 

788 

139,606 

5,580 


1, 797, 411 

276 

424 

73, 927 

6, 705 


1,590,778 

7,226 

167 

44,313 

5,560 


1,230,542 

49 

25 

50,834 

7,110 


1,479,656 

74 

202 

50,521 

2,187 


1,514,599 

1,542 

18 

46, 167 

10, 813 


1,586,319 




Mexican border por 


ts 


202 
33, 190 
10, 440 




Northern border and Lake ports. 


Customs districts 
from which ex- 
ported. 


1913 


1914 


1915 


Customs districts 
from which ex- 
ported. 


1913 


1914 


1915 




$2,060,068 

20,995 

7,354 

26,030 


$2,067,366 
16, 932 
59. 713 


$1,377,840 
6,630 
2.020 


All other districts . . 


$8, 119 


$21, 418 


$9,592 


Alaska 


Puget Sound 


Tota 


1 


2, 122, 566 


2,195,309 


1 424 859 






29,880 




28,777 







204 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 



IMPORTS OF FRESH SALMON. 

For some years it has been the custom of the canneries on Puget 
Sound, when fish were scarce on the American side and abundant on 
the Canadian side, to import fresh salmon to fill out the domestic sup- 
ply, and the Canadian canneries would do the same when the conditions 
were reversed. In 1904 the Canadian Government prohibited the 
export of fresh sockeye salmon to Puget Sound for packing purposes, 
and in 1910 an effort was made to have Congress retaliate by enacting 
a similar law for this side of the line, but the bill failed of passage. 

The table below shows the yearly imports of fresh, salmon from 
British Columbia: 

Imports op Fresh Salmon prom British Columbia, Canada, for a Series op 

Years. 3 



Years. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Years. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Years. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


1890 


4,660 
4,950 
6,288 
G4, 811 
3,872 
14,000 
11,799 


$241 
170 
301 

3,639 
219 

1,403 
419 


1897 

1898 

1899 

1900 

1901 

1902 

1903 


93, 454 
11,580 
58, 002 
19, 404 
27,072 
22,353 
6,860 


$2,681 
278 

4,101 
855 

2,050 
739 
343 


1904 

1905 

1906 

1907 

1908 

1909 ;. 

1910 


40,610 

1,015 

3, 457, 738 

113,224 

8,880 

41,073 

198,251 


$1,025 
35 


1891 


1892 


64,408 


1893 


4,131 


1894 


795 


1895 


2,346 


1896 


10, 116 







a After 1909 all imports of fresh salmon are listed under "Fish, fresh." 

IMPORTS OF CURED SALMON. 

Below are shown the imports into this country of foreign-cured 
salmon, the product of the Pacific salmon fisheries, from 1886 to 1909, 
inclusive. 

Imports op Foreign Pickled Pacific Salmon, 1886 to 1909.° 



Years. 


British Columbia. 


Japan. 


Hongkong. 


Russia, Asiatic. 


Total. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


1886 


5.600 

200 

86,000 

18,200 

600 

200 


$224 

4 

4,031 

860 

36 

5 














5,600 

200 

86,000 

18, 200 

600 

200 


$224 


1887 














4 


1888 














4,031 


1889 














860 


1890 














36 


1891 














5 


1892 
















1893 


5,478 

149, 410 

6,550 

6,530 

6,890 

4,145 

15,875 

162, 558 

165, 243 

175,411 

161,549 

282,210 

282,027 

35, 475 

6,393 

13,230 

30,710 

111,645 


29i 

17,592 

250 

474 

156 

188 

1,554 

11,061 

11, 225 

13, 794 

11,756 

23,319 

25,584 

1,730 

322 

631 

1,523 

5,505 














5,478 

162, 485 

7,150 

6,530 

6,890 

14,045 

b 16, 032 

163, 158 

165, 243 

176,017 

161,909 

283,610 

285, 042 

40,985 

7,073 

17, 415 

34,247 


291 


1894 






1,200 
600 


$29 
13 


11,875 


$298 


17,919 


1895 






263 


1896 










474 


1897 














156 


1898 






30 


2 


9,870 


266 


456 


1899 






61,560 


1900 


600 


$41 










11, 102 


1901 










11,225 


1902 


606 
360 
1,400 
3,015 
5,510 
680 
4,185 
3,537 


28 
18 
52 
133 
175 
31 
174 
148 










13, 822 


1903 










11,774 


1904 










23,371 


1905 










25, 717 


1906 










1,905 


1907 










353 


1908 










805 


1909 










1,617 


1910 































o After 1909 allimports of salmon, pickled or salted, are included under " All other cured or preserved/ 
b Includes 157 pounds, valued at $6, from China. 



U. S. B. F.— Doc. 839. 



Plate XXVI. 




FIG. 1.— UNITED STATES SALMON HATCHERY, YES BAY, ALASKA. 




FIG. 2.— UNITED STATES SALMON HATCHERY, AFOGNAK, ALASKA. 



U. S. B. F.— Doc. 839. 



Plate XXVII. 




m SALMON CULTURE. 

The artificial culture of salmon on the Pacific coast has developed 
into a large and constantly expanding industry. The United States 
Bureau of Fisheries operates a number of large and well-equipped 
hatcheries, while the State governments of California, Oregon, and- 
Washington, the Dominion of Canada, and the Province of British 
Columbia, and certain private companies have built and maintain 
a large number of hatcheries, some of these being among the largest 
in the world. 

OBTAINING THE SPAWNING FISH. 

The eggs used for artificial propagation are obtained from salmon 
taken on their way upstream to the natural spawning grounds. In 
order to arrest the ascent of the fish a rack is usually built across 
the stream. Where this is not feasible a trap is sometimes con- 
structed for the purpose of catching the fish. Sometimes the racks 
have slat traps attached in which some fish are caught. 

A number of methods have been employed for taking the fish as 
they are grouped below the rack and seeking for an opening, but the 
most practicable has been found to be by means of drag or haul 
seines swept across the area just below the rack. When the pocket 
or bunt is brought close to shore the workmen pick out the ripe fish 
and turn the others back to remain until they reach this stage. The 
ripe fish are placed in pens or live boxes made for this purpose, the 
males and females being kept separate. These live boxes are usually 
on the under side of a floating platform, and are accessible through 
hinged covers set in the plank flooring. Projecting beyond this 
platform is usually another, upon which the actual work of stripping 
the fish and caring for the pans is performed. 

At a few places where the fish are caught before they have reached 
the ripe stage, notably Karluk, the fish are placed in a pound or 
c®rral and held until they become ripe. This method is resorted 
to only in case of necessity. 

The surest sign of ripeness in a female is the separation of the eggs 
in the ovaries, but the experienced spawn taker can, from the general 
appearance of the fish, usually tell whether she is ripe or not, according 
to Bower. a 

a Fish culture in Alaska. By Ward T. Bower. Alaska fisheries and fur industries, 1911. United States 
Bureau of Fisheries, document no. 766, p. 70. 

205 



206 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

An interesting experiment was conducted at the Af ognak station last season [1910] 
to determine the degree of ripeness producing the best quality of eggs. The loss on 
the lot taken from females which were dead ripe — eggs flowing very freely — was less 
than 1 per cent, while with another lot, where the females were ordinarily ripe upon 
testing in the usual manner, the loss was about 5 per cent. This shows the need of 
caution in having fish fully ripe before stripping if the highest degree of efficiency is 
to be expected. 

TAKING THE EGGS. 

As the eggs of the females confined in pens are likely to be injured 
within the fish, stripping is usually done every day. 

When ready for spawn taking one man lifts a female from the live 
box by means of a small dip net, while another man lifts out a male 
in the same manner. They are held suspended in the net until 
their violent struggles are over, when it is easy to handle them. 

For many years, and even yet at many hatcheries, the method of 
taking salmon spawn has been by pressing the eggs out by steady 
downward pressure on the belly of the fish. The milt from the male 
is obtained in the same way. 

Where the force is large and the fish rather small the quickest 
way is for one to hold the fish in one hand and press out the eggs 
or milt with the other. When the fish are large, or the working 
force is small, a strait-jacket is used. This is a sort of trough made 
about the average length of the salmon and hollowed out to fit its 
general shape. A permanent cleat is set across the lower end, 
while at the upper end is a strip with a buckle. The fish is slid 
into the trough, the tail going below the cleat, where it is securely 
held, and the head buckled in at the upper end with the strap. In 
this condition the fish is unable to do any harm by its struggles and 
the eggs can be pressed out at leisure. 

A more modern method in use at many hatcheries, which has been 
well described by Mr. Bower, is as follows: 

The long-followed process of taking Pacific salmon eggs by hand expression has been 
superseded in the last few years by the method of incision, a method discovered and 
developed by the late Cloudsley Rutter in connection with his study of the life history 
of the salmon of the Sacramento River. This consists simply of making a cut in the 
abdominal walls from the throat or near the pectoral fins to the vent, the fish just 
previously having been killed by a blow on the back of the head. When making the 
cut the knife is either shielded by a guard or is so held between the thumb and fore- 
finger as to allow not more than half an inch of the blade to project, thus precluding the 
. possibility of injuring any of the eggs. Immediately following the incision the eggs 
flow in a mass into the spawning pan beneath. The operator's fingers are inserted 
into the abdominal cavity gently to assist in removing any eggs that may be enfolded 
in the organs or that may merely adhere to the walls of the cavity. Fertilization is 
accomplished in the usual manner. 



a Fish culture in Alaska. By Ward T. Bower. Alaska fisheries and fur industries, 1911. United States 
Bureau of Fisheries, document no. 766, p. 80, 81. 



U. S. B. F — Doc. 839. 



Flate XXVIII. 




FIG. 1.— STRIPPING SALMON WITH AID OF STRAIT JACKET. 




FIG. 2.— CHEHALIS HATCHERY, WASHINGTON FISH AND GAME COMMISSION, SHOWING RACKS TO 
PREVENT SALMON FROM GOING UPSTREAM AND PEN FOR HOLDING SPAWNING FISH. 



U. S. B. F.— Doc. 839. 



Plate XXIX. 




FIG. 1.— FORTMANN HATCHERY, NAHA STREAM, ALASKA, THE LARGEST HATCHERY IN THE 

WORLD. 




FIG-2.— CHEHALIS HATCHERY, WASHINGTON FISH AND GAME COMMISSION, SATSOP, WASH. 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 207 

Care must be exercised not to tear loose from the ovaries any eggs that do not come 
freely when the organs are moved from side to side by the fingers. Eggs thus torn 
loose are immature, and if taken it becomes necessary to eliminate them subsequently 
in the hatchery. It is preferable also to have the fish either in a vertical position or 
with the head considerably higher than the tail, that gravity may assist the flow of 



It was at first thought necessary — and the practice still obtains at some stations — 
to bleed the fish either by cutting off the head or tail before making the incision. 
Experimentation, however, has conclusively demonstrated that no advantage results 
from this procedure, as the few drops of blood that may occasionally fall into a pan of 
eggs result in no harm. The extra labor involved in bleeding may therefore be 
dispensed with entirely. 

When taken by the method of incision the eggs are of greatly improved quality; 
there is no straining or rupture of good eggs as is inevitably the result when heavy 
hand pressure is exerted; no unripe eggs are torn from the ovaries; and at the same 
time there is no waste of good eggs left enfolded in the organs, as is certain to be 
the case in stripping by hand. The improvement in quality is from 5 to 10 per cent 
and the saving in labor, too. is of noteworthy consideration. 

The taking of Pacific salmon eggs by incision marks so distinct an advance in fish cul- 
ture that it is no longer permissible to continue the obsolete method of stripping by 
hand. 

FERTILIZING THE EGGS.o 

In impregnating the eggs the main object is to bring the milt and the eggs together 
as quickly as possible after they have left the fish. By some persons a little water 
is considered desirable to give greater activity to the milt, but if left more than a 
minute in the water there is a decided loss of fertilizing power. The eggs do not 
suffer so quickly from immersion in water. The absorbing property which they 
possess when they first leave the parent fish, and which attracts to the micropyle the 
spermatozoa, lasts several minutes, but it is not prudent to leave the eggs in the 
water a moment longer than is necessary before adding the milt. 

The addition of the water is not essential to a good impregnation; in some instances 
better results are secured without the use of water and, after all, if the main object 
is secured, of bringing the milt and the eggs together with the slightest possible delay 
after they leave the fish, it makes very little difference whether water is used or not. 
The milt retains its fertilizing power several days when kept from air and water, and 
impregnation can be effected between fishes widely separated by merely forwarding 
the milt properly sealed. At Baird impregnation by the dry method, which has 
always been followed there, has resulted in the fertilization of about 90 per cent of 
the eggs so treated. 

The Russian or dry method of impregnating eggs consists simply in taking both the 
eggs and the milt in a moist pan. It may be urged as an objection to this method 
that the eggs will be injured by striking against the pan, but it is a fact that although 
the same eggs would be destroyed by the concussion a week later, or even 24 hours 
later, they do not suffer in the least from it at the moment of extrusion from the fish. 

It was at one time considered an important question whether the eggs or milt should 
be taken first, but with the dry method it makes no difference, as, either way, both 
eggs and milt remain operative long enough for all practical purposes of impregnation. 

Various methods of treating the eggs in the pan after impregnation has taken place 
have been tried. Some operators leave the eggs in the pans as first taken with the 
milt for two or three minutes and then add water, after which they are left to stand 
in the pan until they separate, when they are washed clean, taken to the hatching 

o A manual of fish culture, based on the methods of the United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries, 
revised edition, p. 10-12. 



208 PACIFIC SALMON FISHEKIES. 

house, and placed in the troughs. Others pour the contents of the several pans — 
eggs, milt, and all — into a large can after the eggs become impregnated, and when the 
eggs separate the contents of the can are poured into the hatching troughs, trusting 
to the current in the troughs to wash the milt from the eggs. At Baird, water is poured 
on the eggs a few moments after they become impregnated, after which they are left 
perfectly quiet until they separate, which, in water of the temperature of the McCloud 
River in September, 52° to 53°, takes about an hour. The pans, in the meanwhile, 
are put in a trough filled with river water to keep them from becoming too warm. 
After the eggs separate they are carefully washed and are carried in buckets to the 
hatching house, where they are measured and placed in the hatching trays. 

Mr. Bower has the following to say as to the loss by concussion 
and the proper method of preventing same : 

Coincident with the absorptive period in salmon eggs is an adhesive stage varying 
with the temperature from one to two hours, when the eggs are exceedingly sensitive. 
This is the so-called period of water hardening. Under no circumstances should the 
eggs be handled during this stage, nor should they be subjected to the slightest con- 
cussion. Repeated tests have demonstrated conclusively that even allowing the 
buckets containing the eggs to stand on the same platform where spawning operations 
are being carried on results in considerable loss. 

To guard against this, the buckets should either stand on the bottom of the stream 
or else on a platform in every way independent of and having absolutely no connec- 
tion with the main platform. To some this may seem like a small and irrelevant 
consideration, but strict observance is certain to reduce the loss by at least 2 or 3 per 
cent. During the process of water hardening the buckets should be partly sub- 
merged to properly regulate the temperature. 

Due caution must be observed not to move the eggs until water hardening is com- 
plete. After a little experience the operator can readily tell, upon carefully inserting 
the hand and finding the eggs free and hard and no longer soft and velvety, even 
toward the bottom of the bucket, that they may be moved to the hatchery without 
fear of loss. 

HATCHING APPARATUS AND METHODS.* 

The hatching apparatus generally employed on this coast is 
pretty much of the same pattern and is described as follows: 

The hatching apparatus generally employed on the Pacific coast in salmon propaga- 
tion consists of a combination of troughs and baskets. The troughs in common use are 
the so-called "Williamson troughs," which are 16 feet long, 12, or 16 inches wide, 
and 6£ inches deep. The troughs are arranged in pairs, and usually two or three 
pahs are placed end to end on different levels. The fall of water in each trough is 1£ 
inches. The troughs are divided by double partitions of wood or metal into com- 
partments just enough longer than the baskets to enable the latter to be raised and 
lowered and to be tilted slightly. The essential feature of these troughs is that at 
the lower end of each compartment a partition, extending entirely across the trough, 
reaches from the bottom almost to the top, and another similar partition at the upper 
end of the compartment reaches from the top almost to the bottom of the trough, 
each set of partitions being about an inch apart. The water is consequently forced 
to flow under the upper partition and over the lower partition, and to do this it must 

a Fish culture in Alaska, by Ward T. Bower. Alaska Fisheries and Fur Industries, 1911. United States 
Bureau of Fisheries, document no. 766, p. 81, 82. 

6 At some of the Alaska hatcheries quite large baskets, some holding as many as 103,000 red-salmon eggs 
are used. 

c Manual of fish culture, based on the methods of the United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries, 
revised edition, p. 12, 13. 



PAOIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 209 

necessarily ascend through the tray of eggs. The troughs are provided with canvas 
covers stretched upon light frames and made sunlight proof by saturation with 
asphaltum varnish, and their interiors are thickly coated with asphaltum. 

The egg receptacles are wire trays or baskets about 12 inches wide, 24 inches long, 
and deep enough to project an inch or two above the water, which is 5 or 6 inches 
deep in the troughs in which they are placed. Into each of these baskets 2 gallons 
of salmon eggs, equivalent to about 30,000, are poured at a time. The eggs suffer no 
injury whatever from being packed together in this manner, the water being supplied 
in a way that forces it through the eggs, partially supporting and circulating through 
them. The meshes are too small to permit the eggs to pass through, although the fry 
are able to do so. 

The advantages of this apparatus and method are: 

(1) The top of the tray or basket is out of the water and always entirely dry; con- 
sequsntly, in handling it, the hands are kept dry. 

(2) By tilting one end of the tray up and down a little or by lifting it entirely and 
settling it gently back again in its place the bad eggs will be forced to the top; thus a 
feather is not required in picking over the eggs and the injuries very often inflicted 
with it are avoided. 

(3) The top of the tray being above water, the eggs can never run over the top nor 
escape in any way, which is a great advantage over the shallow form of tray. 

(4) There is economy of space; 30,000 to 40,000 eggs can be placed in each basket, 
provided a sufficient quantity of water is available. Two troughs 16 feet long and 1 
foot wide will by this method carry about 500,000 salmon eggs. The deep trays may 
be filled at least half full of eggs, and thus 10 times as many eggs can be hatched in 
the same space and with the same supply of water as by the old method. A good but 
gentle circulation is continually maintained through the eggs. 

(5) The deep-tray system is admirably adapted to getting rid of mud that has col- 
lected on the eggs, for all sediment accumulating about them can be easily removed 
by gently moving the tray up and down a few times in the water; but if the deposit of 
mud on the troughs becomes so excessive as to be unmanageable, a false bottom of 
wire cloth or perforated zinc can be placed in the troughs at a suitable distance above 
their real bottom, leaving a space of about 1 or 1£ inches between the wire cloth and 
the trough bottom. By this means the mud that comes into the trough will sift down 
into the space below the wire cloth entirely out of the way of the fish, the movements 
of the fish themselves helping very much to produce this result. Should the accu- 
mulation of mud in the space below the false bottom of the trough become too great, 
it can easily be sluiced out in various ways. 

When quinnat salmon eggs are simply to be matured for shipment, hatching trays 
with one-fourth or one-fifth inch square mesh will answer the purpose, but when the 
eggs are to be hatched in them, every alternate strand of wire running lengthwise, 
or, better still, every second and third thread, should be left out in order to form an 
oblong mesh through which the newly-hatched fry, after separating themselves from 
the unhatched eggs, can escape from the hatching trays into the trough below. 

At Baird eggs kept in water averaging about 54° F. hatch in 35 days. The allowance 
of 5 days' difference in the time of hatching for each degree of change in the water 
temperature is approximately correct. 

For the first few days the eggs of the quinnat salmon are very hardy, and at this 
time they should be thoroughly picked over and the dead ones removed as far as 
possible before the delicate stage during the formation of the spinal column comes on, 
so that during that critical period they may be left in perfect quiet. As soon as the 
spinal column and the head show plainly, the eggs are hardy enough to ship, but when 
there is time enough it is better to wait a day or two until the eye-spot is distinctly 
visible, after which time the eggs will stand handling and may be safely shipped if 
properly packed. 

62425°— 17 14 



210 PACIFIC SALMON" FISHERIES. 

HANDLING EGGS IN HATCHERY.* 

At some of the Bureau 's stations where salmon eggs are handled it was the custom 
until a few years ago to "bury " the eggs or leave them undisturbed (aside from picking 
once the day after spawning) for two or three weeks after putting them in the baskets. 
The result was that they were in some instances literally buried under and in such a 
mass of mud and sediment that many eggs were killed. Discontinuance of the prac- 
tice resulted in a very appreciable improvement. 

When the water is so turbid as to cause a heavy deposit of sediment, it is better to 
go over the eggs occasionally, even through the critical stages of development, or 
until the line of the fish is well formed. Of course the eggs must be handled with 
utmost caution at all times, but owing to their extreme sensitiveness during the two 
or three days following the closing of the blastopore and until a perceptible curve 
shows in the tail, they should be left entirely untouched. It soon becomes easy to 
determine the stage of an egg's development by holding it up to the light between the 
thumb and forefinger. In the absence of cautious and skilled operatives and unless 
the water is roily for an extended period, it is undoubtedly better to let the eggs 
remain undisturbed until the curvature of the tail is visible to the unaided eye. 
The accumulation of a moderate coating of sediment which readily washes off is not 
injurious. In a few instances it has become necessary to handle the eggs during the 
tender stage to- arrest the spread of fungus, but where the water supply is reasonably 
well adapted to fish-cultural purposes such a course is rarely if ever necessary. 

REMOVAL OF DEAD EGGS BY THE USE OF SALT SOLUTION. 

Among the most noteworthy advances in fish-cultural methods during the last few 
years has been the use of salt as an aid in the removal of dead eggs. The development 
of this process has extended over a period of several years, but it is more during the 
last year or so through the efforts of L. E. Baldridge, of the Yes Bay station, that it 
has reached a high degree of efficiency. 

Compared with the time-honored process of picking by hand, there are marked 
advantages in using the salt solution, and chief among these is the great saving of labor. 
It is estimated that if the eggs happen to be of not more than mediocre quality it 
would take at least 20 pickers to remove as many dead eggs as could 2 men using the 
salt solution. Moreover, the operation is much more thoroughly performed in the 
latter process than is possible in picking by hand. 

Another advantage of using the solution is that it is possible thoroughly to clean 
the eggs. This greatly reduces any loss through contamination and infection resulting 
from the decomposition and fungous growths which inevitably follow the long-con- 
tinued presence of dead eggs that in the hand-picking method frequently escape 
attention. Even when utmost care is taken to pick out all dead eggs, fungoiised 
masses will occasionally appear. This condition is rarely observed when the salt 
solution has been used, and it undoubtedly means that in the aggregate many eggs 
are saved. Still another point in favor of the solution, it is generally believed, is 
that it acts as a tonic or stimulant to the good eggs while at the same time as a deterrent 
to the growth of fungus. Again, in picking by hand there is apt to be loss by move- 
ment of the eggs during delicate stages of development; and the oft-repeated insertion 
of egg tweezers, which are bound to touch other eggs, undoubtedly at times results 
in injury. 

Recent experience has demonstrated that the solution may be applied effectively 
to eggs freshly taken as well as those in more advanced stages of development. 

a Fish culture in Alaska. By "Ward T. Bower. Alaskan fisheries and fur industries, 1911. United States 
Bureau of Fisheries, document no. 766, p. SI, 82. 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 211 

The principle of the salt bath is simply that the specific gravity of the good eggs is 
greater than that of the bad eggs, hence upon being placed in the salt solution the 
good eggs sink and the bad remain afloat and are easily removed. It is vitally essen- 
tial to the success of the undertaking that the solution be of the proper strength, and 
it is for this reason that the beginner is apt to become discouraged. If the solution ia 
too weak all the eggs, both good and bad, will sink, while if it is too strong all will 
remain afloat. The margin of the proper density is sb narrow that in the operation it is 
necessary every few minutes to strengthen the solution by adding more salt or brine, 
otherwise the small amount of fresh water which adheres to a basket of eggs as it is 
lifted from the hatching trough into the solution will affect unfavorably the results 
when treating succeeding baskets. Experience and careful observation, however, 
will soon make it possible for the operator accurately to judge when to add a bit of the 
stock solution. It is a convenience, of course, to have a salinometer at hand when 
preparing the solution. It is commonly the practice as an aid in preparing the solution 
to test it occasionally with a few eggs. 

Highly successful results in using the solution with red salmon eggs have been 
attained at the Yes Bay station, and a detailed description is accordingly given of the 
methods pursued at that place. 

The chief item of equipment consists of a water-tight wooden tank 4 feet long, 2\ 
feet wide, and 10 inches deep for holding the solution in which the eggs are immersed. 
Before each basket is immersed it is necessary that the surface of the solution be 
perfectly quiet, for any ripple or current will tend to disturb the buoyant effect of the 
solution upon the eggs. Therefore it was found of great convenience last winter to 
use a floating frame made of half-inch material 6 inches wide fastened together verti- 
cally and at right angles, thus forming open squares about 6 inches either way. After 
each basket of eggs is lifted from the salt bath this frame is placed in the solution to 
stop all motion of the water, being pushed down until it is almost submerged and held 
firmly against the side of the tank for a few seconds. Upon being carefully withdrawn 
the solution is quiet and the next basket of eggs may be immersed without further 
delay. 

Another piece of equipment is a feather fan with which gently to push the floating 
dead eggs away from over the submerged basket into which the good eggs have settled. 
Unless the dead eggs are quickly moved they too will sink. A feather fan made by 
fastening eagle feathers to a thin strip 8 inches long by \\ inches wide works much 
more satisfactorily for this purpose than a wing. An ordinary hand scaff net about 
12 by 14 inches in size for removing dead eggs from the tank, a dipper, and a bucket 
complete the outfit. Wood and metal surfaces in all equipment should be well 
coated with asphaltum or some similar preparation. 

At Yes Bay as soon as five or ten million eggs are far enough advanced to stand light 
concussion the baskets are lifted out of the troughs and the eggs are stirred thoroughly 
with the hand, which causes practically all of the unfertile or empty eggs to turn white. 
As soon as the line of the fish shows plainly when held up to the light and there is a 
distinct curvature to the tail, the eggs are sufficiently well advanced in development 
to stand stirring. After this process the baskets are returned to the troughs and allowed 
to remain three days, for when first turned the unfertile eggs are about as heavy as the 
good eggs and consequently would sink if the salt solution were applied at once. 

On the fourth day after stirring, everything being in readiness, five or six baskets are 
removed from a trough and set on top to drain. After a few moments a basket is grasped 
at each end and is lowered into the tank containing the solution until the liquid comes 
through the eggs. A light shake is then given to level up the eggs in the basket. Next, 
slowly and very gently, the basket is lowered until the brine comes almost to its rim 
and is held perfectly still for a moment. All the eggs in the basket will rise, but soon 
the good eggs will begin to sink, and presently, if it is a basket of poor eggs, the surface 



212 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

will be completely covered with bad eggs. Now, without the slightest jar, the basket is 
lowered far enough below the surface to permit an egg to float over the rim. The bad 
eggs will immediately start toward the edges of the tank. After a few seconds the 
basket is gently lowered until it rests upon the bottom. The remaining dead eggs are 
then brushed away from over the basket by means of quick, short, and light strokes of 
the feather fan; long, sweeping strokes are to be carefully avoided. One end of the 
basket is then gently raised until it is above the surface of the brine and the basket 
is drawn toward the end of the tank and out from under the floating dead eggs. At 
the same time the fan is used with the other hand to aid in moving any of these floating 
eggs to one side. The fan is then dropped and the lower end of the basket is grasped 
and the whole is quickly raised out of the solution. The basket is set at an angle on 
the tank for a moment to drain and is then carried to the hatching trough. The 
attendant lifts out another basket to drain along with the four or five others originally 
removed and returns to the tank of brine with the basket that has been draining the 
longest. 

While this is being done the other operator skims the dead eggs off the surface of the 
brine and places the frame described above in the tank for a moment to stop all motion 
of the solution. After five or six baskets have, been treated, any eggs that have settled 
to the bottom of the tank are removed, as they absorb and weaken the brine. It is 
necessary, as earlier mentioned, to add a little fresh brine after handling each basket. 
The eggs should be as clean as possible, as the solution will not be effective when it 
contains much sediment. A 1-inch hole with plug in one corner of the tank is con- 
venient for drawing off any deposit of this character. Should failure occur in treating 
a basket of eggs, as, for example, if by sudden jar they are all caused to sink, or if the 
-brine is too weak or too strong, the basket must be put back in the hatching trough, 
as it will not respond to treatment again the same day. 

At Yes Bay last winter a large portion of the 72,000,000 eggs were thoroughly cleaned 
up at one handling. Two men ran as many as 10,000,000 eggs through the salt bath in 
a single day. It is customary on the day after treating the eggs to have them gone over 
so that if any dead eggs remain they may be picked out by hand. This, however, 
requires very little time, as but few dead eggs are found. No alarm need be felt if the 
eggs seem to shrink as a result of the immersion, for they will soon resume their normal 
size upon being replaced in fresh water. 

The use of the salt solution has been extended lately to the handling of lake trout 
eggs in Michigan and Minnesota, and there appears to be no reason why it is not equally 
well adapted to the eggs of other salmonoids. Certainly its many advantages commend 
further experimentation in this direction. 

The eggs of the salmon hatch very gradually at first, only a small 
proportion coming out the first day, but the number .increases daily 
until the climax is reached, when large numbers of young burst 
their shells in a single day. As at this time the vast number of dis- 
carded shells are apt to clog up the guard screens at the outlets of 
the troughs, great care and vigilance is necessary to prevent this by 
thoroughly cleansing them frequently. 

The hatched fish easily slip through the oblong mesh in the bottom 
of the trays into the space below. They should be assisted in doing 
this by gently raising and lowering the tray at intervals, care being 
taken not to raise them out of the water. 

After they are all hatched out and in the bottom of the troughs, 
about the only danger to guard against is that of suffocation. They 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 213 

frequently crowd together in heaps and dig down under one another 
until some of them die for want of running water, which is less than 
an inch away from them. The best remedy in such a case is to thin 
them out. 

John Pease Babcock, Assistant to the Commissioner of Fisheries 
of the Province of British Columbia, in 1910 advanced a novel sug- 
gestion that freshly fertilized eggs buried under sand and gravel 
immediately after would produce strong healthy fry at less cost than 
under existing hatching methods, and that fry so produced are 
stronger and more capable of resisting the attacks of their active 
enemies. 

The short, but interesting, account of his experiments is reproduced 
entire. 

In writing of the propagation of salmon and trout, some authorities state that con- 
siderable loss is occasioned in natural propagation by many of the eggs becoming 
embedded in sand and gravel; that all the eggs so embedded are lost. 

Observation and experiment in the propagation of Pacific salmon and trout for a 
considerable period lead me to advance the theory that in natural propagation only 
those eggs which become embedded beneath several inches of sand and gravel pro- 
duce alevins which live to attain the fry stage; and that those eggs which are not 
covered by several inches of sand and gravel are either consumed by active aquatic 
enemies or destroyed by vegetable molds, commonly termed "fungus." 

My experiments have demonstrated that the burial of freshly fertilized eggs of the 
nerka and other Pacific salmon does not smother them; that eggs so treated not only 
live but hatch; and that if they are covered to a sufficient depth the alevins produced 
survive and possess the instinct and power to work their way gradually to the surface ; 
that if buried beneath 5 or 6 inches of sand and gravel such eggs will hatch, and 
the young will work their way up through the sand and gravel to the surface, and that 
by the time they emerge, have absorbed their sacs and are then exempt from the 
attacks of vegetable molds. 

Eggs buried under 1 or 2 inches of sand and gravel produce alevins that work 
their way up to the surface before the sac is absorbed, and upon reaching the surface 
are subject to attack by vegetable molds, and a very large percentage are thus de- 
stroyed, as well as by the more developed forms of aquatic life. 

Eggs buried to a depth of 3 inches produce alevins that work their way to the surface 
so gradually that by the time they reach the surface their sacs are so nearly absorbed 
that many, but not all, resist the effects of fungus. Alevins from eggs buried beneath 
less than 4 inches of sand are liable to reach the surface while the sac is so thinly 
covered that few, if any, survive the effects of fungous growth. 

The spawning beds of Pacific coast streams from California to Alaska (to which my 
observations have been confined), where the salmon spawn in numbers are, during 
and after the spawning period, covered with more or less vegetable molds. These 
molds are particularly common in the beds of streams where great numbers of salmon 
have spawned and died. Every experienced fish culturist knows that most waters 
carry great numbers of spores of fungi, and how difficult it is to prevent eggs and 
alevins from being attacked and injured by their growth. I believe that in natural 
propagation fungous growths destroy more salmon eggs and alevins than all other 
causes combined. The vegetable molds of Pacific streams are not active beneath 
the surface of the beds of streams. Salmon eggs cast therein, if even thinly covered 
with sand, are not injured by them. These molds do not affect the fry that have 
nearly or entirely absorbed their sacs, but they are deadly if permitted to attach 
themselves to either the eggs or the alevins. 



214 PACIFIC SALMON" FISHERIES. 

My experiments along this line lead me to express the opinion that by the burial 
of freshly fertilized salmon eggs under 6 or 7 inches of sand and gravel strong healthy 
fry can be produced at less cost than under existing hatching methods, and that fry 
so produced are stronger and more capable of resisting the attacks of their active 
enemies. 

I trust that this short statement of my experiments in the burial of salmon eggs 
may be deemed of sufficient economic importance to stimulate fish culturists generally 
in experimenting along similar lines. Those who do will perhaps experience some 
difficulty at first in the covering of a large number of eggs. Experimenters will find 
that after preparing suitable beds of sand and small gravel the eggs can be evenly laid 
and held until covered, if the surface of the bed is first thickly indented with cells a 
little deeper than the eggs. This can be readily accomplished by stamping the bed 
with a board covered with projections or pegs of suitable size. 

My experiments suggest that in the near future most of the buildings and hatching 
apparatus now used in the propagation of salmon and trout will be dispensed with; 
that after the eggs have been expressed and fertilized, instead of being placed in wire 
baskets in hatcheries, they will be buried beneath the sand and gravel of the beds of 
natural or prepared streams, and that with the exception of watchmen to protect 
them, little or no other labor will be required. 

FEEDING AND PLANTING THE FRY. 

For some time the fry remain at the bottom of the trough, but 
when the yolk sac is nearly absorbed they rise from the bottom and 
begin swimming. As a rule the fry are planted about the time the 
yolk sac is absorbed, thus obviating the necessity for feeding them. 
Some experts advise planting young red salmon when the umbilical 
sac is about two-thirds absorbed, which is the time when the fish 
begin to swim up freely. With the temperatures prevailing at the 
Alaska hatcheries, this means that the fry must be held at least four 
or five weeks after hatching. 

PACKING EGGS FOR SHIPMENT. 

In packing salmon eggs for shipment it is the custom at the Bureau 
of Fisheries's hatcheries to use a packing box made of one-half inch 
pine, 2 feet square and 1 foot deep. 6 

At the bottom is placed a thick layer of moss, then a layer of mosquito netting, then 
a layer of eggs, then mosquito netting again, then successive layers of moss, netting, 
eggs, netting, and so on to the middle of the box. Here a firm wooden partition is 
fastened in and the packing renewed above in the same manner as below. The cover 
is then laid on the top, and when two boxes are ready they are placed in a wooden 
crate, made large enough to allow a space of 3 inches on all sides of the boxes. This 
space is filled with hay to protect the eggs against changes of temperature, and, the 
cover being put on the eggs, they are ready to ship. In the middle of the crate an 
open space about 4 inches in depth is left, between the two boxes of eggs, for ice. 
As soon as the crates arrive at the railway station this space, as well as the top of the 
crate, is filled in with ice. Recent experiments show that salmon eggs can be packed 
and safely transported to considerable distances when they are first taken. 

a Some experiments in the burial of salmon eggs— suggesting a new method of hatching salmon and 
trout. By John Pease Babcock. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc, 1910, p. 393-395. Washington, 1911. 

» A manual of fish culture, based on the methods of the United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. 
Revised edition, p. 14. 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 215 

REARING SALMON FRY. 

For many years it was the custom to plant the fry as soon as they 
had absorbed the yolk sac, a period of about 30 days. A few thou- 
sands were sometimes raised to the fingerling, yearling, or adult 
stage, more as a curiosity than anything else. No particular diffi- 
culty was experienced in raising these fish, but the expense entailed 
in feeding them for a prolonged period, and the impossibility of doing 
so unless large ponds were constructed at great expense for the pur- 
pose of holding them during the feeding period, prevented the general 
adoption of the rearing system. 

For some years certain fish culturists had contended that the plant- 
ing of fry just after they had absorbed the umbilical sac was an 
economic mistake, claiming that at this age they were weak and com- 
paratively sluggish in their movements, and would fall easy prey to 
their numerous fish, bird, and other enemies. The late Robert D. 
Hume, who built and operated a hatchery on the lower Rogue River, 
also one on the upper Rogue River, which the United States Bureau 
of Fisheries operated for some years, was one of the first to take up 
the rearing of salmon fry on any scale. 

■ In time these objections bore weight, and a few years ago the con- 
struction of ponds in which fry could be held and fed until they had 
reached a size which would insure them at least an even chance for 
their lives was undertaken all along the coast except in British 
Columbia, with the result that to-day there is pond capacity for about 
one-half of the total capacity of the various hatcheries. 

Most of the nursery ponds have been constructed near the hatch- 
eries and usually comprise oblong trenches dug in the earth and 
walled with cement and stone. 

In Oregon the State authorities found that the best results in pond 
rearing were obtained by using creek or natural ponds, which were 
made by placing dams across the small streams in the vicinity of the 
hatcheries. When first taken from the hatching troughs the fry are 
placed in the artificial ponds until the danger from spring freshets in 
the small streams is over, when the fry are transferred to the natural 
ponds, where the continual flow of fresh water, and the logs, rocks, 
etc., which provide shade and shelter, afford more natural conditions, 
and in which the natural food of the fry supplements the artificial 
food provided by man. 

The young fry show when they are ready to feed by darting to one 
side or the other when small particles of food are dropped in the water 
and float past them. For the first few weeks they should be fed 
regularly and as often as six times a day, and the earlier in the day 
the feeding begins and the later it continues at night the better. 
Two hours after feeding they will be found to be ravenously hungry, 



216 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 



and as they grow much faster for frequent feeding great care should 
be taken to see that they are well fed. If not fed sufficiently they 
will bite at one another and cause more or less mortality among 
themselves. 

A big advantage in connection with the use of natural ponds is the 
comparatively small expense involved in providing for them as com- 
pared with the large expense involved in the construction of cement 
ponds. 

FOOD. 

In feeding salmon fry almost every conceivable food has been 
utilized. By universal consent liver is conceded to be the best food 
for the fry, as it can be ground finer than other foods and the blood 
which it contains is highly nutritious. At many places, however, it 
is impossible to secure liver, while its cost when available is generally 
prohibitive. 

The food used is generally that most available and which experi- 
ence has shown that the fry like and upon which they thrive. 

In Oregon a it has been found that the extremely young fry thrived 
on a mixture of ground dried salmon and mush (composed of mid- 
dlings and other wheat products). Milk curds from near-by cream- 
eries also proved satisfactory. The older fish are fed on ground 
smelt, lamprey eels, spent salmon, both dried and salted, and offal 
from the canneries, some loose and some packed in 1-gallon cans. 

SALMON HATCHERIES ON THE PACIFIC COAST. 

Below is shown a list of the salmon and steelhead-trout hatcheries 
operated on the Pacific coast during the year 1915: 



Hatcheries. 



V. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES 

Alaska: 

Afognak 

Yes Bay 

California: 

Baird 

Battle Creek 

Hornbrook 

Mill Creek 

Oregon: 

Clackamas 

Applegate 

Illinois River 

Lower Rogue River 

Rogue River 

Willamette River , 



Collecting stations. 



fEagle Lake. 
\TJganik Lake. 
Ketchikan Creek. 



Eagle Creek. 
Eagle and Tanner 
Creeks. 



Hatcheries. 



U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES— 

continued. 

Washington: 

Baker Lake 

Birds view 

Darlington 

Day Creek 

Duckabush 

Illabott 

Quilcene 

Sultan 

Big White Salmon 

Little White Salmon 

STATE OF CALIFORNIA. 

Sisson 

Brookdale 

Price Creek 

Ukiah 



Collecting stations. 



Snow Mountain. 



a Rearing and feeding salmon fry in Oregon. 
Seattle, 1915. 



By R. E. Clanton. Trans. Pac. Fish. Soc, 1914, p. 91-94. 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 



217 



Hatcheries. 



STATE OF OREGON. 

Wallowa River 

McKenzie River 

Salmon River 

Bonneville 

Santiam River (eyeing sta- 
tion). 

Klaskanine 

Willamette River (eyeing 
station). 

Eagle Creek 

Snake River (Idaho) 

Tillamook 

Yaquina 

Siuslaw 

Umpqua 

South Coos 

Coquille 

Alsea ' 

Rogue River 

STATE OF "WASHINGTON. 

Dungeness 

Elwha 

Green River 

Green River (eyeing station). 

Nooksak 

Nooksak River, north fork. 
Nooksak River, south fork . . . 

Pilchuck 

Samish 

Skagit River 

SkokomisL 

Snohomish 

Startup 

Stillaguamish 

Chinook". 

Kalama'. 

Lewis River 

Pateros-Methow 

Wenatch'ee 

Tilton River 



Collecting stations. 



Upper Sandy River. 
Lower Sandy River. 



Hatcheries. 



STATE OF WASHINGTON— COn. 

Wind River , 

Chehalis 

Humptulips 

Willapa , 

Cold Creek (Clarke County)., 

DOMINION OF CANADA. 

Granite Creek , 

Pemberton 

Harrison Lake 

Stuart Lake 

Skeena River 

Babine Lake 

Rivers Inlet 

Fraser River 

Anderson Lake 

Kennedy Lake 

Cowichan Lake 

PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLTTM- 
BIA. 

Seton Lake 

BRITISH COLUMBIA PACKERS 
ASSOCIATION. 

Nimpkish Lake 

ALASKA (PRIVATE HATCH- 
ERIES). 

Alaska Packers Association: 

Fortmann. 

Karluk. 
Northwestern Fisheries Co .: 

Quadra. 

Hetta. 
North Pacific Trading & 
Packing Co.: 

Klawak. 



Collecting stations. 



GENERAL STATISTICS. 



Distribution of fry, etc. — In the following table is shown by years 
and species the distribution in Pacific coast waters of fry, fingerlings, 
yearlings, and adults from 1873, when the first hatchery began oper- 
ation, to 1915, inclusive. The figures on fingerlings, yearlings, and 
adults are not as complete as could be wished, this being due to cer- 
tain of the State fish commissions not separating them from the fry 
in the published results. 

The table shows the enormous total of 6,291,011,445 fry and 
26,290,421 fingerlings, yearlings, and adults as having been deposited 
in local waters since the inception of the work on this coast. Of 
these nearly one-half were sockeye, or red salmon, followed by chi- 
nook, or spring, coho, or silver, chum, steelhead trout, and humpback 
salmon in the order named. 

This table does not show the large number of eggs, fry, etc., shipped 
from the coast hatcheries to other sections of the country and to 
various foreign countries. These appear in the tables sho.vn under 
the various States, Provinces, and Territories. 



218 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 



Distribution of Salmon Fry, etc., in the Pacific Coastal Streams of North 
America, in Specified Years. 





Chinook, king, orjspring. 


Coho, or silver. 


Chum, fry. 




Years. 


Fry. 


Fingerlings, 
yearlings, 
and adults. 


Fry. 


Finger- 
lings, 
yearlings, 
and 
adults. 


Humpback, 
or pink, fry. 


1873 


520,000 

850,000 

2,250,000 

2,000,000 

2,550,000 

2,582,620 

5,376,500 

4,059,290 

4,974,790 

3,991,750 

600,000 

150,000 

200,000 

2,590,000 

8,168,000 

5, 250, 475 

9,269,000 

4,299,000 

10,825,950 

8,427,900 

6,458,000 

25,581,033 

31,146,095 

73,684,076 

56,773,351 

33,974,064 

36,563,138 

73,852,120 

75,558,389 

161,530,963 

143, 714, 117 

167,745,494 

124,578,390 

135, 447, 179 

88,188,707 

97,361,532 

80,570,265 

101,810,515 

112,008,886 

133,271,477 

149,666,221 












1874 












1875 












1876 












1877 












1878 












1879 












1880 












1881 












1882 












1884 












1886 












1887 












1888 












1889 












1890 












1891 












1892 


25,000 










1893 










1894 




280,000 
910,000 








1895 




560, 000 






1896 


807, 150 






1897 


298, 137 








1898 










1899 




189,000 
13,925,104 
20,047,935 
41, 436, 123 
34,460,291 
23,894,026 
30, 743, 492 
47,356,449 
44,426,380 
54,108,557 
50,648,674 
45,863,952 
52,869,759 
66,087,446 
79,313,839 
67,682,576 
92,926,831 








1900 






10,301,760 
16, 478, 280 
9,937,390 
10,012,390 




1901 


1,668 






1902 






1903 








1904 






521,797 


1905 










1906 


122,980 


300 


3,268,800 
6,120,000 
4,342,350 
7,805,000 
8,607,500 
13,435,750 
4,684,950 
35,792,440 
16,623,984 
63,088,372 


969,990 


1907 


4,224,255 


1908 


2,165,797 

16,949 

225 

11, 700 

1,405,860 




31,920,662 


1909 




10,000 


1910 




2,251,340 


1911 




460, 150 


1912 


116,300 


34,205,460 


1913 


1,888 


1914 


2,571,711 

9,875,745 




39,6S5,814 


1915 




7,867,484 










Total 


1,988,419,287 


17,004,785 


767,468,571 


676,600 


210,498,966 


122,118,840 







PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 



219 



Distribution op Salmon Fry, etc., in the Pacific Coastal Streams op North 
America, in Specified Years — Continued. 





Sockeye, red, or blueback. 


Steelhead trout. 


Total. 


Years. 


Fry. 


Fingerlings, 
yearlings, 
and adults. 


Fry. 


Finger- 
lings, 
yearlings, 
and 
adults. 


Fry. 


Finger- 
lings, 
yearlmgs, 
and 
adults. 












520,000 

850,000 

2,250,000 

2,000,000 

2,550,000 

2,582,620 

5,376,500 

4,059,290 

4,974,790 

3,991,750 

600,000 

1,800,000 

2,775,000 

4,614,000 

8,397,000 

12,587,000 

11,890,475 

12,872,800 

10,299,000 

17,099,950 

17,565,400 

19,049,000 

41,556,841 

50,080,672 

95,250,076 

72,731,976 

89,852,488 

94,699,932 

201,148,581 

213,939,500 

260,864,906 

298,226,484 

458,104,140 

412, 996, 968 

462, 184, 874 

394,097,305 

561,668,565 

419,795,138 

543,824,521 

485,918,028 

530,349,190 

535,401,818 
















1875 
























1877 




























































1882 












1884 












1885 


1,800,000 

2,625,000 

4,414,000 

5,807,000 

4,419,000 

6,640,000 

3,603,800 

6,000,000 

6,274,000 

8,504,000 

11,681,000 

15,868,000 

18,374,440 

20,916,000 

15,761,000 

29,590,000 

19,901,253 

72,679,000 

89,398,789 

70,710,200 

119,963,200 

23?, 037, 442 

2?8,018,450 

230,528,455 

239,251,146 

396, 215, 795 

257,463,497 

3,24,325,768 

242,146,069 

261,365,781 

198,910,010 










1886 










1887 










1888 . 










1889 . 










1890 . 










1891 










1892 








25,000 


1893 










1894 




353, 500 






1895 






560, 000 


1896 




107, 808 
262,000 
650,000 
8,625 
2,061,560 
1,709,326 
3,243,948 
4,509,641 
4,207,920 
3,805,675 
6,725,965 
5,623,493 
5, 837, 671 
8,193,778 
11,368,446 
14,995,717 
12,710,382 
16,654,906 
11,719,558 
22,942,900 




807, 150 


1897 








1898 








1899 








1900 








1901 






1,668 


1902 








1903 




37,033 


37,033 


1904 






1905 








1906 




24,383 


147, 663 


1907 






1908 






2, 165, 797 


1909 






16,949 


1910 






225 


1911 






11,700 


1912 




177,790 


1,699,950 


1913 




1914 






2,571,711 


1915 


8, 369, 830 




18,245,575 








Total 


3,145,192,093 


8,369,830 


137, 698, 819 


239,206 


6,371,396,578 


26, 290, 421 







Output of Bureau of Fisheries hatcheries. — The table below shows 
by years and species the combined output of the various hatcheries 
of the United States Bureau of Fisheries on this coast. The greater 
part of the egg output was to various State hatcheries on the Pacific 
coast, more particularly those belonging to the State of California. 
The total figures show that since the Bureau began operations on 
this coast it has distributed 966,240,303 eggs, 603,076,619 fry, and 
31,176,2S3 fingerlings, yearlings, and adults. 



220 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 



Output of Pacific Coast Salmon Hatcheries Owned by the United States 
Bureau of Fisheries, 1872 to 1915. 



Year ending June 30 — 



Chinook, king, or spring. 



Eggs. 



Fry. 



Finger- 
lings, 
yearlings, 
and 
adults. 



Coho, or silver. 



Eggs. 



Fry. 



Finger- 
lings, 
yearlings, 
and 
adults. 



1872. . . 
1873... 
1874... 
1875... 
1876... 
1877... 
1878... 
1879. . . 
1880. . . 
1881... 
1882. . . 
1883... 
1889". 
1890. . . 
1891... 
1892. . 
1893... 
1894. . 
1895... 
1896.. 
1897... 
1898.. 
1899.. 
1900.. 
1901.. 
1902. . 
1903.. 
1904.. 
1905. . 
1906.. 
1907. . 
1908.. 
1909. . 
1910.. 
1911.. 
1912. . 
1913.. 
1914.. 
1915.. 



30,000 
1,400,000 
4, 155, 000 
6,250,000 
5,065,000 
4,983,000 
7,810,000 
4, 250, 000 
3,800,000 
4, 300, 000 



Total. 



3, 450, 000 
2, 554, 000 
3, 6S8, 000 
2,902,000 
3, 530, 000 
7, 500, 000 
3,699,000 
2, 798, 500 
18, 232, 590 
30,605,000 
32,618,000 
7,411,000 
11,615,036 
19, 446, 410 
16, 160, 177 
75, 217, 354 
96, 055, 765 
115, 648, 145 
78,587,705 
68, 520, 550 
38, 859, 265 
38, 306, 709 
37,314,514 
36, 837, 550 
58, 296, 873 
31,032,645 
25,751.005 



90S, 680, 793 



850,000 
1, 750, 000 
1,500,000 
2,000,000 
2, 500, 000 
2,300,000 
2,000,000 
3,100,000 
3, 991, 750 
776, 125 
6,000,000 
2, 860, 475 
5, 678, 525 
1, 647, 900 
5, 290, 100 
651, 500 
500, 000 
3, 547, 850 
9,828,095 
39,950,698 
9,366,366 
14, 287, 264 
7, 987, 107 
29,340,308 
23, 845, 956 
35,006,9S8 
21,620,292 
20, 797, 543 
17,567,092 
24, 998, 185 
20, 177, 286 
15, 682, 064 
16, 659, 6S4 
31,040,893 
33, 419, 423 
48, 895, 607 
53,612,056 



557, 150 



280,000 
690, 000 



560, 000 



29S, 137 



123,118 



2, 165, 797 

16, 949 

225 

211, 700 

1, 405, 860 



521,027,132 19,670,498 



5, 582, 796 
9, 604, 985 



107, 000 
239, 180 
760,000 
296,000 
272,000 
275, 000 
2,391,900 

52, 000 
202,000 

95, 840 
111,200 



146, S24 
302, 041 
424, 530 
SI, 812 
3,984,645 
9, 321, 513 
6, 445, 574 
3, 636, 952 
13, 420, 714 
9, 470, 925 
10,88S,025 
6, 210, 296 
12, 955, 824 
13, 952, 963 
24, 619, 456 
24, 018, 355 



300 



57, 932 



27, 258 
267, 662 



5, 482, 920 



141, 148, 5S6 913, 152 





Chum, 
fry. 


Humpback, or pink. 


Sockeye, red, or blueback. 


Year ending June 30— 


Eggs. 


Fry. 


Eggs. 


Fry. 


Finger- 
lings, 
yearlings, 
and 
adults. 












10,683,000 
3,834,453 
3,371,000 
3,731,7S9 
3, 855, 000 
7,819,2S1 
9,923,680 
58,835,055 
69.883,305 
93, 408, 496 
146,081,595 
100,490,900 
91, 422, 273 
78, 724, 900 
53,071,574 
46,282,691 














































176, 597 














10, 000 


1906 




2,000 


969,990 


880,666 


9,500 












502, 000 


6, 764, 762 

10, 000 

1,731,740 

460, 150 

2,566,325 

1,880 

637, 652, 777 

c7, 272, 980 


75,000 
100, 000 


















1911 


911,650 
2, 495, 000 

19,479,000 
8, 672, 735 

35, 504, 707 


100, 000 
3, 271, 740 






1912 


2,000,000 

2, 000, 000 

6,020,000 

155,000 




1913 




1914 


13,260,000 
14, 500, 000 


120,000 


1915 


8, 416, 405 






Total 


67,063,092 


31,635,740 


57,607,201 


11,230,000 


781,418,992 


8,555,905 







a Operations suspended from 1884 to 1888, both inclusive. 
b Includes 4,355 fingerlings, adults, and yearlings, 
c Includes 119,480 flugerlings, adults, and yearlings. 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 



221 



Output of Pacific Coast Salmon Hatcheries Owned by the United States 
Bureau of Fisheries, 1872 to 1915 — Continued. 





Steelhead trout. 


Total. 


Year ending June 30— 


Eggs. 


Fry. 


Finger- 
lings, 
yearlings, 
and 
adults. 


Eggs. 


Fry. 


Finger- 
lings, 
yearlings, 
and 
adults. 


1872 








30,000 
1,400,000 
4, 155, 000 
6, 250, 000 
5,065,000 
4, 983, 000 
7.810,000 
4,250,000 
3,800,000 
4, 300, 000 






1873 












1874... 








850,000 

1, 750, 000 

1,500,000 

2,000,000 

2,500,000 

2,300,000 

2, 000, 000 

3, 100, 000 

3, 991, 750 

776, 125 

6, 000, 000 

2, 860, 475 

5, 678, 525 

1, 647, 900 

....5,290,100 

1, 240, 000 

2,042,500 

3, 655, 658 

10,383,232 

40,600,698 

9,378,491 

25,242,088 

12, 189, 451 

33, 266, 088 

28,362,257 

43, 116, 435 

39, 298, 291 

39,971,272 

81,229,404 

116,156,562 

124,737,078 

177, 894, 650 

12S, 559, 119 

144, 769, 730 

149, 850, 391 

176,934,587 

171,953,762 




1875. . . 










1876 










1877 


■ 








1878 










1879. . . 










1880. . 










1881 










1882 . 










1883 












1889" 








3, 450, 000 

2, 554, 000 

3, 688, 000 

2,902.000 

3, 530, 000 

7, 575, 000 

3, 699, 000 

2, 973, 500 

18, 282. 590 

30, 665, 000 

32, 777, 000 

7,826,000 

11, 861, 036 

19, 927, 410 

17,320,977 

75,442,354 

96, 627, 165 

117, 127, 325 

79,597,705 

69, 881, 275 

39, 714, 990 

38,881,709 

40, 466, 414 

43,066,290 

61, 828, 873 

51, 137, 485 

41,394,205 




1890 










1891 










1892 










1893 










1894 


75,000 


308, 500 

852, 500 

107, 808 

257, 000 

650, 000 

12, 125 

125,000 

65, 850 

130, 250 

702, 700 

93, 205 

537, 205 

1,834,485 

1, 190, 305 

1,089,596 

1,670,371 

3,511,226 

3, 826, 439 

4, 289, 415 

4.272,225 

4,022,438 

5, 262, 973 






1895 


332, 000 


892, 000 
557, 150 


1896 


175,000 
50,000 
60, 000 
159, 000 
415, 000 
246,000 
481,000 
480, 000 
225, 000 
464, 400 
358,000 
250.000 
487, 725 
483, 725 
300,000 
660,000 
905,000 
1,330,000 
729, 000 
877,000 


1897 






1808 






1899 






1900 






1901 


25,000 


26,668 


1902 


1903 


285, 848 
11, 090 


286, 098 
11 090 


1901 




10,000 
173,301 


1906 


40,383 


1907 


1908 






1909 




16 949 


1910 




225 


1911 




211 700 


1912 


294, 090 


1,699,950 


1913 


1914 




5 730 054 


1915 


1,048,317 


19,337,369 




Total 


9, 210, 850 


34,811,616 


2,036,728 


966,240,303 


603,076,619 









a Operations suspended from 1884 to 1888,- both inclusive. 

ACCLIMATIZING PACIFIC SALMON IN EASTERN WATERS. 

For many years efforts have been made by the United States 
Bureau of Fisheries and various State fish commissions to introduce 
Pacific coast salmon in eastern waters. In the early history of fish 
culture chinook fry were planted in almost every imaginable stream 
along the Atlantic seaboard, in various streams in the Mississippi 
Valley, and also in tributaries of the Great Lakes. In most cases, 
owing to the unsuitability of the. water, the experiment was doomed 
to failure from the start. In the case of a few streams where results 
might have been obtained, the plantings were at long intervals and 
the fish were too small to protect themselves, while no effort was 
made by the State authorities to protect them. 



222 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

The most successful results with plants, of chinook salmon have 
been obtained in Lake Sunapee, N. H., where it is now a not uncom- 
mon thing for anglers to catch chinooks with rod and reel. 

In 1912 about 10,000 chinook fingerlings from Columbia Kiver eggs 
furnished by the United States Bureau of Fisheries were planted by 
the Massachusetts Fish Commission in Lake Quinsigamond, and 
during July, 1914, about 20 months after they were hatched, over 
600 salmon, according to a member of the commission, were caught, 
ranging from 1^ to 5 pounds each. 

The most successful effort in this line was initiated by the United 
States Bureau of Fisheries in the fall of 1,913, when it transferred 
from its hatcheries on the Pacific coast to those in Maine 13,240,000 
humpback-salmon eggs. These were followed by a second shipment 
of 7,022,000 eggs in the fall of 1914, and of a third shipment of about 
7,000,000 eggs in the fall of 1915. These eggs were hatched out and 
the fry planted in various selected New England streams where the 
conditions seemed favorable. 

Early in August, 1915, a female humpback salmon 22^ inches long 
and weighing 4 pounds, 3 ounces, was taken at the Bangor water- 
works in the Penobscot River. Shortly after a male fish of about 
the same size was taken in this river at Orland dam. A little later 
agents of the Bureau captured 20 alive near Bangor, and about 
3,000 eggs were obtained and fertilized. 

In Dennys River, in Maine, during the period between August 15 
and September 24, local fishermen caught a number. 

CALIFORNIA. 
HISTORY. 

The first fish-cultural station on the Pacific coast was located on 
McCloud River, a stream. of the Sierra Nevada Mountains emptying 
into Pit River, a tributary to the Sacramento, 323 miles nearly due 
north of San Francisco. The site on the west bank of the river, 
about 3 miles above the mouth, was chosen after investigation of a 
number of places on the Sacramento, by Livingston Stone, one of 
America's pioneer fish culturists, and the station was named Baird, 
in honor of the then Commissioner of Fisheries, Prof. Spencer F. 
Baird. Although the season had nearly passed when the station 
was sufficiently advanced to handle eggs, 50,000 eggs were secured, 
and while 20,000 were lost, owing to the excessive heat, the remaining 
30,000 were shipped east, all of which were eventually lost but 7,000 
fry, which were planted in the Susquehanna River, in Pennsylvania. 

The main object of the hatchery the first few years was to secure 
eggs to ship to the East for the purpose of introducing Pacific salmon 
in the waters in that section. The Commission early made an agree- 
ment with the State of California, however, under which the latter 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHEKIES. 223 

at first paid part of the expense, and the Commission hatched and 
planted a portion of the take in the McCloud River. Later, part of 
the eggs were turned over to the State, which hatched and planted 
the salmon in local waters. 

In 1881 the station buildings were washed away in a freshet, but 
were immediately rebuilt. From 1884 to 1887, both inclusive, all 
operations were suspended. 

In 1889 a hatchery was established at Fort Gaston, on the Army 
reservation in the Hoopa Indian Reservation in Humboldt County, 
but it was not put into operation until 1890. As the reservation 
was abolished on July 1, 1892, the Commission took complete charge 
of the plant, and in 1893 established a tributary station on Redwood 
Creek. The same year Korbel station was established about one- 
half mile above Korbel, on Mad River, in Humboldt County. Owing 
to the lack of money this station was closed in the fiscal year 1896, 
but was reopened during the fiscal year 1897. 

That same year the Commission erected, on ground owned by the 
State, a hatchery at Battle Creek in Tehama County and also took 
charge of and operated the hatchery erected at this place by the 
State fish commission the previous year. Under the terms of an 
agreement the Commission was to deliver to the State as many eyed 
spawn as the latter could hatch at Sisson, its own station. 

Owing to their inaccessibility the Fort Gaston hatchery and its 
substations were abandoned in 1898. The same year an experi- 
mental station was established at Olema, Bear Valley, in Marin 
County, whence eggs were transferred from Baird station, hatched 
out here, and planted in Olema Creek in order to see if they could 
not be domesticated here, where they had not been found pre- 
viously. 

During the fiscal year 1902 a substation was established on Mill 
Creek, a stream which has its source in the foothills of the Sierra 
Mountains, in the northeastern part of Tehama County, and empties 
mto the Sacramento River from the east about a mile above the 
town of Tehama. The eggs are retained here until eyed and then 
shipped to other hatcheries. 

As stated above, the State aided the work of the United States 
Fish Commission in a financial way and also by hatching and dis- 
tributing the eggs turned over to its care. In 1885 the State Legis- 
lature passed a bill authorizing the establishment of a hatchery of 
its own, and the same year such a station was built upon Hat Creek 
about 2£ miles above its junction with Pitt River, a tributary of 
the Sacramento River. As the work of the first few seasons devel- 
oped that the location was unsuitable, the hatchery was Temoved 
in 1888 to Sisson, in Siskiyou County. The work of this hatchery 
was to handle the eggs turned over to it by the United States Fish 
Commission. 



224 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

In 1895 another hatchery was built by the State near the mouth 
of Battle Creek, a tributary of the Sacramento River. In 1896 and 
1897 this hatchery was operated jointly by the State and the United 
States Fish Commission while awaiting the appropriation of money 
by the Commission to purchase it from the State. 

In the fall of 1897 a hatchery was established by the State at 
Grizzly Bluff, on Price Creek, a tributary of Eel River, in Humboldt 
County, and in 1902 this hatchery made the first plant in the State 
of steelhead trout fry. 

Santa Cruz County has had a hatchery at Brookdale for a number 
of years. In 1911 it was leased to the State and operated by the 
latter during the seasons of 1911 and 1912. In 1913 the State gave 
up the lease and entered into a contract to purchase the eggs pro- 
duced from this hatchery. The price agreed upon was that the 
State Commission was to pay $1.50 per thousand for the eyed steel- 
head eggs, up to the number of 2,000,000, and $1 per thousand for all 
eggs up to 3,000,000, provided that the eggs were collected and eyed 
by a skilled fish culturist and would pass inspection before they were 
accepted. 

A hatchery was established by the United States Bureau of Fish- 
erics at Hornbrook, on Klamath River, in 1913. At first this hatch- 
ery was devoted to rainbow trout work, but later the collection and 
distribution of silver and chinook salmon was taken up. 

During the fall of 1911 the State established an experimental 
station at Sacramento in order to carry on a series of experiments to 
determine whether the eggs of the quinnat salmon could be success- 
fully hatched and the fry reared near the city of Sacramento. Of 
the fish hatched at this station 50,000 were marked. 

Nearly all of the fry that were liberated in the Sacramento River 
were floated in a screen cage by boat into the middle of the stream 
and there released. N. B. Scofield took 500 in a floating box down 
the river, where they were held and fed for several weeks in brackish 
and salt water. They were apparently not affected by the changes 
in the salinity of the water. 

Experiments were carried on until the summer of 1913, when 
they were abandoned due to the killing of the embryos by the min- 
eral substances in the water used at the station. 

During the fiscal year 1912 the Mill Creek hatchery of the United 
States Bureau of Fisheries was operated by the California Com- 
mission. 

Some years ago the town of Ukiah, Mendocino County, estab- 
lished a hatchery 1 mile from the town, and on Russian River. 
For some years it was operated as a trout station, but eventually 
became an important steelhead hatchery. It was not operated in 
1913. In 1914 the State Fish Commission collected steelhead eggs 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 



225 



at the Eel River dam of the Snow 'Mountain Water & Power Co., 
and having secured permission from the town of Ukiah, hatched 
them out in its hatchery. 

As the Hornbrook hatchery on Klamath River was on private 
property, the United States Bureau of Fisheries in 1915 removed the 
buildings from the old location on the south side to property owned 
by the Government on the north side of the river. 

In 1915 new hatchery buildings were erected at the Mill Creek 
hatchery. 

OUTPUT. 

The following tables show separately the quantity of eggs, fry, 
etc., distributed by the United States Fish Commission and the 
State since the inception of the work. The large quantity of eggs 
shown by the Commission represents largely the eggs supplied to 
the State, which hatched and distributed them, and eggs sent to 
other States and to foreign countries. 

Output of Hatcheries Owned by the United States Bureau op Fisheries. 



Years 
ending 


Chinook. 


Silver. 


Steelhead trout. 


Total. 


June 
30 a— 


Eggs. 


Fry. 


Eggs. 


Fry. 


Eggs. 


Fry. 


Eggs. 


Fry. 


1872... 


30,000 
1,400,000 
4, 155, 000 
6,250,000 
5,065,000 
4,983,000 
7, 810, 000 
4,250,000 
3,800,000 
4,300,000 












30,000 
1, 400, 000 
4, 155, 000 
6,250,000 
5,065,000 
4,983,000 
7,810,000 
4, 250, 000 
3,800,000 
4,300,000 




1873... 














1874... 


850,000 

. 1,750,000 

1,500,000 

2,000,000 

2,500,000 

2,300,000 

2,000,000 

3, 100, 000 

3,991,750 

776, 125 

1,500,000 

84, 000 

777, 000 

315, 500 

1,190,100 

438, 500 

500, 000 

715, 700 

3,056,701 

15, 643, 300 

3,275,110 

3,533,950 

889, 570 

2,115,560 

1, 618, 066 

2,350,130 

7,561,380 

« 3, 496, 405 

2,512,250 

4, 780, 855 

3,590,078 

2,286,257 

3,666,061 

7,243,325 

2, 195, 100 

/ 9, 448, 340 










850,000 
1,750,000 
1,500,000 
2,000,000 
2, 500, 000 
2, 300, 000 
2, 000, 000 
3, 100, 000 
3,991,750 

776, 125 

1,500,000 

84,000 

777,000 

315,500 
1,190,100 
1, 027, 000 
2,934,500 

823,508 
3,611,838 
16,293,300 
3,275,110 
3,533,950 

889,570 
2,115,560 
1,618,066 
2,350,130 
7,561,380 
3,496,405 
2,512,250 
4, 780, 855 
3,590,078 
2,286,257 


1875... 










1876... 










1877... 










1878... 










1879... 










1880... 










1881... 










1882... 










1883... 














1883 b . 


3, 450, 000 

1, 554, 000 

2,988,000 

2,902,000 

3, 530, 000 

7,500,000 

3, 676, 000 

6, 170, 800 

18,232,590 

30, 605, 000 

27,665,000 

2, 925, 000 

3,934,036 

17,5*0,410 

11,275,777 

64,598,354 

96,025,765 

107,905,945 

73,376,315 

64,990,550 

32,278,265 

30, 539, 467 

83,364,514 

20,697,550 

17,092,873 

25, 373, 645 










3, 450, 000 

1,554,000 

2,988,000 

2,902,000 

3, 530, 000 

7, 575, 000 

3,676,000 

6,345,800 

18,282,590 

30,665,000 

27,665,000 

2,925,000 

3,934,036 

17,580,410 

11,275,777 

64,598,354 

96,025,765 

107,905,945 

73,376,315 

64,990,550 

32,278,265 

30,539,467 

35, 654, 414 

20,697,550 

17, 192, 873 

25,469,485 

20,716,005 


1890... 










1891... 










1892... 










1893... 










1894 . . . 




280,000 
c 1,250, 000 


75,000 


308,500 
d 1, 184, 500 
107, 808 
257, 000 
650,000 


1895... 




1896... 




175, 000 
50,000 
60,000 


1897... 




298, 137 


1898... 




1899... 






1900... 










1901... 










1902... 










1903... 










1904... 










1905... 










1A06... 










1907... 










1908... 










1909... 










1910... 










1911... 


2,289,900 








1912... 








7^243' 325 
2,212,420 


1913... 


100, 000 
95,840 


17, 320 

2,536,460 

ft 1, 197, 902 






1914... 






1915... 


20,716,005 (7 13,101,539 






14^299^441 


Total.. 


772,990,861 


118,652,652 


2,485,740 


5,579,819 


360, 000 


2,507,808 


775,836,601 


126,740,279 



-.-".v VU .. UUUU '>. j ^m.i », cw uoi/a iujj uu JL003. 

6 The hatchery was closed from 1884 to 1888. 

c Includes 560,000 flngerlings, yearlings, or adults. 

<* Includes 332,000 flngerlings, yearlings, or adults. 

62425°— 17 15 



e Includes 138 flngerlings, yearlings, or adults. 
/Includes 3,849,991 flngerlings. 
a Includes 8,086,139 flngerlings. 
A Includes 226,162 flngerlings. ' 



226 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

Output of Hatcheries Owned by the State op California. 



Years. 


Chinook. 


Silver fry. 


Steelhead 
fry. 


Total. 


Eggs. 


Fry." 


Eggs. 


Fry. 


1873 




520,000 

850, 000 

2,250,000 

2,000,000 

2,200,000 

2,500,000 

2,300,000 

2,225,000 

2,420,000 

3,991,750 

600, 000 

150,000 

200,000 

1,290,000 

2, 168, 000 

1,320,000 

2,798,000 

2,651,000 

3,941,650 

7,776,400 

3, 435, 000 

15,283,183 

18, 123, 000 

31,476,388 

21,234,000 

2,530,000 

3,239,000 

16,852,040 

20, 040, 487 

63, 632, 000 

87, 000, 000 

105,815,920 

71,267,000 

60,619,000 

28,000,000 

28,469,745 

29,657,263 

18,909,445 

16,277,227 

25,290,615 

33,313,150 








520, 000 


1874 










850,000 
2,250,000 
2,000,000 
2,2011,000 
2, 500, 000 


1875 


b 250, 000 






250, 000 


1876 






1877 










1878 . 










1879 . 










2,300,000 
2,225,000 


1880 










1881 










2,420,000 


1 882 










3,991,750 


1884 










600,000 
150, 000 


1886 










1887 










200, 000 


1888 










1,290,000 
2,168,000 
1,320,000 
2, 798, 000 
2,651,000 


1889 










1890. 










1891 . . . 










1892 










1893 










3,941,650 


1891 










7, 776, 400 


1895 










3,435,000 
15,283,183 


1896 










1897 










18,123,000 
31,476,388 


1898 










1899. . 










21,234,000 


1900 . 










2,536,000 


1901 . 










3,239,000 


1902 . 






301,000 

120, 000 

90, 000 

108, 000 

243,000 

352, 000 

170,000 

517,000 

637, 800 

1,858,100 

2,177,958 

1,983,500 

3,171,083 

8,582,500 




17,153,040 


1903 . 








20, 160, 487 


1904 








63,722,000 


1905 








87,108,000 


1906 








106,058,920 


1907 








71,619,000 


1908 








60,789,000 


1909 








28,517,000 


1910 








29,107,545 


1911 , 




2,060,910 




33,576,273 


1912 






21,087,403 


1913 




25,000 

12,500 

1,417,000 




18, 285, 727 


1914 






28,474,198 


1915 






43,312,650 










Total 


250, 000 


744,622,263 


3,515,410 


20,311,941 


250, 000 


768, 449, 614 







a The greater part of the output of Chinook fry was from eggs supplied by the United States Bureau of 
Fisheries hatchories in California. 
b All were lost. 

DISTRIBUTION. 

The following table shows, by streams and species, the distribution 
in California of the eggs, fry, etc., from the hatcheries of the United 
States Fish Commission and the State. This far from represents the 
work of the hatcheries, as large quantities of eggs were sent to other 
States and foreign countries. 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 22'l 

Distribution op Salmon Eggs, Fry, etc., in the Waters op California. 





Klamath River and tributaries. 


Redwood Creek and tributaries. 


Years. 


Chinook. 


Silver. 


Chinook 
fry. 


Silver. 






Fry. 


Year- 
lings. 


Fry. 


Adults 
and year- 
lings. 


Fry. 


Adults 
and year- 
lings. 


Steel- 
head fry. 


1890 


90,000 
30,000 
147, 600 
487,200 
















1891 








25,000 
142,500 
170, 000 








1X92 


25,000 












1893 












1895 




300, 000 


160,000 


140,000 


400, 000 




1896 






65, 700 

280,250 

1,260,000 


107, 808 
202 000 


1S97... 










124, 750 




1898 


16,000 
40,000 










650 000 


L903... 














1911 




2,066,910 

17, 320 

2,548,960 

1,098,000 












1913 
















1914 


a 2, 255, 100 
5,820,000 














1915 
























Total 


8,885,900 


25,000 


6,025,190 


160, 000 


1,943,450 


264, 750 


400,000 


959,808 



o Includes 100,000 planted in Smith River. 
Distribution of Salmon Eggs, Fry, etc., in the Waters op California — Con. 



Years. 


Mad River and North Fork. 


Eel River. 


Russian 
River. 


Skaggs 
Springs. 


Marin 
County 
creeks. 




Chinook 
fry. 


Silver 
fry. 


Steel- 
head fry. 


Chinook 
fry. 


Steel- 
head fry. 


Chinook fry. 


1881 












15,000 


15,000 




1894 




280, 000 
470,000 
173,387 


308,500 








1895 














1897 


145, 365 


60,000 










635,000 

1,970,000 

900 000 


1898 


7,857,388 
8,202,000 
885,000 
2,069,500 
5,257,947 
5,200,000 
8,100,000 
9,265,920 
7,570,000 
6, 154, 000 
5,500,000 
5,969,745 








1899 














1900 
















1902 








301, 000 
120, 000 
.90, 000 








1903 














1904 














1905 














1906 








243, 000 
352, 000 








1907 








25,000 




25 000 


1908 












1909 








349, 000 
334,800 








1910 














1911 














1912 


100, 000 
100, 000 
225,000 
350, 000 






3,103,660 
1,386,500 
3, 723, 000 
2,618,150 










1913 














1914... 














1915 




























Total 


820,365 


923,387 


368,500 


82,862,810 


1,789,800 


40,000 


15,000 


3,530,000 



228 PACIFIC SALMON FISHEEIES. 

Distribution of Salmon Eggs, Fry, etc., in the Waters op California — Con. 





Sacramento River and tributaries. 


San 
Fran- 
cisco 
Bay 
streams 


San 

Gre- 

gorio 

River. 


Pesca- 

dero 

Creek. 


Monterey 
Bay and 
tribu- 
taries. 


Years. 


Chinook. 


Silver 
fry. 


Steel- 
head 
fry. 






Eggs. 


Fry. 


Yearlings, 

finger- 
lings, and 
adults. 


Chinook fry. 


1873 .. 


20,000 


520,000 

850,000 

2,000,000 

2,000,000 

2,200,000 

2,500,000 

2,300,000 

2,225,000 

2,300,500 

3,991,750 

600,000 

150, 000 

200, 000 

1,290,000 

3,668,000 

1,404,000 

3,520,000 

2,676,500 

4, 474, 750 

8,214,900 

3, 935, 000 

15,683,183 

19,264,086 

33,998,300 

16, 307, 110 

5,184,950 

4,128,570 

16,898,100 

16, 359, 606 

60, 782, 130 

94,561,380 

100,038,552 

66,209,250 

59,245,855 

26, 090, 000 

24,786,257 

33,323,324 

22,949,110 

16,691,167 

24,637,864 

28,705,000 
















1874 .. 
















1875 . . . 


a 250, 000 
















1876... 
















1877 


















1878 


















1879 


















1880 


















1881 










20,000 


15,000 


15,000 


30, 000 


1882... 


80,300 










1884 
















1886 


















1887 


















1888... 


















1889. . 


















1890... 


















1891 


















1892... 


















1893 


















1894 








45, 000 










1895 . . 
















1896... 




250,000 














1897 
















1898 


















1899... 


85,200 
















1900 
















1901 . . . 


















1902 


















1903... 


















1904... 


















1905... 








108,000 










1906... 














900,000 


1907 








135,000 
170,000 
168,000 
303,000 








1,200,000 


1908 














S00,000 


1909 
















1910 
















1911 . . . 
















1912... 


















1913... 










294,660 








1914... 




838, 90S 
9,053,635 












1915 . . . 




1, 194, 762 


























Total.... 


435,500 


736,864,194 


10,142,541 


1, 194, 762 


929,000 


314,660 


15,000 


15,000 


2, 930, 000 



> All were lost. 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 229 

Distribution op Salmon Eggs, Fry, etc., in the Waters op California — Con. 





Monterey Bay 
and tribu- 
taries. 


Truckee 
River. 


Total. 


Years. 




Chinook 
fry. 


Chinook. 


Silver. 




Silver 
fry. 


Steel- 
head 

fry. 


Eggs. 


Fry. 


Year- 
lings, 
finger- 
lings, 
and 
adults." 


Fry. 


Adults 
and 
year- 
lings. 


Steel- 
head 
fry. & 










20,000 


520,000 
850,000 
2,250,000 
2,000,000 
2,200,000 
2,500,000 
2,300,000 
2,225,000 
2,420,500 
3,991,750 
600,000 
150,000 
200,000 
1,290,000 
3,668,000 
1, 494, 000 
3, 575, 000 
2,966,600 
5, 131, 950 
8,214,900 
3,935,000 
15, 748, 883 
20, 324, 701 
45, 101, 688 
25, 409, 110 
6,069,950 
4, 128, 570 
18, 967, 600 
21,657,553 
65, 982, 130 
102,661,380 
110, 204, 472 
75,029,250 
66, 199, 855 
31, 590, 000 
30,756,002 
33,323,324 
26, 152, 770 
18,472,327 
30, 840, 964 
c 37, 543, 150 
































250, 000 


250, 000 






































































































10,000 


















80,300 
















































































































































25,000 




































280,000 
910,000 




353, 500 














560,000 




1896 










250,000 


107, 808 


1897 










298, 137 




262,000 


1898 














650,000 


1899 








85,200 


























1901 


















1902 
















301,000 


1903 
















120,000 


1904 
















90, 000 


1905 
















108,000 


1906 
















243,000 


1907 


80,000 
80,000 
42,000 










80,000 
80,000 
42,000 




487,000 


1908 . 












170,000 


1909 


1,200 










518, 200 


1910 










637,800 


1911 












2, 060, 910 




1,858,100 


1912 














2, 177, 958 


1913 


25,000 










42,320 
2,548,960 
2,363,762 




1,983,500 


1914 








838,906 
9, 053, 635 




3,171,083 


1915 


71,000 










8, 582, 500 














Total 


298, 000 


1,200 


260,000 


435, 500 


c838,646,379 


10,167,541 


8,706,089 


560,000 


21, 821, 449 



a Of recent years it has been impossible to show the total number of yearlings, fingerlings, and adults 
planted, as the State reports do not distinguish them from the fry. Those shown in 1914-15 were reared by 
the United States Bureau of Fisheries. 

b After 1911 the practice of showing waters in which steelheads were planted was abandoned as the 
number of streams was becoming unwieldy. 

c Includes 25,000 Chinook fry placed in Santa Inez River and 25,000 placed in Ventura River in 1915. 



230 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

OREGON. 
HATCHERIES ON COASTAL STREAMS. 

Rogue River. — In 1877 R. D. Hume, who had been packing salmon 
on this river for some years, erected a hatchery at Ellensburg. 
In 1888 the Oregon Legislature appropriated a sum of money for the 
enlargement and support of this hatchery, Mr. Hume to retain 
complete control. As the location is on tidewater, it is necessary to 
catch the parent fish and hold them until they are ready to spawn, 
and in order to do this Mr. Hume had an excavation 32 by 62 feet 
and 11 feet deep made in the bank of the river. This was lined with 
concrete 1 foot thick, which, when filled with water, made a pond 
30 by 60 feet and 10 feet deep. Over the entire pond he constructed a 
building which could be closed up so as virtually to exclude the light. 
It is supposed that retaining the fish in a dark place aids in keeping 
them in good physical condition until ready to spawn. After the 
death of Mr. Hume in 1908 this hatchery was taken over and operated 
by the State. 

In 1897 Mr. Hume built and equipped a hatchery on the upper 
Rogue River at the mouth of Elk Creek, about 26 miles from the 
town of Central Point, in Jackson County, and, in pursuance of an 
understanding with the United States Fish Commission, the latter 
operated then and still continues to operate this plant. 

In 1900 the Government established an auxiliary station for the 
collection of steelhead trout eggs on Elk Creek, about 10 miles above 
the main station. In 1905 a substation was operated at Grants Pass, 
while during the fiscal year 1908 and in subsequent years sub- 
stations were operated at Findley Eddy, on the Rogue River, Illinois 
River, and Applegate Creek, tributaries of the Rogue. 

Many of the eggs gathered at the upper Rogue River stations were 
shipped to Mr. Hume's hatchery, on the lower river, and there hatched 
out and planted. 

GoguiUe River. — The State formerly had a hatchery on this river, 
but it was abandoned during the winter of 1902-3. In the winter 
of 1904-5 a substation was established on one of the tributaries of 
the Coquille River, about 6 miles from the South Coos River hatchery, 
and was used in hatching eggs brought to it from the latter place. 
A station was built on the north fork of the Coquille River in 1910. 

Coos River. — A hatchery was built by the State in 1900 on the South 
Coos River, about 20 miles from the town of Marshfield. 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 231 

Umpqua River. — In 1900 the State built a hatchery on the north 
fork of the Umpqua River, near the town of Glide and about 24 miles 
east of Roseburg. In 1901 a station was established farther up the 
north fork, at the mouth of Steamboat Creek. After working here 
two years the station was moved a couple of miles farther up the 
stream. In 1907 work was resumed at the original station near Glide, 
as winter freshets had seriously damaged the upper station. A per- 
manent station was built in 1910. 

Siuslaw River. — In 1893 the State erected a hatchery on Knowles 
Creek, a tributary of the Siuslaw River, about 20 miles above the 
mouth of the river. It was turned over to the United States Fish 
Commission to operate, but no fish came up to the hatchery because 
the fishermen lower down stretched their nets entirely across the river. 

In 1897 and 1898 the United States Fish Commission operated a 
hatchery owned by a Mr. McGuire and located close to Mapleton 
about 2 miles below the head of tidewater. 

In 1902 the State established an experimental station at the Bailey 
place, near Meadow post office. In 1907 a permanent station was 
established by the State on Land Creek fork of the Siuslaw River. 

Alsea River. — In 1902 the State established a station on the Willis 
Vidito place, near the town of Alsea. In 1907 an experimental 
station was established on this river at the mouth of Rock Creek, 
about 14 miles above the head of tidewater. In 1910 an experimental 
station was established between Alsea and tidewater. 

Yaquina River. — In 1902 the State established a hatching station 
on the Big Elk River, a tributary of Yaquina River, about 3 miles 
above its confluence with the main river. This station was made 
permanent the next year. 

Tillamook Bay. — In 1902 the State established a station on Wilson 
River, a tributary of Tillamook Bay, and about 8 miles above tide- 
water. In 1906 the station was removed to the Trask River, a 
tributary of Tillamook Bay. 



232 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 
DISTRIBUTION. 



The following table shows the distribution of fry in the coastal 
streams of the State by the Government and the State: 

Distribution of Salmon Fry, etc., in the Coastal Streams of Oregon. 



Year ending 
June 30— 



Tillamook Bay and tributaries. 



Chinook 
fry. 



Silverside 
fry. 



Steel- 
head fry. 



Yaquina River. 



Chinook 

fry- 



Silverside 
fry. 



Steel- 
head fry. 



Alsea River. 



Chinook 
fry. 



Silverside 

fry. 



1898. 
1901. 
1903. 
1904. 
1905. 
1906. 
1907. 
1908. 
1909. 
1910. 
1911. 
1912. 
1913. 
1914. 
1915. 



19,994 



251,875 
799,300 



312, 700 
2,124,000 



624, 800 
1,818,245 

646, 300 
1,747,530 

487, 692 
2, 833, 428 



2,648,000 
1, 629, 000 
4,896,000 



569, 690 



3,506,990 2,309,770 



1,080,000 

1, 578, 131 

422, 886 

1,112,392 



11,665,869 



16,873,399 



1 , 196, 000 
761, 000 
848,229 
660, 588 
213,900 



213, 

557, 

3, 144, 

1,407, 

816, 

1, 919, 

2, 193, 

485, 

324, 

582, 

148, 

727, 



985,220 
3,009,075 
4,178,000 
1,955,793 

909, 855 
1,006,309 
28,815 
2, 637, 550 
1,554,602 
3,288,650 



780,500 

1,033,150 

376, 245 



1,000,000 
806,938 



1,000,000 
1,785,351 



199, 700 



812,300 



621,015 
7,145 



495,950 

287, 645 

87,935 



30,300 
997,455 
424, 925 



6,559,177 12,521,091 



19,553,869 



2,818,055 



2,945,918 ! 5,050,331 



Year ending 
June 30— 



Siuslaw River. 



Chinook 

fry- 



Silver- 
side fry. 



Steel- 
head fry. 



Umpqua River. 



Chinook 
fry. 



Steel- 
head fry. 



Coos Bay and tributaries. 



Chinook 

fry. 



Silver- 
side fry. 



Steel- 
head fry. 



1897 

1898 

1899 

1901 

1902 

1903 

1904 

1905 

19Q6 

1907 

1908 

1909 

1910 

1911 

1912 

1913 

1914 

1915 

Total 



180 
440', 

2,700 
213; 
112, 
389, 
822, 
435! 

1,826: 

6os; 
729: 

191 
273 
594 
715 

255 
1,062 
1, 472; 



214, 800 



311,900 

1,296,732 

1,030,486 

1,127,293 

1,092,540 

25, 289 

20, 693 

504,429 

627,312 

476,273 



397,355 



98,243 



227, 580 
72,097 

106, 717 
17, 735 

257, 850 



730,000 
1,136,000 
1,590,213 
1,399,860 
2,654,925 
4,903,700 
4,685,900 
2, 378, 853 
4,093,848 
5,686,273 
2,541,236 
1,053,516 

903,704 
1,882,985 
1,333,171 



235, 000 
2,416,350 



293,996 



181,085 
80,000 



079, 
877, 
744, 
014, 
000, 
084, 
683, 
374, 
767, 
281, 
,331, 
,212, 



1,032,000 



222,000 



2,317,370 

962,528 

2,973,390 

1,551,645 



192, 625 



13,022,416 6,727,747 



1, 177, 577 



36, 980, 184 



555,081 



8, 836, 933 



414, 625 



PACIFIC SALMON" FISHERIES. 233 

Distribution op Salmon Fry, etc., in the Coastal Streams op Oregon — Con. 





Coquille River. 


Rogue River and tributaries. 


Year ending June 30— 


Chinook 

fry- 


Silverside 
fry. 


Chinook. 


Silverside 

fry. 




Fry. 


Yearlings, 

finger- 
lings, and 
adults. 


Steelhead 

fry. 


1877 






50,000 
1,910,045 
2, 156, 945 
2,967,058 
4,750,763 
3,480,300 
9,023,428 
4,758,653 

47, 500 
5, 880, 290 
6,597,027 
771,710 
1,430,292 
1,364,248 
9,574,340 
4, 169, 150 
3,752,483 
4,747,623 








1898 


1 








1900 


1 








1901 


235,000 






128,000 
424, 530 
680, 800 


65, 850 
20,250 


1902 






1903 


3,084,577 






1904 


1,000,000 
2,210,000 
2,978,700 
2,840,000 
2,450,000 






8,073 

531,000 

12, 625 

105,300 

937, 680 

878, 847 

89, 850 

2,592,665 

"1,313,890 

2,795,075 

1,376,308 

c 3, 908, 099 


1905 






1,250,432 


1906 




75,000 


1907 




1,375,000 
158,000 
643,000 


1908 


226,600 
1, 185, 800 


170,051 


1909 


1910 






1911 


500,000 
196, 855 
496, 680 
491,580 
495, 333 


980,770 
1,672,850 

962, 528 
1,331,910 
1,365,815 




501,081 

2,355,885 

3,198.346 

i> 7, 832, 000 

2,336,359 


1912 




1913 




1914 




1915 


9,309 




Total 


16,978,725 7,726,273 


67,431,855 


254,360 


20, 883, 433 


11,986,637 






Total. 




Year ending June 30 — 


Chinook. 


Silverside 

fry. 


Steelhead 
fry. 


Grand 
total, all 
species. 


Fry. 


Yearlings, 

finger- 
lings, and 
adults. 


1877 


50,000 

180,000 

2,370,314 








50,000 


1897 








180,000 
2, 370, 314 


1898 








1899 


2,700,000 








2,700,000 
2, 156, 945 
4,787,908 
9,074,693 
10, 108, 454 


1900 


2, 156, 945 

4,594,058 

8,415,113 

9,427,654 

20,268,809 

16,343,382 

14,123,977 

20,261,747 

19,671,753 

7, 626, 825 

10,022,493 

10,071,364 

14,390,576 

9, 668, 714 

8,905,303 

12,094,772 








1901 




128,000 

639,330 

680,800 

985,220 

5,571,407 

7,260,083 

7,009,279 

4,863,048 

9, 855, 649 

3,561,094 

5,250,394 

10,980,722 

10,300,012 

13, 725, 965 

5,253,819 


65, 850 
20,250 


1902 




1903 




1904 




8,073 
1,311,500 
1,443,130 
481,545 
937, 680 
1,768,780 
2,399,620 
4,931,256 
2, 154, 132 
3,931,106 
2, 134, 631 
4,573,074 


21 262 102 


1905 




23, 226^ 289 


1906 


75,000 


1907 


27, 752, 571 
,25,642,532 
19,251,254 
15, 983, 207 
20,253,014 
27,525,430 
23,899,832 
24,765,899 
21,930,974 


1908 


170,051 


1909 


1910 




1911 




1912 




1913 




1914 




1915 . 


9,309 




Total 


193,343,799 


254,360 


8fi WU 8991 












' ' 



a Includes 177,790 fingerlings, yearlings, and adults. 
b Includes 860,903 fingerlings, yearlings, and adults. 
« Includes 27,258 fingerlings. 



234 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 



The following tables show the total output of the hatcheries in 
Oregon owned by the United States Bureau of Fisheries and the 
State of Oregon: 

Output of Hatcheries Owned by the United States Bureau op Fisheries. 





Chinook. 


Silverside. 


Year ending June 30 — 


Eggs. 


Fry. 


Fingerlings, 
yearlings, 
and adults. 


Eggs. 


Fry. 


Fingerlings, 
yearlings, 
and adults. 


1889 




4,500,000 
2,776,475 
4,901,525 
1,332,400 
4,100,000 
213, 000 










1800 . 


1, 000, 000 
700,000 










1891 










1892 






| 


1893 










1894 












1895 


23,000 










1896 


a 2, 832, 150 
4,922,634 
16,915,512 
4,300,200 
4,126,367 
1, 669, 857 
11,587,061 
5,453,860 
15,270,675 
9,822,636 
2,454,371 
8,542,104 
7,844,827 
5,021,655 
4,220,197 
5,686,168 
12,837,840 
11,291,023 
12, 156, 818 
10,434,517 


b 557, 150 








1897 










1898 








i 


1899 


27,000 
1,800,000 
1,100,000 
1,866,000 
4, 884, 400 
3,113,000 

30,000 

28,200 
1,661,390 
2.045,000 
3,531,000 
3,953,992 
600,000 
8,000,000 
21,491,000 
1,075,000 

37,000 








1900 






146, 824 
128, 000 




1901 .■ 


1,668 






1902 




424, 530 




1903' 


250 


680, S00 




1904 






1905 






1,250 432 




1906 


122,980 




300 


1907 








1908 


627,856 

2,763 

225 

200,000 

750, 765 




158, 000 
1,799,915 


57,932 


1909 






1910 






1911 




1,659,681 
2,355,SS5 
3,198,346 
8, 441, 642 
2.373.559 





1912 






1913 






1914 


602,300 
531,351 




27,258 


1915 


76,200 










Total 


56,965,982 175,213,872 


3,397,308 


757,000 


21,936,814 1 85,490 








Steelhead trout. 


Total. 


Year ending June 30 — 


Eggs. 


Fry. 


Fingerlings, 
yearlings, 
and adults. 


Eggs. 


Fry. 


Fingerlings, 
yearlings, 
and adults. 












4,500,000 
2, 776, 475 
4,901,525 
1,332,400 
4, 100, 000 
213, 000 




1890 








1,000,000 
700, 000 




1891 










1892 










































23, 000 . 












2, 832, 150 
4, 922, 634 
16,915,512 
4,312,325 
4,372,191 
1,863,707 
12,031,841 
5,716,560 
15,293,880 
11,607,06S 
3, 748. 856 
8, 647, 404 
8,955,507 
8,195,878 
6,294,385 
10,260,638 
17,198,825 
17,284,444 
22,828,468 
16,062,351 


557, 150 


























1899 


159,000 
415,000 
246,000 
481.000 
400,000 


12, 125 

99, 000 

65,850 

20, %0 

262,700 

23,205 

534,000 

1,294,485 

105,300 

952,680 

1,374,308 

2,074,188 

2,914,789 

2,005,100 

2,795,075 

2,230,008 

3,254,275 




186,000 
2,215,000 
1,346,000 
2,347,000 
5,965,200 
3, 113, 000 
80,000 
38,200 
1,711,390 
2,308,725 
3,582,468 
3,953,992 

600,000 

8,000,000 

27,491,000 

1,075,000 

865,200 




1900 






1901 


25,000 


26, 668 


1902 




1903 


62, 033 
11,090 


62,283 


1904 


11,090 


1905 


50,000 
10,000 
50,000 
263,725 
51,468 




1906 


40,383 


163,663 


1907 .. 




1908 




685,788 


1909 




2,763 


1910 




225 


1911 






200,000 


1912 




294,090 


1.044,855 


1913 .. 






1914 






629,558 


1915 


752,000 


910,652 


1,442,003 






Total 


2,878,193 


20,817,338 


1,343,248 


60, 601, 175 


217,168,024 


4,826,046 







• All but 17,000 of these were from eggs received from the California stations. 

* All raised from eggs received from the California stations. 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 235 

Output op Hatcheries Owned by the State op Oregon. 



Years. 


Chinook fry. 


Silverside 
fry. 


Steelhead 
trout fry. 


Sockeye 
fry. 


Total. 


1877 


50,000 

79, 620 

1,876,500 

1,834,290 

2,554,290 

1,300,000 

4,500,000 

990,000 

a 792, 000 

2,500,000 

2,500,000 

2, 700, 000 

2,500,000 

7, 562, 000 

11 220,550 

18, 502, 072 

ft 48, 730, 791 

16, 393. 249 

c 27, 404 . 596 

d 25, 156, 732 

« 21, 209, 394 

/ 20, 108, 990 

9 24,169 365 

A 19,762,229 

i 18, 077 971 

'26,623,268 

n 21, 945, 746 

V 27,532, 168 








50,000 
79 620 


1878 








1S79 








1,876,500 
1,834,290 
2.554,290 
1,300.000 
4,500,000 
990 000 


1880 








1881 








1888 








18S9 








1890 








1891 








792, 000 


1895 








2,500,000 
2,500,000 
2,700,000 
2,700,000 
7, 807, 000 
19 433 877 


1896 








1899 








1900 




200, 000 
245, 000 
256, 327 
300, 850 
143, 849 
1,495,735 
1, 859, 696 
376,245 




1901 ■. 






1002 


7, 957, 000 
3,288,600 
3,974,185 
5,509,085 
7,503,655 
6, 446, 628 
5,359,709 
9,212,649 
3,631,827 
4,749,319 
9,580,497 
9, 879, 666 
5,893,965 
2,917,460 




1903 '. 




22 091,522 


1904 




52, 848, 825 
•23,398 069 


1905 




1906 




36 767,947 


1907 




31, 979, 605 


1908 




26, 569, 103 


1909 


1,403,129 
2,364,120 
4,018,598 
1,358,742 
1,136,031 
758, 323 
4, 793, 208 




30, 724, 768 
30 165,312 


1910 




1911 


'1,488,327 
* 1,957. 825 
ml, 937, 134 
ol,978,140 


30 018 473 


1912 


30^975^035 
39,576,099 
30,576,174 
35,242,836 


1913 


1914 


1915 








Total 


358,575,821 


85,904,245 


20, 709, 853 


7,361,426 


472 551 345 







a Eggs from which hatched obtained from United States Bureau of Fisheries, 
ft 6,826,540 eggs were obtained from United States Bureau of Fisheries. 
c 7,714,000 eggs were obtained from United States Bureau of Fisheries. 
& 3,550,000 eggs were obtained from United States Bureau of Fisheries. 
« 3,020,000 eggs were obtained from United States Bureau of Fisheries. 
/ 6,581,000 eggs were obtained from United States Bureau of Fisheries. 
g 6,465,300 eggs were obtained from United States Bureau of Fisheries. 
A 3,950,000 eggs were obtained from United States Bureau of Fisheries. 
i 1,500,000 eggs were obtained from United States Bureau of Fisheries. 
;' 8,000,000 eggs were obtained from United States Bureau of Fisheries. 
* 2,000,000 eggs were obtained from United States Bureau of Fisheries. 
' 2,000,000 eggs were obtained from United States Bureau of Fisheries. 
m 21,491,000 eggs were obtained from United States Bureau of Fisheries. 
*> 1,000,000 eggs were obtained from United States Bureau of Fisheries. 
o 2,000,000 eggs were obtained from United States Bureau of Fisheries. 
pEggs were obtained from the United States Bureau of Fisheries. 

COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES. 

The first fish-cultural work upon the Columbia River and in Oregon 
was at Clackamas, on the Clackamas River, a tributary of the Willam- 
ette River, which empties into the Columbia River about 180 miles 
from its mouth. 

This hatchery was built in 1876 by the Oregon & Washington Fish 
Propagating Co., which operated it until 1880. In 1887 the State 
provided for and there was appointed a State fish commission. 
Almost the first work of the commission was to spend $12,000 appro- 
priated by the legislature to put in repair and operate this hatchery. 
On July 1, 1888, it was informally turned over to the United States 
Commission of Fish and Fisheries, which paid over the purchase 
price, took formal possession in the following winter, and has oper- 
ated it ever since, with the exception of several years when the build- 
ing of dams stopped the progress of salmon to the hatchery. During 



236 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

this period a temporary station for the collection of eggs was estab- 
lished on Sandy River, about 15 miles away, and on Salmon River, 
a tributary of Sandy River, both tributaries of the Columbia River. 
Some eggs were also brought in from the California hatcheries and 
hatched at the Clackamas station. In 1901 the hatchery was moved 
about 4 miles down the river and has since been operated as both 
a rearing and a collecting station. In 1901 the State established 
another hatchery on the Clackamas River about 30 miles below the 
main station and between the north and south forks. In 1904 all 
were turned over to the United States. In 1915 the hatchery was 
moved again. In 1907 an experimental station for the collection of 
eggs of the early variety of chinook salmon was established by the 
State of Oregon on the Clackamas River below the Portland Railway, 
Light & Power Co.'s dam at Cazadero, but this was later operated by 
the United States Bureau of Fisheries. The building of a dam having 
cut off this station, another was established in 1913 at a point 30 miles 
distant from Portland. 

In 1889 the State established a hatchery in the cannery of F. M. 
Warren, at Warrendale, in Multnomah County, on the Columbia 
River, which was operated in that year and in 1890. 

In 1895 some of the Oregon salmon packers combined and organ- 
ized the Columbia River Packers' Propagating Co., which estab- 
lished a hatchery on the upper Clackamas River at the junction of 
the Warm Springs and the Clackamas and operated it in 1895 and 
1896. The Government operated it in 1897 and 1898, after which 
it was turned over to the State and moved to the opposite siae of 
the river. 

In 1898 the collection of steelhead trout eggs was first undertaken 
on the northwest coast by the State of Oregon on Salmon River, a 
tributary of the Columbia River, and met with fair success. In 
March, 1899, the Government sent a party to the falls of the Willam- 
ette River, near Oregon City, to collect steelhead eggs, and also 
operated for this purpose at its substation on the Salmon River, but 
the latter effort met with failure, as the rack was washed away. 
This station was turned over to the State on June 15, 1899. 

In 1901 the State of Oregon did some experimental work at Swan 
Falls, on Snake River, the boundary for a considerable distance 
between Oregon and Idaho. During the winter and early spring of 
1902 the State also worked Tucannon River, which is a tributary of 
Snake River, for steelhead, but met with poor success. Snake 
River was worked again in 1902 at the foot of Morton Island, which 
is situated 2 miles above Ontario, in Malheur County. Title to the 
necessary property was secured from the War Department in 1903 
and permanent buildings were erected. It was closed for some years 
and finally abandoned in 1911. 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 237 

In 1901 the State of Oregon established an experimental hatchery 
in Wallowa County, on the Grande Ronde River, at the mouth of a 
small tributary called the Wenaha River, which enters the main 
stream about 50 miles from its mouth. A permanent station was 
established in the canyon about 1£ miles below the Wallowa bridge 
on the Wallowa River, a tributary of the Grande Ronde River, in 
1903. 

In 1902 the State of Oregon erected a permanent plant on Salmon 
River at its junction with Boulder Creek. This plant was closed in 
1911. 

In the same year the State established an experimental station 
on the McKenzie River, a tributary of the Willamette River, about 
one-half mile above Vida post office. This experimental work was 
resumed in 1905 at a point 2 miles below Gate Creek. The hatchery 
was permanently established at a spot about 30 miles from Eugene 
and near the town of Leaburg a year or two later. 

In 1903 a hatchery was built by the State of Oregon on the Snake 
River, near the town of Ontario, in eastern Oregon. 

In 1906 an experimental station was established by the State on 
Breitenbush Creek a short distance above its junction with the 
Santiam River, a tributary of the Willamette River, but the plant 
was destroyed, very shortly after its establishment, by a forest fire. 
An experimental station was reestablished here in 1909, but a heavy 
freshet raised the river so high that the penned fish escaped around 
the rack. 

In 1909 the State of Oregon built at Bonneville, on Tanner Creek, 
a tributary of the Columbia River, a large central hatchery capable 
of handling 60,000,000 eggs, it being the intention of the State to 
hatch at this plant the eggs collected at other stations. 

In the same year a temporary hatchery was located on the Santiam 
River by the State of Oregon. 

During 1910 the State of Oregon received 1,500,000 red-salmon 
eggs from the Yes Bay (Alaska) hatchery of the United States Bureau 
of Fisheries, and yearly since they have received a consignment from 
the same source, as will be noted in the statistical tables. These were 
hatched out in the Bonneville hatchery and planted in the Columbia 
River. 

The State of Oregon built a hatchery on the Klaskanine River, a 
tributary of Youngs River, near Olney, in Clatsop County, in 1911. 
In the same year an eyeing station for spring chinooks was opened by 
the State on the Willamette River, near Lowell. 

The first entrance of Washington (then a Territory) into fish- 
cultural operations was in 1879, when the State fish commissioner 
paid the Oregon & Washington Fish Propagating Co., which was 
operating the hatchery on the Clackamas River, $2,000 for salmon 



238 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

fry deposited in that river. In 1893 the State Legislature estab- 
lished a hatchery fund which was to be supplied by licenses from 
certain lines of the fishery business. In 1895 its first hatchery in 
the Columbia River Basin was built on the Kalama River, about 4 
miles distant from its junction with the Columbia, and in Cowlitz 
County. Shortly after this hatchery was built it was discovered 
that it was above where the salmon spawned, and a second hatchery 
was built 1 1 miles below the first named, as the rugged mountainous 
character of the country made transportation between the two sites 
difficult. Of recent years a road has been constructed along the 
river bank, and it is probable that the upper buildings will be aban- 
doned entirely. 

Another station for the collection and eyeing of eggs was estab- 
lished on the Chinook River, a small stream which empties into Baker 
Bay near the mouth of the Columbia. 

During the fiscal year 1897 the United States Fish Commission 
established a station on Little White Salmon River, a stream which 
empties into the Columbia, on the Washington side, about 14 miles 
above the Cascades. During the fiscal year 1901 an auxiliary station 
was operated on Big White Salmon River, while fishing was carried 
on in Eagle and Tanner Creeks, in Oregon, the eggs obtained from 
these creeks being brought to the Little White Salmon hatchery. 

In 1899 the State of Washington built and operated hatcheries 
on the Wenatchee River, a tributary of the Columbia River, about 
1^ miles from Chiwaukum station on the Great Northern Railway, 
and on Wind River, a tributary of the Columbia, about 1 mile from 
the junction. 

In 1900 Washington State hatcheries were established in the 
Columbia River Basin as follows: White River hatchery, which was 
built on Coos Creek, which empties into a tributary of the White 
River, the location being about 2\ miles from where the Green 
River joins the White River; Methow River hatchery, built on the 
Methow River at the point where it is joined by the Twisp, about 
22 miles from the Columbia River; Colville River hatchery, built 
on the north bank of Colville River, about \\ miles from its mouth, 
and about 1 mile from Kettle Falls; Klickitat River hatchery, 
located on the east bank of the Klickitat River, about 6 miles from 
its mouth; and one on the Little Spokane River, about 10 miles from 
its mouth and about 9 miles north of the city of Spokane. The 
Klickitat River hatchery never was operated, while most of the 
others were operated intermittently. 

In 1906 a hatchery was established by the State of Washington 
on the Lewis River, some distance above the town of Woodland. 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 



239 



In 1909 the State of Washington established a hatchery near 
Pateros, on the Methow River, a tributary of the Columbia River, 
and on the Tulton. 

In 1915 Clarke County, Wash., built, a hatchery on the east side of 
Cold Creek, about 2 miles from the town of Vancouver. 

A temporary station was established by the State of Washington 
on Wenatchee Lake, near Leavenworth, in 1915. 

The following table shows the plants of salmon and steelhead 
trout in the Columbia River and its tributaries by the Bureau of 
Fisheries and the States of Oregon and Washington: 

Plants of Salmon Fry in the Columbia River Basin Since 1877. 



Years ending June 30 — 



Columbia River and tributaries. 



Sockeye 
fry. 



Chinook 
fry. 



Silverside 

fry. 



Steelhead 
trout fry. 



Chum fry. 



Total fry. 



1877. 
1878. 
1879. 



1889. 
1890. 
1891. 
1892. 
1893. 
1894. 
1895. 
1896. 
1S97. 
1898. 
1899. 
1900. 
1901. 
1902. 
1903. 
1904. 
1905. 
1906. 
1907. 
190S. 
1909. 
1910. 
1911. 
1912. 
1913. 
1914. 
1915. 



Total . 



1, 488, 327 
1,957,825 
1, 937, 134 
1,978,140 



300,000 
79,620 
076, 500 
834, 290 
554, 290 
300,000 
500,000 
756, 475 
694,000 
332, 400 
100,000 
213,000 
523,000 
389, 300 
641, 394 
212,074 
979,241 
510,869 
978, 978 
328,085 
174, 313 
694, 587 
107,217 
372, 785 
171,235 
852,008 
098, 943' 
744,002 
802, 795 
740,925 
211, 177 
, 727, 844 
, 317, 442 



7,175,824 

5, 559, 750 

17, 545, 724 

8, 721, 720 

8, 422, 085 

1, 354, 610 

0828,872 

2, 657, 349 

1, 705, 543 

2, 439, 415 

3, 374, 733 

ol, 308, 900 

1, 243, 660 

4, 591, 500 

636, 900 

608, 747 



8,625 

299, 000 

245, 000 

256, 327 

<*600,583 

158, 981 

«768, 235 

»1, 769, 494 

26, 640 

15,000 

*1, 058, 657 

">2, 063, 688 

1, 982, 331 

91, 503, 800 

40,000 

s932, 700 

4, 128, 833 



420,730 
106,020 
105, 800 
591,638 
8,299,572 



300,000 

79,620 

3,076,500 

1,834,290 

2,554,290 

1, 300, 000 

4, 500, 000 

3, 756, 475 

5,694,000 

1, 332, 400 

4, 100, 000 

213,000 

2,523,000 

10, 389, 300 

10,641,394 

26,212,074 

19,987,866 

29, 985, 693 

30, 783, 728 

62, 130, 136 

49,496,616 

80,275,653 

19,230,062 

38, 971, 151 

25, 855, 224 

36, 572, 551 

36, 597, 015 

43, 182, 423 

34, 003, 083 

55, 552, 230 

76, 885, 611 

87, 867, 222 

95, 354, 594 



800, 318, 789 



68, 175, 332 15, 857, 894 9, 523, 760 



901,237,201 



^Includes 23,000 eggs. 

6 Includes 557,150 yearlings, fingerlings, or adults, 
c Includes 1,668 yearlings, hngerlings, or adults. 
A Includes 37,033 yearlings, fingerlings, or adults, 
e Includes 50,000 eggs. 

/Includes 48,200 eggs and 47,980 yearlings, fingerlings, or adults. 
9 Includes 300 yearlings, fingerlings, or adults, 
fc Includes 24,383 yearlings, fingerlings, or adults, and 58,000 eggs. 
'Includes 1,995,746 yearlings, fingerlings, or adults. 
^'Includes 16,949 yearlings, fingerlings, or adults, 
i Includes 50,000 eggs. 

I Includes 225 yearhngs, fingerlings, or adults. 
m Includes 25,000 eggs. 

"Includes 11,700 yearlings, fingerlings, or adults, 
o Includes 100,000 eggs. 

P Includes 1,405,860 yearlings, fingerlings, or adults. 
9 Includes 116,300 yearlings, fingerlings, or adults. 
•■Includes 1,000,000 eggs and 1,732,805 yearlings, fingerlings, or adults. 
« Includes 79,000 eggs. 
^Includes 812,801 yearlings, fingerlings, or adults. 



240 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

WASHINGTON. 

Willapa River. — In 1899 Washington established a hatchery on 
Trap Creek, a tributary of the Willapa River, situated about 200 
yards from the creek's mouth. 

Cliehalis River. — The construction of a hatchery on the Chehalis 
River, about 4 miles above the city of Montesano, was begun by the 
State in October, 1897, but owing to bad weather and extreme high 
water was not completed until late in 1898. The hatchery was a 
failure until 1902 when a fair season was had, as was again true in 
1903. It was not operated in 1904. Since the State began taking 
eggs from the Satsop River, a tributary of the Chehalis, it has been 
possible to fill the hatchery each season. 

In 1909 the site where eggs had been gathered on the Satsop River 
was purchased, and a new hatchery was erected there. It has three 
concrete rearing ponds and is fully equipped for the taking of spawn 
and the hatching out and caring for 5,000,000 fry. This plant was 
first operated in the fall of 1909. 

Work was begun in September, 1914, by the United States Bureau 
of Fisheries on a hatching station on Lake Quinault, Wash., and a take 
of eggs was made the same year. 

In lieu of installing fishways in their dams in the Humptulips 
River and tributaries, in the Grays Harbor section, two timber firms 
agreed to furnish the money needed to build a hatchery on Stevens 
Creek, west of Humptulips, and the same w;as constructed and put 
into operation in October of the same year. The plant is now the 
property of the State. 

Puget Sound and tributaries. — In 1896 the State established a hatch- 
ery on Baker Lake, which is the head of Baker River, a tributary of 
the Skagit River, and this was the first establishment for the hatch- 
ing of sockeye salmon. In July, 1899, it was sold to the United States 
Fish Commission. In 1901 steelhead trout eggs were collected on 
Phinney Creek, about 5 miles from the town of Birdsview, and some 
30 miles from Baker Lake. In 1901 an auxiliary station was opened 
at Birdsview, on Skagit River, and steelhead trout eggs were col- 
lected on Phinney and Grandy Creeks and brought to Baker Lake to 
be hatched. 

In 1898 a private hatchery (the necessary money being raised by 
subscription among the residents of Fairhaven, now Bellingham, and 
vicinity) was built near Lake Samish, a few miles from Fairhaven. 

In 1899 a hatchery was built by the State on Kendall Creek, a 
tributary of the Nooksak River, about 300 yards from same, and 
about 2 miles from the railway station of Kendall. Except in 1903, 
this hatchery has since been operated continuously. An eyeing sta- 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 241 

tion was built in 1907 on the south fork of the Nooksak River, about 
1 mile from Acme. 

In the same year the State built a hatchery on the Skokomish 
River, about 4 miles from its mouth. An eyeing station was also 
erected on the north fork of the same river. The main station was 
not operated in 1904 and only on a small scale in 1903 and 1905. 

The State in 1889 built a hatchery on Friday Creek, a tributary 
of the Samish River, situated about 1 mile from the mouth of the 
creek. 

The following State hatcheries were first operated in 1900: Snoho- 
mish hatchery, built on the west bank of Skykomish River, a few 
miles from its mouth ; Nisqually River hatchery, built on Muck Creek, 
about one-half mile from the Nisqually River, and about 4 miles 
from the town of Roy, in Pierce County; and the Stillaguamish hatch- 
ery, located on the Stillaguamish River, about 4 miles from the town 
of Arlington, in Snohomish County. The latter has since been 
moved to Jim Creek, a tributary of the south branch of the Stilla- 
guamish River. 

The Startup hatchery, located near Startup, on the Skykomish 
River, was formerly used as a collecting station for the Snohomish 
hatchery. It is still used for this purpose, but also retains and 
hatches a considerable quantity of spawn. The station is about 4 
miles from the Snohomish hatchery. 

In 1900 the State established a fisheries experimental station at 
Keyport Landing, on the east arm of Port Orchard Bay, with Pearson 
as the nearest post office. The work of the station was devoted to 
salmon and oysters until it was abandoned a few years later. 

The State, established a hatchery on the Dungeness River, about 7 
miles from the town of Dungeness, in Clallam County, in 1901. In 
1906 it constructed a hatchery on a small tributary of the Skagit 
River, between Hamilton and Lyman. The station built on Sauk 
River, a tributary of the Skagit, has been operated only occasionally 
since the Skagit hatchery was built. 

The White River hatchery was constructed on Suice Creek, a trib- 
utary of Green River, some years ago. During the summer of 1909 
a new hatchery was built at this station, the old one being too small 
to accommodate the amount of spawn that could be taken. The new 
hatchery is located on the east side of Suice Creek near the county 
road. The building contains 140 hatching troughs. The plant has 
a pond system, where the fry are kept and fed until they are able to 
shift for themselves. 

During the summer of 1911 the city of Tacoma constructed a large 
concrete dam in the Green River, about 4 miles west of Eagle Gorge. 
62425°— 17 16 



242 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

As this dam prevented the salmon from reaching the spawning beds, 
the State established an eyeing station the same year just below 
the dam. In 1913 the name was changed to Green River hatchery, 
to conform to the name of the main stream. 

In 1912 the United States Bureau of Fisheries completed the Quil- 
cene and Duckabush hatcheries. Both are on small tributaries 
entering the west side of Hoods Canal, an arm of Puget Sound. 

In 1913 a new station was operated by the Bureau on the Duse- 
wallips River, a tributary of Hoods Canal, Puget Sound, near Brin- 
non. Two new field stations — on Elwell River, a tributary of the 
Skykomish River, near Sultan, and on Sauk River, a tributary of the 
Skagit River, near Darrington — were also put into operation the 
same year. The Sauk River had been worked by the State at one 
time. 

In 1913 the Middle Fork Nooksak eyeing station was transformed 
into a hatchery. In the same year the eyeing station on the south 
fork was moved farther up the river. 

In 1914 stations were established by the United States Bureau of 
Fisheries on Day Creek and Illabot Creek, tributaries of the Skagit 
River, while a substation was opened on Hamahama River at Eldon, 
distant about 9 miles up Hood Canal from the mouth of the Ducka- 
bush River. 

On May 23, 1914, the Baker Lake hatchery building was destroyed 
by fire. In addition to the building and equipment, 1,305,820 silver 
fry and 823,097 sockeye fry were destroyed. The station has since 
been rebuilt. 

In 1915 the State built a hatchery on the Pilchuck River, a tribu- 
tary of the Skykomish River, near Granite Falls. 

In lieu of building a fishway in its dam on the Elwha River, near 
Port Angeles, the Olympic Power Co. furnished the funds needed to 
build a hatchery below the dam, and this was opened by the State 
in 1915. 

The following tables show the total output of the salmon hatch- 
eries in the State of Washington owned by the United States Bureau 
of Fisheries and the hatcheries owned by the State itself: 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 



243 



Output of the Salmon Hatcheries in Washington Owned by the United States 

Bureau oe Fisheries. 





Chinook. 


Sockeye, or blueback. 


Silver, or coho. 


Year end- 
ing June 
30- 


Eggs. 


Fry. 


Finger- 
lings, 
yearlings, 
and 
adults. 


Eggs. 


Fry. 


Finger- 
lings, 
yearlings, 
and 
adults. 


Eggs. 


Fry. 


Finger- 
lings, 
yearlings, 
and 
adults. 


1897 




1,848,760 

7,391,886 

1,791,056 

6,626,947 

5, 427, 680 

15,637,687 

16, 774, 030 

17,386,183 

4,236,276 

14,846,905 

6,512,738 

12,372,503 

11,565,553 

9, 175, 610 

7,307,455 

10,959,728 

19,933,300 

31,140,440 

38, 162, 139 
















1898 . ... 


















1899 


4,926,000 
2,686,000 
6,581,000 
















1900 






10,683,000 
3, 834, 453 
3,371,000 
3,731,789 
3,855,000 
7,819,281 
3,285,130 
4,224,255 
8,514,305 
5,430,626 
4,554,825 
5,496,000 
4,692,573 
5,751,700 
2,583,469 

10,820,441 










1901 










174,041 




1902... 












1903 . . 












81, 812 
3,984,645 
8,071,081 
6,445,574 
3,636,952 
13,265,714 
7,661,110 
10,888,025 
4,550,615 
10,599,939 
10,754,617 
13,591,354 
20,673,056 




1904 


7,506,000 












1905 . 






10,000 
9,500 


107,000 
239, 180 
760,000 
296,000 
272,000 
275,000 
102,000 
52,000 
102,000 




1906 


7,714,000 
3,550,000 
1,485,000 
3,050,000 
3,813,250 
3,350,000 
8,020,000 
19, 713, 000 
4,584,000 
4,998,000 




880, 000 




1907 






1908 


1,537,941 
14, 186 


75,000 
100,000 






1909 






1910... 






1911... 


11,700 
655,095 








1912 . . . 








1913 . . . 








1914 


1,130,505 
987, 495 


50,000 
155,000 


120,000 
46,575 




1915 


35,000 


41,500 


Total. . 


81,976,250 


239,096,876 


4,336,922 


1,260,000 


88,647,847 


186,0752,240,180 


114,375,535 


41,500 





Humpback. 


Steelhead trout. 


Chum 

fry. 


Total. 


Year 

ending 

June 30— 


Eggs. 


Fry. 


Eggs. 


Fry. 


Finger- 
lings, 
year- 
lings, 
and 

adults. 


Eggs. 


Fry. 


Finger- 
lings, 
yearlings, 
and 
adults. 


1897 
















1,848,760 

7,391,886 

1,791,056 

17,335,947 

9,436,174 

19,118,687 

21,027,631 

25,472,425 

20, 129, 843 

26,087,599 

15,315,450 

41,051,200 

25,374,980 

27, 423, 498 

18,430,720 

33,597,880 

57,397,647 

78, 898, 806 

114,098,541 




1898 


















1899 














4,926,000 
2,686,000 
6,581,000 




1900 








26,000 








1901 














1902...... 








110,000 

440,000 

70,000 

3,205 

540,000 

941,505 

136,916 

717,691 

1,437,038 

911,650 

2,284,315 

1, 477, 150 

1, 792, 430 

2,008,698 








1903 






80,000 
255,000 
414, 400 
348,000 
200,000 
224,000 
220,000 
300,000 
660,000 
905,000 
1,330,000 
729,000 
125,000 


223,815 




80,000 
7,761,000! 
521,400 
9,183,1801 
4,510,000 
2,582,000 
3,642,000 
4,388,250 
4,112,000 
8,977,000 
21,145,000 
18,623,000 
5,313,000 




1904 




176,597 






1905 








10,000 
9 500 


1906 


2,000 


969,990 






1907 








1908 


502,000 


6,764,762 






1 537 941 


1909 






14,186 


1910 




1,368,000 

96,000 

2,566,325 

1,880 

021,118,378 

6,929,500 






1911 






69,000 
2,495,000 

19,479,000 
8,672,735 

35,504,707 


11,700 
655,095 


1912 






1913 






1914 


13,260,000 




1,250,505 
1,213,235 


1915 


137,665 






Total.. 


13,764,000 


39,991,432 


5,790,400 


12,896,598 


361,488 


66,220,442 


105,030,830 


561,228,730 


4,925,977 



t Includes 4,356 fingerlings, atteHs, and yearlings. 



244 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

Output of the Salmon Hatcheries Owned by the State of Washington. 



Year ending 
June 30— 


Chinook 
fry. 


Chum fry. 


Hump- 
back fry. 


Silver, or 
coho, fry. 


Sockeye, 
or blue- 
back, fry. 


Steelhead 
trout fry. 


Total. 


1896 


4,500,000 
4,050,000 
4, 275, 000 
8,595,000 
12,251,600 
12,275,400 
' 14,766,822 
14, 283, 499 
13,261,184 
7, 101, 180 
10,943,550 
8, 897, 670 
18, 647, 600 
17,440,950 
21, 168, 350 
16,458,502 
23,380,516 
30,542,928 
35,529,709 
&39,784,092 












4,500,000 
9,550,000 


1897 .. 








5,500,666 
5,400,000 




1898 










9,675,000 
8,784,000 


1899 






189,000 
13,778,280 
19,747,894 
32,964,593 
28,659,079 
15,725,196 
12,226,294 
28,906,380 
28, 668, 600 
29,273,202 
24,543,200 
30,894,100 
33,097,750 
37, 164, 125 
50,263,290 
33,494,380 
60,169,474 




1900... 


10,301,760 
16,478,280 
9,937,390 
9,937,390 






1,736,560 
1,398,476 
2,481,371 
3,134,076 
3, 868, 866 
2, 433, 635 
2,769,784 
3,575,943 
4,578,075 
4, 080, 450 
4,855,000 
5, 163, 180 
4,832,067 
9,089,250 
3,601,514 
3,457,130 


38, 068, 200 


1901 .-. . . 






49,900,050 


1902 . 






60, 150, 176 
56,014,044 
33, 150, 446 


1903 






1904 


295,200 




1905 






21,761,109 


1906... 


3,268,800 
6, 120, 000 
4,342,350 
8,218,000 
8,607,500 

13,326,750 
4,684,950 

14,711,400 
7,842,266 

27, 458, 665 






45, 888, 514 


1907... 






47, 262, 213 


1908 


2,655,900 




59,497,127 


1909 




54,282,600 


1910... 


519,600 




66,044,550 


1911... 




68,046,182 


1912 


370,785 




70, 432, 443 


1913 




104,606,868 
82,050,398 


1914 !.. 


1,532,737 
578,504 


49,792 
62,631 


1915o 


131,510,496 






Total . . 


318, 153,552 


145,235,501 


5,952,726 


479,764,837 


11,012,423 


61,055,377 


1,021,174,416 



a A considerable proportion of the fry was fed in rearing ponds for some time before planting. 
b 29,900 eggs were distributed in addition. 

Note. — As the printed reports of the State before 1913 in many instances report as the output the number 
of eggs gathered, it has been necessary in such cases to make an arbitrary reduction from these figures, in 
order to allow for the loss in the egg stage. 

The following table shows the plantings made in waters of Wash- 
ington other than the Columbia River by the United States Bureau 
of Fisheries and the State of Washington : 

Plants of Salmon Fry and Fingerlings in the Waters of Washington Other 
Than the Columbia River. 



Year ending June 30— 



1897. 
1898. 
1899. 
1900. 
1901. 
1902. 
1903. 
1904. 
1905. 
1906. 
1907. 
1908. 
1909. 
1910. 
1911. 
1912. 
1913. 
1914. 
1915. 



Puget Sound and tributaries. 



Chinook. 



7,470,000 



300,000 
2,141,322 
2, 113, 850 
1,865,933 
2, 590, 738 
4, 819, 290 
3,907,598 
8, 356, 709 
9,647,288 

11,681,060 
4, 984, 482 
4,646,254 
7,561,328 
7,392,826 

15,242,734 



5,500,000 
5, 400, 000 



10, 683, 000 
3,834,453 
3,371,000 
3, 731, 789 
3, 855, 000 



d 3, 582, 630 



8,514,305 
5,430,626 
4,554,825 
5,496.000 
4,692,573 
5,751,700 
> 2, 803, 261 
7,371,056 



Total 94,721,412 84,572,238 498,862,136 52,663,721 184,145 



Silver, or 
coho. 



189, 
6, 749, 
14,360, 
23,161 
21,507, 
14,071, 
16,441, 
«29, 770, 
26,960, 
37, 613 
28,622 
36, 837: 
29,941 
39,788 
56,128 
42, 213 
74,505 



Hump- 
back. 



471,797 



969, 990 
4,224,255 
9,420,662 



1,887,600 

96, 000 

5, 432, 110 

1,888 

;'22, 651, 415 

7,508,004 



Chum. 



10,301,760 
16,478,280 
9,937,390 
9,937,390 



1,800,000 
5,220,000 
2, 278, &50 
6,048,000 
7,748,500 
12,074,060 
3,526,170 
31,408,960 
15,535,046 
51,852,050 



Steelhead. 



1,572,560 
1,398,476 
2,591,371 

6 3,326,091 
3,518,476 

c 1,329, 940 

/3, 177, 174 
3,964,308 
4,566,491 

g 4, 499, 141 
6,292,338 
4,841,330 

h 6, 733, 805 
9,731,400 
4,444,271 
4,925,555 



66,912,727 



o In addition to the waters given, plants of 19,913 chinook, 3,558,591 blueback, or sockeye, 198,966 silver, or 
coho, and 10,598 steelhead were made in the Quinault River in 1915. 
6 Of these, 218,200 were yearlings, fingerlings, or adults, 
c Of these, 14,400 were eggs. 

d Of these, 9,500 were yearlings, fingerlings, or adults. 
« Of these, 14,840 were yearlings, fingerlings, or adults. 
/ Of these, 15,000 were yearlings, fingerlings, or adults. 
g Includes 100,000 eggs. 

ft Of these, 25,000 were eggs and 1,000 yearlings, fingerlings, or adults. 
i Includes 50,000 eggs and 120,000 fingerlings. 
J Includes 4,355 fingerlings. 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 



245 



Plants of Salmon Fry and Fingerlings in the Waters op Washington Other 
Than the Columbia River — Continued. 



Year ending 
June 30— 


Chehalis River. 


Willapa River. 


Chinook. 


Silver, or 
coho. 


Chum. 


Steel- 
head. 


Chinook. 


Silver, or 
coho. 


Chum. 


Steel- 
head. 


1899 


1,215,000 
2,355,300 
1,909,800 
















1900 








881,000 
653, 400 

2, 163, 019 
■ 819, 504 
630, 000 
529, 650 
393, 660 
678, 600 
322, 200 
455, 200 
734, 350 
748, 600 
729, 600 

3,247,345 
302, 461 






190, 000 


1901 












1903 








1, 800, 000 

204, 876 

1,800,000 

2,160,000 

2,250,000 

654, 500 

504,000 

64, 000 

2,457,900 

3,111,750 

1,386,000 

1,785,580 

581, 730 




500, 000 
420,390 
288, 000 


1904 


900, 000 










1905 










1906 




2,563,380 
2, 250, 000 
3, 275, 000 
1, 800, 000 
1,577,000 
4,041,900 
3, 575, 700 
1,690,200 
2, 977, 260 
4, 989, 440 


1, 468, 800 

900, 000 

2, 064, 000 

1, 757, 000 

859,000 

900, 960 

1,052,760 

3, 177, 680 

497, 300 

1,230,000 






1907 








526, 500 
148, 500 
399,000 


1908 


163,000 






1909 


148, 000 






1910 


403, 000 
111,150 
118, 750 
119, 700 
139, 000 
93, 250 






1911 


937, 500 
93, 752 
412, 500 
701, 118 
561, 900 




300, 000 
303 825 


1912 




1913 




382,500 
248,555 
105,440 


1914 




1915 


1,581,750 




Total... 


7,675,950 


28, 739, 880 


13,907,500 


2, 706, 770 


13, 288, 589 


18, 760, 336 


1,581,750 


3, 984, 260 


Year ending June 
30— 


Total by species. 




Chinook. 


Sockeye. 


Silver, or 
coho. 


Hump- 
' back. 


Chum. 


Steelhead. 


Grand 
total. 


1878 


a 3, 000 












3,000 

5,500,000 

5, 400, 000 

8,874,000 

32, 732, 900 

38,934,594 

41, 202, 152 

45,079,910 

26, 127, 821 

23,080,053 

51,012,878 

50, 596, 873 

77,733,583 

59,177,565 

72,359,648 

66,917,497 

73,824,663 

118,481,663 

104, 636, 888 

174,638,585 


1897 


5,500,000 
5,400,000 










1898 












1899 


8,685,000 

3,236,300 

2, 863, 200 

2,141,322 

4, 276, 869 

3,585,437 

3, 220, 738 

5,348,940 

4, 301, 258 

9, 198, 309 

10, 117, 489 

12,539,260 

5, 829, 982 

5, 513, 604 

8, 410, 628 

10, 779, 171 

15,658,358 


189, 000 
6, 749, 280 
14,360,185 
23, 161, 069 
23,307,771 
14,276,721 
18,241,375 
34, 493, 794 
31,460,552 
41,542,966 
30,926,310 
38,478,125 
36,441,665 
46,476,064 
59,204,407 
46, 976, 751 
80, 275, 283 








1900 


10,683,000 
3, 834, 453 
3,371,000 
3, 731, 789 
3,855,000 




10,301,760 
16, 478, 280 
9,937,390 
9, 937, 390 


1,762,560 
1,398,476 
2,591,371 
3,826,091 
3,938,866 
1,617,940 
3,348,724 
4,490,808 
4,714,991 
4,898,141 
6, 292, 338 
6, 078, S30 
7,131,382 
10, 526, 400 
5,393,944 
5,603,493 


1901 




1902 




1903 




1904 


471, 797 


1905 




1906 


3,582,630 


969, 990 
4,224,255 
9,420,662 


3,268,800 

6,120,000 

4,342,350 

7, 805, 000 

8, 607, 500 

12,975,020 

4,578,930 

34,586,640 

16, 032, 346 

54, 663, 800 


1907 


1908 


8,514,305 
5,430,626 
4,554,825 
5,496,000 
4,692,573 
5,751,700 
2, 803, 261 
10,929,647 


1909 


1910 


1,887,600 

96,000 

5,432,110 

1,888 

22,651,415 

7,508,004 


1911 


1912 


1913 


1914 


1915 




Total 


115, 70S 8fi4 


88, l^f> "no 








73,614,355 


1,076,311,293 














' 




' 




' 



a These were brought from the Clackamas (Oreg.) station and planted in some unnamed lake. 
BRITISH COLUMBIA. 

Fraser River. — The first hatchery established by the Dominion of 
Canada on the Pacific coast was erected in 1884 at what is now Bon 
Accord, a point on the lower river some 4 miles above New West- 
minster, and on the opposite shore. The next built was in 1901 on 
Granite Creek, Shuswap Lake, which discharges into the Fraser 
through the South Thompson River, the lake being about 280 miles 
from New Westminster. In 1904 another hatchery was established 
on Harrison Lake on the Lillooet River, first large tributary of the 
Fraser on the north side; also one about 4 miles east of the lower 
extremities of Pemberton Meadows, at the junction of Owl Creek 



246 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

and the Birkenhead River, 4 miles above its confluence with the 
eastern branch of the Lillooet River, which in turn discharges into 
Lillooet Lake. In 1907 a hatchery was built on Stuart Lake, near 
the headwaters of the Fraser. 

In 1914 the Bon Accord hatchery had to be abandoned, due to the 
laying out of a town site around it, and the equipment was transferred 
to Queen's Park, New Westminster. 

The Province of British Columbia owns Seton Lake hatchery, 
which was established in 1903 on Lake Creek, on the north side, 
about half a mile from the outlet of Seton Lake, and it has been 
operated continuously ever since. Seton Lake is a part of the Fraser 
River chain and is some 300 miles above the mouth of the river. 
Lake Creek, the outlet of Seton Lake, empties into the Cayoosh 
Creek, a tributary of the Fraser, 45 miles north of the latter's junction 
with the Thompson, and 1 mile south of the town of Lillooet. 

Nimpkisli River. — In 1902 S. A. Spencer, of the Alert Bay cannery 
(now belonging to the British Columbia Packers Association), in 
return for certain special fishery privileges granted by the Dominion, 
established a hatchery on this river, which is located on the northeast 
shore of Vancouver Island. The hatchery was burned down in 1903, 
but was immediately rebuilt. Since its establishment it has been 
operated by the Dominion. 

Rivers Inlet. — A hatchery was established by the Dominion on 
McTavish Creek, one of the tributaries of Oweekayno Lake, about 
20 miles up Rivers Inlet, in 1905, and has been operated ever since. 

Skeena River. — In 1902 the Dominion established a hatchery on 
Lakelse Lake, in the Skeena River Basin, about 65 miles up the 
river from Port Essington. In 1907 another was constructed on 
Babine Lake, the source of the Skeena River. 

In 1910 the Dominion put three new hatcheries into operation, 
all on Vancouver Island. They were located on Anderson Lake, 
Kennedy Lake, and Cowichan Lake, respectively. The two former 
are used for sockeyes and the latter for king and coho salmon and 
steelhead and other varieties of trout. 

In 1913, the year of the quadriennially big run of sockeye salmon 
on the Fraser River, the contractors who were building the new 
Canadian Northern Railway, in blasting their way along the banks 
of the river, threw the rock and other debris into the stream until 
in the narrow part of the canyon south of North Bend at Whites 
Creek, Hells Gate, China Bar, and Scuzzy Rapids, all within a few 
miles of each other, the debris formed great sloping banks extending 
out into the stream at these points, and entirely changed the direction 
of the currents, and of course, the velocity of the water. At best the 
salmon had a hard time getting through there, but the added 
obstructions rendered it practically impossible. 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 



247 



At a rather late hour the authorities woke up to the menace this 
work was to the run of salmon, and the dumping of debris into the 
river in such a manner as to obstruct their ascent was stopped. 

How to clear the stream once more was now the problem, and this 
was seriously complicated by a slide of rock which took place in 
Hells Gate in February, 1914, which narrowed the channel of the 
stream considerably. 

In March, 1914, the Dominion Marine and Fisheries Department 
contracted with a private concern to remove the obstructions, and 
this was done from Scuzzy Rapids, China Bar, and Whites Creek 
entirely within a short period of time, but a couple of seasons' 
work were required to clear up Hells Gate so as to permit of easy 
passage for the fish. 

The following table shows the plantings made in the waters of 
British Columbia from the Dominion and provincial hatcheries: 

Plants of Salmon Fry Made in the Waters of British Columbia. 





Fraser River.a 


Years. 


Chum. 


Coho, or 
silver. 


Spring, or 
king. 


Hump- 
back. 


Sockeye. 


Steel- 
head 
trout. 


Total. 


1885 










1,800,000 

2,625,000 

4,414,000 

5, 807, 000 

4,419,000 

6,640,000 

3,603,800 

6,000,000 

5,674,000 

6,300,000 

6,390,000 

10,393,000 

5,928,000 

5, 850, 000 

4,742,000 

6,200,000 

15,808,000 

12,521,000 

13, 729, 200 

9,244,300 

100,479;000 

36,965,900 

51,855,200 

41,909,500 

105,312,500 

24,146,300 

34,183,850 

41,062,700 

92,308,000 

27,496,000 


75,000 
12,000 
4,666 


1,800,000 
2, 625, 000 
4,414,000 
5,807,000 
4,419,000 
6,640,000 
3,603,800 
6,000,000 
5,674,000 
6,300,000 
6,390,000 
10,393,000 
5,928,000 
5,850,000 
4,742,000 
6,200,000 
15,973,000 
14,368,000 


1886 










1887 










1888 










1889 










1890 










1891 










1892 










1893. 










1894 










1895 










1896 










1897 










1898 










1899 










1900 










1902 6 




90,000 
1,750,000 

210,000 
5,576,100 
4,774,000 
3,219,200 
5,890,000 
7, 375, 400 

450,000 
5,31S,800 
3,899,500 
1,995,600 
1,522,000 
2,196,000 






1903 


75,000 


22,000 




1904 


50,000 


1905 




4,381,400 
1,791,500 
1,814,900 
2,815,000 
5,772,400 
6,300.000 
2,129,500 
5,962,500 
4, 533, 550 
50,000 
2,614,700 




1906 






107,048,500 
42.000,000 
83,060,200 
55 057 300 


1907 






1908 -. 




22,500,000 


1909 




1910 






112' 062' 500 


1911 






3l' 594,' 600 
72,819,200 
48 691 850 


1912 




28,773,350 


1913 


i, 166,666 


1914 


500,000 


94' 380^ 000 


1915 


125,000 








Total 


1,300,000 


44,216,600 


38,187,450 


51,823,350 


693,807,250 


91,000 


829,475,650 





o Some of the reports from the provincial hatchery at Seton Lake show merely the take of eggs; it has 
been necessary to make an arbitrary reduction in order to show the loss of eggs aaifcy before planting. 
b No plants made in 1901. ^^ 



248 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

Plants of Salmon Fry Made in the Waters of British Columbia — Continued. 



Years. 



1903. 
1904. 
1905. 
1906. 
1907. 
1908. 
1909. 
1910. 
1911. 
1912. 
1913. 
1914. 
1915. 



Total. 



Skeena River. 



Hump- 
back. 



Sockeye. 



3,450,000 
4,000,000 
3,767,900 
3,784,450 
4, 125, 750 
8,946,950 
11,882,400 
oil, 521, 700 
12, 556, 470 
12,367,500 
11,430,430 
11,843,200 
11,899,613 



16,000 111,576,363 111,592,363 



Total. 



3, 450, 000 
4,000,000 
3,767,900 
3,784,450 
4,125,750 
8,946,950 
11,882,400 
11,521,700 
12, 556, 470 
12,367,500 
11, 430, 430 
11,843,200 
11,915,613 



Rivers Inlet. 



Spring, or 
king. 



4,706,000 



Sockeye. 



8,000,000 
8,440,000 
8,594,000 
13,300,000 
12,750,000 
11,436,000 
11,791,000 
10,981,000 
12,397,000 
12,712,000 



4,706,000 110,401,000 115,107,000 



Total. 



8,000,000 
8,440,000 
13,300,000 
13,300,000 
12,750,000 
Ik 436, 000 
11,791,000 
10,981,000 
12,397,000 
12,712,000 



Nimpkish 
River. 



Sockeye. 



1,636,000 
2,496,000 
2,850,000 
4,873,400 
4,870,000 
4,800,000 
4,500,000 
5,055,000 
6,414,000 
5,114,500 
4,981,000 
5,053,000 
4,880,000 



57,522,900 



Years. 



Vancouver Island. 



Chum. 



Coho, or 
silver. 



Sprint, or 
king. 



Sockeye. 



Steelhead 
trout. 



Total. 



1911. 
1912. 
1913. 
1914. 
1915. 



4,550,000 
3,487,500 
3,180,000 
2,252,000 
2, 229, 220 



425, 000 
456, 000 
712,500 
701,000 
250, 600 



7,862,000 
13,620,750 
15,031,750 
15,314,500 
15,911,000 



145, 200 
37, 200 

173,900 
87, 200 
55,000 



13,022,200 
17,601,450 
19,098,150 
18,354,700 
18,445,820 



Total. 



40,000 



15,698,720 



2,545,100 



67,740,000 



498, 500 



86,522,320 



o Includes 80,000 coho fry. 

Plants of Salmon Fry Made in the Waters of British Columbia — Continued. 





Total by species. 




Years. 


Chum. 


Coho, or 
silver. 


Spring, or 
king. 


Hump- 
back. 


Sockeye. 


Steel- 
head 
trout. 


Grand 
total. 












1,800,000 
2,625,000 
4,414,000 
5, 807, 000 
4,419,000 
6,640,000 
3,603,800 
6,000,000 
5,674,000 
6,300,000 
6,390,000 
10,393,000 
5,928,000 
5,850,000 
4,742,000 
6,200,000 
15,808,000 
17,607,000 
20, 225, 200 
15,862,200 
117, 136, 850 
54,401,650 
74,196,150 
71,591,900 
134,639,200 
62,414,770 
77,077,570 
S3, 486, S80 
136,915,700 
72, 898, 613 




1,800,000 














2,625,000 














4,414,000 














5,807,000 














4,419,000 














6,640,000 














3,603,800 














6,000,000 














5,674,000 














6,300,000 














6,390,000 














10,393,000 














5,928,000 














5,850,000 














4,742,000 














6,200,000 


1902 




90, 000 
1,750,000 

210,000 
5,576,100 
4,774,000 
3,219,200 
5,890,000 
7,375,400 

450,000 
9,868,800 
7,387,000 
5, 175, 600 
3, 744, 000 
4, 425, 220 






75, 000 


15,973,000 




75,000 


22,000 




19,454,000 


1904 


50,000 


12, 000 


20,497,200 


1905 




4,381,400 
1, 791, 500 
1,814,900 
7,521,000 
5,772,400 
6,300,000 
2,554,500 
6, 418, 500 
5, 246, 050 
751,000 
2,865,300 


25, 819, 700 


1906 






4,000 


123,706,350 








59,435,750 


1908 




22,500,000 




110,107,150 


1909 






84, 739, 700 










141.389,200 


1911 


46,666 




145, 200 
37, 200 

173,900 
87, 200 
55, 000 


75,023,270 


1912 


28,773,350 


119,693,620 


1913 


1,100,000 


95,182,430 


1914 


500,000 
16,000 


141,997,900 


1915 


125, 000 


80, 385, 133 


Total 


1,340,000 


59,935,320 


45,438,550 


51,839,350 


1,041,047,483 


589,500 


1,200,190,203 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 249 

ALASKA. 

In 1891 several of the canneries operating at Karluk, on Kodiak 
Island, combined forces and built a hatchery on the lagoon at that 
place. As the cannery men were at swords' points in regard to their 
fishing rights on the spit, in 1892 the hatchery was closed. In May, 
1896, the Alaska Packers Association broke ground for a hatchery 
at the eastern end of the lagoon, near the outlet of Karluk River, a 
short distance from where the hatchery was located in 1891, and 
operated it until 1916, when it was closed temporarily. 

In 1892 Capt. John C. Callbreath, manager of the Point Ellis 
cannery, on Kuiu Island, operated a small hatchery on the left bank of 
Kutlakoo stream. It was a very primitive place, and an exception- 
ally high tide destroyed the whole plant in September. It was never 
rebuilt. 

Capt. Callbreath, however, after seeing to the operation of the hatch- 
ery, had returned to Wrangell during the summer, where his attention 
was again attracted to hatchery work, and in the fall of 1892 he 
built a small hatchery on Jadjeska stream, Etolin Island, about 200 
yards from its mouth. The stream is about one-half mile in length 
and is the outlet of a small lake. Finding the location unsuitable 
Capt. Callbreath removed the hatchery in 1893 to the northern side 
of the lake, about three-eighths of a mile from the head of the outlet, 
where it still stands. The owner's intention was to build up a stream 
which had a small natural run of red salmon until it had a large run, 
with the hope that the Government would then give him the exclusive 
right to take these fish from the stream for commercial purposes. 
The experiment was kept up until the end of the season of 1905, 
when Capt. Callbreath's failing eyesight compelled the cessation of 
the actual hatching. Until 1910 a man was stationed on the stream 
during the run of spawning fish for the purpose of lifting them 
over the dam, so that they could reach the spawning beds at the 
head of the lake, and the project was abandoned entirely shortly 
thereafter. The owner's expectation of a big run as a result of 
hatching operations was never realized. 

In '1896 the Baranof Packing Co., which operated a cannery on 
Redfish Bay, on the western coast of Baranof Island, built a small 
hatchery on the lake at the head of Redfish stream. The following 
winter was so cold that not only the flume, but the whole cataract, 
froze solid, and as the hatchery was thus left without water the eggs 
were put into the lake and left to their fate and the hatchery closed 
down permanently. 

In 1-897 the North Pacific Trading & Packing Co., at Klawak, 
Prince of Wales Island, established a hatchery near the head of Klawak 
stream, close to Klawak Lake. In 1898 the plant was moved to the 
mouth of a small stream entering the lake about halfway up the 



250 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 

western shore. This hatchery has been operated continuously ever 
since. In 1909 the North Alaska Salmon Co. acquired a half interest 
in it, which it relinquished to the original owners a few years later. 

The Pacific Steam Whaling Co., in 1898 erected a small hatch- 
ery on Hetta Lake, on the west side of Prince of Wales Island, which 
was operated until the close of the hatching season of 1903-4, when 
the Pacific Packing & Navigation Co., successor to the original 
owner, went into the hands of a receiver. In 1907 it was reopened by 
the Northwestern Fisheries Co., which had acquired the interests 
of the old company, and has been operated each season since. 

Up to 1900 the work of hatching salmon was entirely voluntary 
on the part of the packers. . On May 2 of that year the following 
regulation was promulgated at the Treasury Department, which at 
that time had control of the Alaska salmon-inspection service: 

7. Each person, company, or corporation taking salmon in Alaskan waters shall 
establish and conduct, at or near the fisheries operated by him or them, a suitable 
artificial propagating plant or hatchery; and shall produce yearly and place in the 
natural spawning waters of each fishery so operated red-salmon fry in such numbers 
as shall be equal to at least four times the number of mature fish taken from the said 
fisheries, by or for him or them, during the preceding fishing season. The manage- 
ment and operation of such hatcheries shall be subject to such rules and regulations 
as may hereafter be prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury. They shall be open 
for inspection by the authorized official of this department; annual reports shall be 
made, giving full particulars of the number of male and female salmon stripped, the 
number of eggs treated, the number and percentage of fish hatched, and all other con- 
ditions of interest; and there shall be made a sworn yearly statement of the number of 
fry planted and the exact location where said planting was done. 

On January 24, 1902, this regulation was amended so as to require 
the planting of "red-salmon fry in such numbers as shall be equal 
to at least ten times the number of salmon of all varieties taken from 
the said fisheries." 

Although the regulation was mandatory, but few of the packers 
obeyed it, some because no suitable place was to be found within a 
reasonable distance of their plants, others because the establishment 
and operation of such a hatchery would cost more than their returns 
from the industry justified, and others because of lack of knowledge 
required in hatchery work. The greater number of them absolutely 
ignored it, and as a result those who conformed to the regulation 
were placed under a heavy financial handicap. The injustice of this 
arrangement was patent on its face, and in 1906, when a compre- 
hensive revision of the law was made by Congress, provision was 
made for reimbursing in the future those cannery men who operated 
salmon hatcheries. The section covering this point reads as follows: 

Sec. 2. That the catch and pack of salmon made in Alaska by the owners of pri- 
vate salmon hatcheries operated in Alaska shall be exempt from all license fees and 
taxation of every nature at the rate of ten cases of canned salmon to every one thousand 
red or king salmon fry liberated, upon the following conditions. 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 251 

That the Secretary of Commerce and Labor may from time to time, and on the 
application of the hatchery owner shall, within a reasonable time thereafter, cause 
such private hatcheries to be inspected for the purpose of determining the character 
of their operations, efficiency, and productiveness, and if he approve the same shall 
cause notice of such approval to be filed in the office of the clerk or deputy clerk of the 
United States district court of the division of the District of Alaska wherein any such 
hatchery is located, and shall also notify the owners of such hatchery of the action 
taken by him. The owner, agent, officer, or superintendent of any hatchery the 
effectiveness and productiveness of which has been approved as above provided 
shall, between the thirtieth day of June and the thirty-first day of December of each 
year, make proof of the number of salmon fry liberated during the twelve months 
immediately preceding the thirtieth day of June, by a written statement under oath. 
Such proof shall be filed in the office of the clerk or deputy clerk of the United States 
district court of the division of the District of Alaska wherein such hatchery is located, 
and when so filed shall entitle the respective hatchery owners to the exemption as 
herein provided; and a false oath as to the number of salmon fry liberated shall be 
deemed perjury and subject the offender to all the pains and penalties thereof. Dupli- 
cates of such statements shall also be filed with the Secretary of Commerce and Labor. 

It shall be the duty of such clerk or deputy clerk in whose office the approval and 
proof heretofore provided for are filed to forthwith issue to the hatchery owner, caus- 
ing such proofs to be filed, certificates which shall not be transferable and of such 
denominations as said owner may request (no certificate to cover fewer than one 
thousand fry), covering in the aggregate the number of fry so proved to have been 
liberated; and such certificates may be used at any time by the person, company, cor- 
poration, or association to whom issued for the payment pro tanto of any license fees 
or taxes upon or against or on account of any catch or pack of salmon made by them 
in Alaska ; and it shall be the duty of all public officials charged with the duty of col- 
lecting or receiving such license fees or taxes to accept such certificates in lieu of 
money in payment of all license fees or taxes upon or against the pack of canned 
salmon at the ratio of one thousand fry for each ten cases of salmon. No hatchery 
owner shall obtain the rebates from the output of any hatchery to which he might 
otherwise be entitled under this act unless the efficiency of said hatchery has first 
been approved by the Secretary of Commerce and Labor in the manner herein pro- 
vided for. 

Of recent years so much objection has been raised to the system 
of hatchery rebates that the matter of the Federal Government 
taking over all private hatcheries in Alaska, at a fair valuation, and 
operating same, is being favorably considered. 

In 1901 the Pacific Steam Whaling Co. established two small 
hatcheries — one on Nagel Stream, which enters the northern side of 
Quadra Lake, on the mainland of southeast Alaska, and one on a 
stream entering Freshwater Lake Bay, Chatham Strait. Both were 
closed down hi 1904 when the company failed. In 1908 the North- 
western Fisheries Co., which had acquired the Quadra plant, removed 
it to a small stream entering the head of the lake and has operated 
it ever since. 

In 1901 the Alaska Packers Association erected a hatchery on 
Heckman Lake, the third of a series of lakes on Naha Stream, Revilla- 
gigedo Island, and about 8 miles from Loring, where the association 
has a cannery. This is without question the largest and costliest 
salmon hatchery in the world, having a capacity of 110,000,000 eggs, 



252 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 



and the association is entitled to great credit for the public spirit it has 
shown and the work it has done, entirely without remuneration until 
1906, in building and operating not only this hatchery but also the 
one at Karluk. 

The Union Packing Co., at Kell Bay, on Kuiu Island, and F. C. 
Barnes, at Lake Bay, on Prince of Wales Island, in 1902 built and 
operated small hatcheries, both of which were abandoned after one 
season's work. 

Up to 1905 the work of hatching salmon in Alaska was confined to 
the salmon cannery men. In that year, however, the United States 
Bureau of Fisheries erected a hatchery on Yes Lake, which empties 
through a short stream into Yes Bay, on Cleveland Peninsula. In 
1907 the bureau constructed another hatchery, on Afognak Lake, near 
Litnik Bay, Afognak Island. 

The eruption of Katmai Volcano, on the Alaska Peninsula, June 
6, 1912, coyered the island of Afognak with volcanic ash and sand to 
an average depth of 9 inches. It is estimated that 20,000 salmon 
perished at the head of Litnik Lake, while thousands were driven 
back into the ocean. As a result of these conditions the work at the 
Afognak station was much hampered and curtailed. Even as late 
as 1915 work at this station was still being hampered by the volcanic 
ash and sand which fell in 1912. 

In 1913 collecting stations were established at Eagle Harbor and 
Uganak Lake, on Kodiak Island. In 1915 another was established 
at Seal Bay, on Afognak Island. 

In 1913 a collecting station was established on Ketchikan Creek, 
but, owing to the objections of the citizens of the town against the 
taking away of the eggs, the station was abandoned in 1915. 

The following tables show the eggs gathered and the fry planted 
by the Government and privately owned hatcheries in Alaska: 

Output of the Salmon Hatcheries in Alaska Owned by the United States 
Bureau of Fisheries, 1906 to 1915. 





Yes Lake hatchery. 


Year ending 
June 30— 


Bed, or sockeye. 


Coho, 
or sil- 
ver, fry. 


Steel- 
head 
fry. 


Humpback. 


Total. 




Eggs., 


Fry. 


Eggs. 


Fry. 


Eggs. 


Fry. 


1906... 




6,638,550 
54, 610, 800 
61,369,000 
48,653,000 
69,879,600 
68,239,900 
68,335,000 
60,422,100 
42,726,400 
^37,445,000 












6,638,550 


1907 






143, 500 








54,754,300 


1908 










61,369,000 
48,662,900 


1909 




9,900 










1910 












69,879,600 


1911 








100,000 




100,000 


68,239,900 


1912 










68,335,000 


1913 














60, 422, 100 


1914 


2,000,000 








4,500,666 


2,000,000 
2,000,000 


47,226,400 


1915 






2,000,000 


37,445,000 














Total 


2,000,000 


518,319,350 


9,900 


143,500 


2,100,000 


4,500,000 


4,100,000 


522,972,750 



a Includes 2,925,000 fingerlings, yearlings, or adults. 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 



253 



Output or the Salmon Hatcheries i$t Alaska, Owned by the United States 
Bureau op Fisheries, 1906 to 1915 — Continued. 







Afognak hatchery. 


Year ending June 
30— 


Red, or sockeye. 


Coho, or 
- silver, 
fry. 


Humpback. 


Total. 




Eggs. 


Fry. 


Eggs. 


Fry. 


Eggs. 


Fry. 


1909 




39,325,870 
71, 647, 170 
26,755,000 
18,394,700 
12,551,100 
7, 761, 705 
6,387,080 






10,000 
363,740 
364, 150 






1910 










72,'oio!910 


1911 










1912 






3,271,740 


3,271,740 




1913 








1914 


3,970,666 


50,000 




12,034,399 
b 343, 480 


3,970,000. 
12,500,000 




1915 


12,500,000 










Total. 




3,970,000 


182, 822, 625 


50, 000 


15, 771, 740 


13,115,769 


19,741,740 










Total, by species. 


Grand total. 


Year end- 
ing June 
30— 


Red, or sockeye. 


Coho, or 

silver, 

fry. 


Steel- 
head 
fry. 


Humpback. 




Eggs. 


Fry. 


Eggs. 


Fry. 


Eggs. 


Fry. 


1906 




6,638,550 
54,610,800 
61,369,000 
87,978,870 

141,526,770 
94,994,900 
86,729,700 
72,973,200 
50, 488, 105 

c 43, 832, 080 












6,638,550 
54,754,300 
61,369,000 
87,998,770 

141,890,510 
95,359,050 
86,729,700 
72,973,200 
67,072,504 

« 44, 175, 560 


1907 






143,500 








1908 










1909 




9,900 






10,000 
363,740 
364, 150 




1910 










1911 








100,000 
3,271,740 


100, 000 
3,271,740 


1912 








1913 










1914 


5, 970, 000 


50, 000 






16,534,399 
d 343, 480 


5,970,000 
14,500,000 


1915 




14,500,000 










Total.. 


5,970,000 


701,141,975 


59,900 


143,500 


17, 871, 740 


17,615,769 


23,841,740 


718,961,144 



o Includes 5,444,830 flngerlings, yearlings, or adults. 
b Includes 119,480 flngerlings, yearlings, or adults. 
c Includes 8,369,830 flngerlings, yearlings, or adults. 
& Includes 119,480 flngerlings, yearlings, or adults. 
« Includes 8,489,310 finger lmgs, yearlings, or adults. 



254 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 



Output of Private Salmon Hatcheries of Alaska, 1893 to 1915. 

[Unless otherwise stated in footnotes, all of the fry liberated were red salmon.] 



Year ended June 


Callbreath's hatchery. 


Karluk hatchery. 


Klawak hatchery. 


30— 


Eggs. 


Fry. 


Eggs. 


Fry. 


Eggs. 


Fry. 


1893 


900,000 
3,000,000 
6,300,000 
6, 200, 000 
4, 400, 000 
3, 400, 000 
3,000,000 
3,400,000 

(b) 
6,000,000 
6,000,000 
6,000,000 
6,050,000 
7, 700, 000 

(d) 

(«) 
(•) 
(«) 


600, 000 
2,204,000 
5,291,000 
5,475,000 
4, 390, 000 
2, 526, 000 
2,050,000 
2,335,000 










1894 










1S95 










1S96 










1897 


3,236,000 
8, 454, 000 
4,491,000 
10,496,900 
19,334,000 
32,800,000 
23,400,000 
28,113,000 
45, 500, 000 
36, 933, 000 
38,679,200 
47, SOS, 200 
40,320,000 
45, 22S, 000 
49,626,000 
- 41,026,800 
45, 600, 000 
34, 629, 160 
f 30, 240, 000 


2, 556, 440 
6,340,000 
3,369,000 
7,872,000 
15, 566, 800 
28, 700, 000 
17,555,000 
22,000,000 
33, 670, 000 
28, 236, 412 
36,846,000 
43,655,000 
37,105,000 
40, 620, 000 
37, 722, 000 
37, 495, 100 
41, 803, 155 
31,546,080 
27,704,000 






1898 


2,023,000 
3,600,000 
3, 600, 000 

(<0 
3,500,000 
3, 500, 000 
3,000,000 
2, 800, 000 
2,800,000 
3, 600, 000 
3,500,000 
3,500,000 
5,800,000 
6, 786, 500 
5, 600, 000 
3,835,000 
3,645,000 
3,816,000 


800, 000 


1899 


3,000,000 


1900 


a 1,000, 000 


1901. . 




1902 


5,500,000 
5,000,000 
5,000,000 
5, 250, 000 
6,500,000 

(<*) 

(•) 

(*) 

(«) 

(<0 


2,800,000 


1903 


1,500,000 


1904 


1,700,000 


1905 


2,000,000 


1906 


2,300,000 


1907 


1,187,000 


1908 


2,776,000 


1909 


3, 200, 000 


1910 


5,300,000 


1911 


6, 200, 000 


1912 


3,530,000 


1913 






3, 675, 000 


1914. . 






3,465,000 


1915 






3, 653, 000 










Total 


3 63,350,000 


52,121,000 


585,915,260 


500,361,987 


64,905,500 


48,086,000 



Year ended June 


Hetta hatchery. 


Quadra Bay hatchery. 


Freshwater Bay hatchery. 


30— 


Eggs. 


Fry. 


Eggs. 


Fry. 


Eggs. 


Fry. 


1893 














J894 














1895 














1896 














1897 














1898 














1899 


2,800,000 
2,000,000 
1,800,000 
2, 500, 000 
4,800,000 
5,127,500 

(ft) 

(ft) 

(ft) 
8,000,000 
8,400,000 
10,313,000 
9,141,000 
2, 585, 000 
3,780,000 
4,082,000 
7, 43S, 500 


2, 600, 000 
1,500,000 
a 500, 000 
1, 700, 000 
4,000,000 
3,750,000 

(ft) 

(ft) 

(ft) 
6,125,000 
8,134,000 
9,000,000 
8,552,500 
2,342,000 
3,592,000 
3, 590, 500 
7, 142, 500 










1900 










1901 










1902 


4,500,000 
5,500,000 

600,000 

(ft) 

(ft) 

(ft) 

(ft) 
3,325,000 
10, 863, 000 
11,200,000 
11,000,000 
10,000,000 
IS, 400, 000 
21,300,000 


3, 500, 000 
4,000,000 
c 400, 000 
(ft) 
(ft) 
(ft) 
(ft). 
3,025,750 
9,850,000 
10,350,000 
10,166,000 
8,127,000 
17,054,000 
20,300,000 


1,500,000 

(») 

(d) 
(ft) 
(ft) 
(ft) 
(ft) 
(ft) 
(ft) 
(ft) 
(ft) 
(ft) 
(ft) 
(ft) 


1,000,000 


1903 


(b) 


1904 


(d) 


1905 


(ft) 


1906 


(ft) 


1907 


(ft) 


1908 


(ft) 


1909 


(ft) 


1910 


(ft) 


1911 


(ft) 


1912 


(ft) 


1913 


(ft) 


1914.. 


(ft) 


1915 


(ft) 






Total 


72,767,000 


62, 528, 500 


96,688,000 


86, 772, 750 


1,500,000 


1,000,000 



a Many eggs frozen. 
b No run of fish. 

c Hatchery was not used, the eggs being hatched out in the lake. 
d No report. 

e Fish coming in to spawn were lifted over the dam. 

/ A collection of 7,400, 000 humpback eggs was made for Afognak, and these appear in the report of that 
hatchery. 
g A considerable proportion of these are coho eggs. 
A Not operated. 



PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 255 

Output of Private Salmon Hatcheries of Alaska, 1893 to 1915— Continued. 



Year ended June 


Fortmann hatchery. 


Kell Bay hatchery. 


Total. 


30— 


Eggs. 


Fry. 


Eggs. 


Fry. 


Eggs. 


Fry. 


1893 










900,000 

3,000,000 

6,300,000 

6,200,000 

8,636,000 

13, 877, 000 

13,891,000 

19,496,900 

21, 134, 000 

62,260,000 

85,750,000 

65, 043, 500 

119,360,000 

116,148,000 

147, 729, 200 

100,588,200 

80,010,000 

125,544,000 

111,673,500 

167,731,800 

86,375,000 


600,000 

2,204,000 

5,291,000 

5,475,000 

6,946,440 

9,666,000 

11,019,000 

12, 707, 000 

16,066,800 

53,500,000 


1894 










1895 










1896 










1897 










1898 - . 










1899 










1900 










1901 










1902 


11,460,000 

40,050,000 

22, 203, 000 

65,010,000 

68,715,000 

105,450,000 

b 41,280,000 

24,465,000 

53,340,000 

34,920,000 

107,520,000 

23,160,000 

9,480,000 

22,500,000 


10,300,000 
29,005,000 
13, 780, 000 
63,181,000 
67,643,000 
80,973,000 
33,920,000 
22, 785, 000 
50,725,000 
30,245,000 
100,335,000 
20,800,000 
8,700,000 
20,820,000 






1903 


2, 500, 000 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 

(a) 

(«) 

(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 


2,000,000 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 


1904 




1905 




1906 




1907 




1908 




1909 




1910 




1911 


115, 495, 000 


1912 


93,069,500 


1913 


153, 868, 100 


1914 


77,997,155 


1915 


(°) 1 85,294,500 


64, 355, 580 




79, 619, 500 


Total 


629. 553, 000 


553,212,000 


2,500,000 


2,000,000 


1,517,178,760 


1,306,082,237 



i Not operated. 



6 Includes 30,000 coho eggs taken and 27,000 fry liberated. 



-M 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



002 876 734 1 






raffiffli 



■ 






